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Fig. 2. Taubateia paraiba, DGM 17-P in A fossil loricariid catfish (Siluriformes: Loricarioidea) from the Taubaté Basin, eastern Brazil

Fig. 2. Taubateia paraiba, DGM 17-P, holotype. Shale slab with fossil impression from the Tremembé Formation, Taubaté Basin (a) and the cast in latex (b).

Fig. 4 in A fossil loricariid catfish (Siluriformes: Loricarioidea) from the Taubaté Basin, eastern Brazil

Fig. 4. Taubateia paraiba, most anterior part of the neurocranium showing mesethmoid features: a, original fossil impression sprinkled with ammonium chloride; b, cast in latex sprinkled with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: ac, mesethmoid anterior cornua; mc, mesethmoid crest; md, mesethmoid disk; me, mesethmoid; mmc, mesethmoid median cleft.

Fig. 2 in Hypostomus chrysostiktos, a new species of armored catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from rio Paraguaçu, Bahia State, Brazil

Fig. 2. Lateral view of Hypostomus chrysostiktos, photographed alive. a, MZUSP 88157, holotype, 222.4 mm SL; b, MZUSP 88161, 104.5 mm SL.

Fig. 4 in Hypostomus chrysostiktos, a new species of armored catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from rio Paraguaçu, Bahia State, Brazil

Fig. 4. Hyobranchial arch of Hypostomus chrysostiktos, showing accessory flange on the first epibranchial (arrow) Bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 1 in A fossil loricariid catfish (Siluriformes: Loricarioidea) from the Taubaté Basin, eastern Brazil

Fig. 1. Regional map indicating location of Taubaté Basin (in black) in the eastern of São Paulo State, Brazil.

Fig. 4 in Corydoras ortegai, a new species of corydoradine catfish from the lower río Putumayo in Peru (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae)

Fig. 4. Northern South America, showing the distribution of Corydoras ortegai (dot), C. panda (diamond), C. reynoldsi (square), C. tukano (triangles), and C. weitzmani (cross). Distribution of C. weitzmani is depicted with its center at Puerto Maldonado, capital of the Departamento Madre de Dios in Peru, since precise localities for the species are not known (see text). Segmented line: Purus structural arch.

Fig. 3 in Corydoras ortegai, a new species of corydoradine catfish from the lower río Putumayo in Peru (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae)

Fig. 3. Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views of head and pectoral fins of Corydoras ortegai, MUSM 28000, holotype, 32.7 mm SL: Peru, Depto. Loreto, Quebrada Coronel Díaz, tributary of río Yaguas.

Fig. 3 in A fossil loricariid catfish (Siluriformes: Loricarioidea) from the Taubaté Basin, eastern Brazil

Fig. 3. Comparison between an interpretative drawing of Taubateia paraiba (a) and a Hypostomus sp. neurocranium (b), both in ventral view. Abbreviations: acm, articular condyle for metapterygoid; af, articular facet for rib on v6; ag, aortic groove; bl, basioccipital lateral process; bo, basioccipital; cc, Weberian complex centrum; ex, exoccipital; exf, exoccipital foramina; fr, frontal; le, lateral ethmoid; ler, lateral ethmoid ridge for metapterygoid; me, mesethmoid; md, mesethmoid disk; os, orbitosphenoid; pr, prootic; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterotic-supracleithrum; rb, rib; sp, sphenotic?; trl, transcapular ligament; tvp, transverse process of the Weberian compound centrum; v6, sixth vertebrae.

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Fig. 3 in Ion fluxes in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) juveniles exposed to different dissolved oxygen levels

Fig. 3. Na+ (A) and Cl- (B) net fluxes of silver catfish juveniles acclimated to 2.5 (2.5 – 6.0) or 6.0 (6.0 – 6.0) mg.L-1 dissolved oxygen levels for three weeks and transferred to aquaria with 6.0 mg.L-1 dissolved oxygen levels. Data expressed as mean ± SEM. Positive values indicate net influxes, and negative values net effluxes. Mean value of Cl- flux at 24 h in juveniles transferred to 6.0 mg.L-1 is too small to be seen in the figure. * significantly different from juveniles transferred to 6.0 mg.L-1 at the same time after transference by one-way ANOVA and Tukey test (P <0.05).

Fig. 57 in The Neotropical whale catfishes (Siluriformes: Cetopsidae: Cetopsinae), a revisionary study

Fig. 57. Paracetopsis esmeraldas, new species, holotype, MCZ 48768, 68 mm SL; Ecuador, Esmeraldas, río Esmeraldas basin, río Blanco, 4 km above junction with río Quininde (0°20'N, 79°28'W).

Fig. 55 in The Neotropical whale catfishes (Siluriformes: Cetopsidae: Cetopsinae), a revisionary study

Fig. 55. Map of northwestern South America showing geographic distribution of Paracetopsis atahualpa (1 = holotype locality), Paracetopsis bleekeri (2 = neotype locality; also holotype locality for Cetopsis occidentalis), and Paracetopsis esmeraldas (3 = holotype locality) (some symbols represent more that one locality and/or lot of specimens).

Fig. 52 in The Neotropical whale catfishes (Siluriformes: Cetopsidae: Cetopsinae), a revisionary study

Fig. 52. Denticetopsis sauli, paratype, ANSP 161432, 16.5 mm SL; Venezuela, Amazonas, outflow stream from a series of morichales (palm swamps), approximately 5 km from mouth of río Pamoni, río Casiquiare basin (2°48'N, 65°53'W).

Fig. 49 in The Neotropical whale catfishes (Siluriformes: Cetopsidae: Cetopsinae), a revisionary study

Fig. 49. Denticetopsis macilenta, original illustration of holotype of Hemicetopsis macilentus (Eigenmann, 1912b, pl. 23, fig. 1), showing distribution of pigmentation and form of horizontally-elongate, dark chromatophores on body.

Fig. 50 in The Neotropical whale catfishes (Siluriformes: Cetopsidae: Cetopsinae), a revisionary study

Fig. 50. Denticetopsis praecox, paratype of Pseudocetopsis praecox, AMNH 74445, 46 mm SL; Venezuela, Amazonas, río Baria, above Neblina base camp.

Fig. 54 in The Neotropical whale catfishes (Siluriformes: Cetopsidae: Cetopsinae), a revisionary study

Fig. 54. Paracetopsis atahualpa, new species, holotype, MUSM 11560, 128 mm SL; Peru, Tumbes, río Tumbes, Cabo Inga (3°58'00"S, 80°24'59"W).

Fig. 53 in The Neotropical whale catfishes (Siluriformes: Cetopsidae: Cetopsinae), a revisionary study

Fig. 53. Denticetopsis seducta, new species, holotype, ANSP 178466, 39 mm SL; Peru, Loreto, Caño "Sabolito," small creek on terra firma approximately 25 mi (= 40 km) south of Iquitos (4°14'45"S, 73°24'57"W).

Fig. 51 in The Neotropical whale catfishes (Siluriformes: Cetopsidae: Cetopsinae), a revisionary study

Fig. 51. Denticetopsis royeroi, holotype, MBUCV V-26785, 18.5 mm SL; Venezuela, Amazonas, Caño Chola, at crossing of road from San Carlos de río Negro to Solano (1°58'N, 67°00'W) (photo taken shortly after capture).

Fig. 45 in The Neotropical whale catfishes (Siluriformes: Cetopsidae: Cetopsinae), a revisionary study

Fig. 45. Denticetopsis epa, new species, holotype, MZUSP 24060, 47 mm SL; Brazil, Pará, Igarapé do Limão, rio Tocantins, Baião (2°41'S, 49°41'W).

Fig. 46 in The Neotropical whale catfishes (Siluriformes: Cetopsidae: Cetopsinae), a revisionary study

Fig. 46. Map of central and northern South America showing geographic distribution of Denticetopsis epa (1 = holotype locality), Denticetopsis iwokrama (2 = holotype locality), Denticetopsis macilenta (3 = holotype locality of Hemicetopsis macilenta), Denticetopsis praecox (4 = holotype locality), Denticetopsis royeroi (5 = holotype locality), Denticetopsis sauli (6 = holotype locality), and Denticetopsis seducta (7 = holotype locality) (some symbols represent more that one locality and/or lot of specimens).

Fig. 36 in The Neotropical whale catfishes (Siluriformes: Cetopsidae: Cetopsinae), a revisionary study

Fig. 36. Cetopsis pearsoni, new species, holotype, mature male, MUSM 11093, 90 mm SL; Peru, Puno, Provincia de Sandia, río Candamo, Zona Reservada Tambopata-Candamo (13°28.97'S, 69°50.08'W).