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2,395 results for “Contrast”
FIGURE 1 in Contrasting feeding and agonistic behaviour of two blenny species on a small and remote island in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean
FIGURE 1 (a) The location of the St Peter and St Paul's Archipelago (SPSPA) 1010 km off the Brazilian coast in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean (). (b) The islands of the SPSPA and location of the tide pool studied on the main islet (). (c) Tide pools where the observations were made on Entomacrodus vomerinus and Ophioblennius trinitatis
Contrasting clonal and population genetic structure in two endangered Costa Rican Vanilla species of commercial interest
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Contrasting reproductive traits affect the genetic diversity and fine-scale genetic structure of two sympatric and epiphytic tropical bromeliads.
<p>This database contains the coordinates of individuals of <em>Aechmea mariae-reginae</em> and <em>Werauhia ampla</em> in phorophytic trees and the genotypes for 8 microsatellite loci.</p>
Example Phase Contrast data acquired on a Philips scanner
<p>Example of phase contrast (left and right) sequences acquired on a Philips scanner and their respective renal artery mask.</p>
3d virtual histology of the human hippocampus based on phase-contrast computed-tomography
<p>This data package contains:<br> - exemplary data sets of multiscale imaging of the human hippocampus as raw-files (gray values, segmentation masks)<br> - object properties as xlsx-files (for all data sets)<br> - analysis scripts (based on matlab, R, python)</p>
Figure 6. Mismatch distributions. A in Comparative phylogeography of two symbiotic dorvilleid polychaetes (Iphitime cuenoti and Ophryotrocha mediterranea) with contrasting host and bathymetric patterns
Figure 6. Mismatch distributions. A, graph for Iphitime cuenoti, represents the mismatch distribution for western Mediterranean basin and Atlantic waters. Graphs for Ophryotrocha mediterranea: B, complete population from the western Mediterranean; C-D, for lineages L1 and L2, respectively. Exp, expected; Obs, observed; SSD, the sum of square deviations between the expected and the observed mismatch. TAU, Theta0 and Theta1 are the mismatch model parameters: TAU, units of mutational time; Theta0, initial population size at equilibrium; Theta1, new population size after growth or shrink.
Figure 5. A in Comparative phylogeography of two symbiotic dorvilleid polychaetes (Iphitime cuenoti and Ophryotrocha mediterranea) with contrasting host and bathymetric patterns
Figure 5. A, median-joining haplotype networks of mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences for Ophryotrocha mediterranea. Empty circles represent missing haplotypes. Black points represent mutational steps. Circle size and pie size are proportional to the haplotype frequency. B, haplotype distribution in the studied populations of both lineages 1 and 2. WALB, western Alborán; EALB, eastern Alborán; ALBI, Alborán Island; VALE, Valencia; NCAT, northern Catalunya; ALAC, Alicante.
Figure 2. A in Comparative phylogeography of two symbiotic dorvilleid polychaetes (Iphitime cuenoti and Ophryotrocha mediterranea) with contrasting host and bathymetric patterns
Figure 2. A, Iphitime cuenoti, male. B, Iphitime cuenoti, female. C, Ophryotrocha mediterranea. D, Liocarcinus depurator. E, Goneplax rhomboides. F, Macropipus tuberculatus. G, Bathynectes maravigna. H, Geryon longipes.
Figure 4 in Comparative phylogeography of two symbiotic dorvilleid polychaetes (Iphitime cuenoti and Ophryotrocha mediterranea) with contrasting host and bathymetric patterns
Figure 4. Median-joining haplotype networks of mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences for Iphitime cuenoti in relation to its host crab. Empty circles represent missing haplotypes. Black points represent mutational steps. Circle size and pie size are proportional to the haplotype frequency.
Data from: Drivers of neutral and adaptive differentiation in pike (Esox lucius) populations from contrasting environments
<p>Understanding how eco-evolutionary processes and environmental factors drive population differentiation and adaptation are key challenges in evolutionary biology of relevance for biodiversity protection. Differentiation requires at least partial reproductive separation, which may result from different modes of isolation such as geographic isolation (allopatry) or isolation by distance (IBD), resistance (IBR), and environment (IBE). Despite that multiple modes might jointly influence differentiation, studies that compare the relative contributions are scarce. Using RADseq, we analyse neutral and adaptive genetic diversity and structure in 11 pike (<i>Esox lucius</i>) populations along a latitudinal gradient (54.9 - 63.6°N), to investigate the relative effects of IBD, IBE and IBR, and to assess whether the effects differ between neutral and adaptive variation, or across structural levels. Patterns of neutral and adaptive variation differed, likely reflecting that they have been differently affected by stochastic and deterministic processes. The importance of the different modes of isolation differed between neutral and adaptive diversity, yet were consistent across structural levels. Neutral variation was influenced by interactions among all three modes of isolation, with IBR (seascape features) playing a central role, wheares adaptive variation was mainly influenced by IBE (environmental conditions). Taken together, this and previous studies suggest that it is common that multiple modes of isolation interactively shape patterns of genetic variation, and that their relative contributions differ among systems. To enable identification of general patterns and understand how various factors influence the relative contributions, it is important that several modes are simultaneously investigated in additional populations, species and environmental settings.</p>
Hybridisation boosts dispersal of two contrasted ecotypes in a grass species
<p>Genetic exchanges between closely related groups of organisms with different adaptations have well-documented beneficial and detrimental consequences. In plants, pollen-mediated exchanges affect the sorting of alleles across physical landscapes, and influence rates of hybridisation. How these dynamics affect the emergence and spread of novel ecological strategies remains only partially understood. Here, we use phylogenomics and population genomics to retrace the origin and spread of two geographically overlapping ecotypes of the African grass <i>Alloteropsis angusta</i>. Besides an ecotype inhabiting wetlands, we report the existence of a previously undescribed ecotype inhabiting miombo woodlands and grasslands. The two ecotypes are consistently associated with different nuclear groups, which represent an advanced stage of divergence with secondary low-level gene flow. However, the seed-transported chloroplast genomes are consistently shared by distinct ecotypes inhabiting the same region. These patterns suggest that the nuclear genome of one ecotype can reach the seeds of the other via occasional pollen movements with sorting of nuclear groups in subsequent generations. The contrasting ecotypes of <i>A. angusta</i> can thus use each other as a gateway to new locations across a large part of Africa, showing that hybridisation can facilitate the geographical dispersal of distinct ecotypes of the same grass species.</p>
Data from: Contrasting effects of elevation on above and belowground plant pathogens
<p>Plant fungal diseases have a great influence on both photosynthesis and ecosystem function. However, how the elevation gradient, which is one of the most biogeographic factors, affects diseases is scarce. Here, we combined a field survey and a meta-analysis to test how elevation affect foliar fungal diseases and soil fungal pathogens through different paths. We arranged 30 plots along 3200 m ~ 4000 m in a Qinghai-Tibetan alpine meadow and collected the data of foliar fungal diseases, plant composition and soil properties to study how environment-mediated (through changes in temperature and humidity), plant community-mediated (through changes in plant biomass, richness, evenness, phylogenetic structure and community composition) and soil mediated (through changes in soil properties) effects of elevation on foliar fungal diseases and soil fungal pathogens. Based on linear models, we found that elevation decreased soil fungal pathogen richness rather than community pathogen load of foliar diseases. Specifically, a combination of community proneness and Pielou's evenness index was the best model in predicting pathogen load. The structural equation model further confirmed that although elevation significantly changed both the plant community indices and soil properties, elevation mainly drove pathogen load via plant community-mediated effects, but decreased soil fungal pathogen richness through temperature. A systematic meta-analysis composed of 48 studies from 31 literatures confirmed our main conclusions that elevation did not significantly foliar fungal diseases, but decreased soil fungal pathogen richness significantly, indicating contrast effects of elevation in driving above- and belowground plant pathogens. Hence, we distinguished the different mechanisms for different parts of the plant pathogens in one system, and our study will improve the predictability of plant diseases, especially under the background of global climate change.</p>
Riparian cottonwood trees and adjacent river sediments have different microbial communities and produce methane with contrasting carbon isotope compositions
<p class="Abstract">Rivers and their adjacent riparian forests are intimately linked by the exchange of water, nutrients, and organic matter. Both riparian cottonwood trees and adjacent river sediments host microbial communities including archaeal methanogens, supporting methane production and emission to the atmosphere. Here we combine microbial community and stable isotope analyses to characterize the drivers of methane cycling in distinct anoxic habitats (river sediments versus riparian cottonwood stems) in the Oldman River, southern Alberta (Canada). We demonstrate that, differences in the chemical characteristics of organic matter support divergent microbial communities that generate methane from distinct metabolic pathways. Organic matter in river sediments had C/N ratios approximately 50-fold lower than in tree stems and had more diverse dissolved organic components. Contrasting substrate availability between river sediment and tree stems was likely the primary mechanism for the observed differences in bacterial and methanogen community compositions, and greater microbial diversity in river sediments than in tree stems. The methane carbon isotope composition (δ<sup>13</sup>C values) differed for the tree stem (-103.6 to -70.6‰) and river sediment (-55.1 to -48.4‰) environments, suggesting that methane was primarily produced via CO<sub>2</sub>-reduction in tree stems by Methanobacteriales, while river sediments produced more methane through acetate fermentation primarily by Methanosarcinales. This study demonstrates the importance of organic matter quality and microbial community composition in driving metabolic processes contributing to methane production and emission in rivers and adjacent riparian forests.</p>
Genetic variation in leaf traits and gas exchange response to vapor pressure deficit in two contrasting conifer species
<p>1. Mechanistically predicting the evolutionary response of tree species to climate change requires an understanding of genetic variation in relevant traits. Here we compared the phenotypic and genetic variation in the Leaf Economics Spectrum (LES) traits and the response of gas exchange to vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in lodgepole pine (Pico) and white spruce (Pigl), an early and a late successional species dominating the boreal forests of western Canada. 2. We measured gas exchange, foliar nitrogen, and lamina mass to area ratio in 697 app. 30-year-old trees in two field progeny trials. We analyzed the response of gas exchange rates to VPD using a novel quantitative genetic model, the function-valued trait approach. 3. Pico showed greater phenotypic variation in the LES traits and greater genetic variation in photosynthetic rate than Pigl, but the species showed no significant difference in their phenotypic correlations between the LES traits. Pico showed a less sensitive stomatal response to VPD than Pigl and no significant genetic variation in stomatal sensitivity. In contrast, Pigl showed a positive correlation between the genetic values of stomatal sensitivity to VPD and stomatal conductance under low VPD. 4. Our study region is projected to see an increase in VPD with climate change; the less sensitive and genetically diverse stomatal response to VPD in Pico could make this species more vulnerable to climate change-induced droughts. </p>
Data from: Insect visual sensitivity to long wavelengths enhances colour contrast against vegetation
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The sensitivity of animal photoreceptors to different wavelengths of light strongly influence the perceived visual contrast of objects in the environment. Outside of the human visual wavelength range, ultraviolet sensitivity in many species provides important and behaviourally relevant visual contrast between objects. However, at the opposite end of the spectrum, the potential advantage of red sensitivity remains unclear. We investigated the potential benefit of long wavelength sensitivity by modelling the visual contrast of a wide range of jewel beetle colours against flowers and leaves of their host plants to hypothetical insect visual systems. We find that the presence of a long wavelength sensitive photoreceptor increases estimated colour contrast, particularly of beetles against leaves. Moreover, under our model parameters, a trichromatic visual system with ultraviolet (λ<sub>max</sub> = 355 nm), short (λ<sub>max</sub> = 445 nm) and long (λ<sub>max</sub> = 600 nm) wavelength photoreceptors performed as well as a tetrachromatic visual system, which had an additional medium wavelength photoreceptor (λ<sub>max</sub> = 530 nm). When we varied λ<sub>max</sub> for the long wavelength sensitive receptor in a tetrachromatic system, contrast values between beetles, flowers and leaves were all enhanced with increasing λ<sub>max</sub> from 580 nm to at least 640 nm. These results suggest a potential advantage of red sensitivity in visual discrimination of insect colours against vegetation and highlight the potential adaptive value of long wavelength sensitivity in insects.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Contrast MR Based Radiomics and Machine Learning Analysis to assess clinical outcomes following liver resec-tion in Colorectal Liver Metastases: a preliminary study
<p>We uploaded the images of the manuscript "Contrast MR Based Radiomics and Machine Learning Analysis to assess clinical outcomes following liver resection in Colorectal Liver Metastases: a preliminary study" accepted on Cancers.</p> <p>Vincenza Granata1*, Roberta Fusco2, Federica De Muzio3, Carmen Cutolo4, Sergio Venanzio Setola1, Federica dell’ Aversana5, Alessandro Ottaiano6, Antonio Avallone6, Guglielmo Nasti6, Francesca Grassi5, Vincenzo Pilone4, Vittorio Miele7-8, Luca Brunese3, Francesco Izzo9, Antonella Petrillo1</p> <p>1Division of Radiology, “Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale – IRCCS di Napoli”, Naples, Italy</p> <p>2Medical Oncology Division, Igea SpA, Napoli, Italy</p> <p>3Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy</p> <p>4Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy</p> <p>5Division of Radiology, “Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy</p> <p>.6Division of Abdominal Oncology, “Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale – IRCCS di Napoli”, Naples, Italy</p> <p>7Division of Radiology, “Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi”, Florence, Italy</p> <p>8Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology (SIRM), SIRM Foundation, via della Signora 2, 20122 Milan, Italy</p> <p>9Division of Epatobiliary Surgical Oncology,“Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale – IRCCS di Napoli”, Naples, Italy</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Landscape genetics reveals contrasting patterns of connectivity in two newt species (Lissotriton montandoni and L. vulgaris)
<p><span>Ecologically distinct species may respond to landscape changes in different ways. </span>In addition to basic ecological data, <span>the extent of the</span> geographic range has been successfully used as an indicator of species sensitivity to anthropogenic landscapes, with widespread species usually found to be less sensitive compared to range-restricted species. <span>In this study, we investigate connectivity patterns of two closely related but ecologically distinct newt species – the range-restricted, <em>Lissotriton montandoni</em> and the widespread,<em> L. vulgari</em>s – using genomic data, a highly replicated setting (six geographic regions per species), and tools from landscape genetics. Our results show the importance of forest for connectivity in both species, but at the same time suggest differential use of forested habitat, with <em>L. montandoni</em> and <em>L. vulgaris</em> showing the highest connectivity at forest-core and forest-edges, respectively. Anthropogenic landscapes (i.e., higher crop- or urban-cover) increased resistance in both species, but the effect was one to three orders of magnitude stronger in <em>L. montandoni</em> than in <em>L. vulgaris</em>. </span><span>This result is consistent with a view of <em>L. vulgaris</em> as an ecological generalist. </span><span>Even so, currently, the negative impact of anthropogenic landscapes is mainly seen in connectivity among L. vulgaris populations, which show significantly stronger isolation and lower effective sizes relative to <em>L. montandoni</em>. Overall, this study emphasizes how habitat destruction is compromising genetic connectivity not only in endemic, range-restricted species of conservation concern but also in widespread generalist species, despite their comparatively lower sensitivity to anthropogenic landscape changes.</span></p>
The genomic architecture of the passerine MHC region: high repeat content and contrasting evolutionary histories of single copy and tandemly duplicated MHC genes
<p><span>The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is of central importance to the immune system, and an optimal MHC diversity is believed to maximize pathogen elimination. Birds show substantial variation in MHC diversity, ranging from few genes in most bird orders to very many genes in passerines. Our understanding of the evolutionary trajectories of the MHC in passerines is hampered by lack of data on genomic organization. Therefore, we assemble and annotate the MHC genomic region of the great reed warbler (<em>Acrocephalus arundinaceus</em>), using long-read sequencing and optical mapping. The MHC region is large (>5.5Mb), characterized by structural changes compared to hitherto investigated bird orders and shows higher repeat content</span><span> than the genome average. These features were supported by analyses in three additional passerines. MHC genes in passerines are found in two different chromosomal arrangements, either as single copy MHC genes located among non-MHC genes, or as tandemly duplicated tightly linked MHC genes. Some single copy MHC genes are old and putative orthologs among species. In contrast tandemly duplicated MHC genes are monophyletic within species and have evolved by simultaneous gene duplication of several MHC genes. Structural differences in the MHC genomic region among bird orders seem substantial compared to mammals and have possibly been fuelled by clade-specific immune system adaptations. Our study provides methodological guidance in characterizing complex genomic regions, constitutes a resource for MHC research in birds, and calls for a revision of the general belief that avian MHC has a conserved gene order and small size compared to mammals.</span></p>
Prediction of Breast Cancer Histological Outcome by Radiomics and Artificial Intelligence Analysis in Contrast-Enhanced Mammography
<p>I uploaded the database of the extracted features for each enrolled patient in the manuscript "Prediction of Breast Cancer Histological Outcome by Radiomics and Artificial Intelligence Analysis in Contrast-Enhanced Mammography" to evaluate radiomic features in order to: differentiate malignant versus benign lesions; predict low versus moderate and high grading; identify positive or negative hormone receptor; and discriminate positive versus negative human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 related to breast cancer.</p>
Contrasting genetic responses to habitat fragmentation for two Lycaenid butterfly species
<p>Biodiversity is currently declining at the global scale. Apart from species declines and lowered abundances, the loss of genetic diversity is equally concerning as it may undermine fitness and the potential to adapt to future environmental change. We compared genetic diversity of historical and recent Alpine populations of two butterfly species, <em>Lycaena helle</em> and <em>L. hippothoe</em>, over a period of about 10 years. Using microsatellite markers, we found no changes over time in <em>L. helle</em>, while genetic diversity decreased, and differentiation increased in <em>L. hippothoe</em>. <em>Lycaena helle</em> inhabits peat bogs and wetland fallows with populations being strongly isolated, while <em>L. hippothoe</em> used to occur in population networks on hay meadows, with the latter being strongly exposed to agricultural intensification. We conclude that currently <em>L. hippothoe</em> populations are strongly declining due to changes in land use, resulting in genetic erosion potentially due to the collapse of population networks.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.