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Text-fig. 7. Fossil urodelans from studied localities. a, b – Mioproteus caucasicus, trunk vertebra, dorsal (a) and lateral (b) views; c, d – Chelotriton paradoxus, trunk vertebra, dorsal (c) and lateral (d) view. Scale bar 1 mm. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 7. Fossil urodelans from studied localities. a, b – Mioproteus caucasicus, trunk vertebra, dorsal (a) and lateral (b) views; c, d – Chelotriton paradoxus, trunk vertebra, dorsal (c) and lateral (d) view. Scale bar 1 mm.

Text-fig. 6. Fish remains from Volchaya Balka locality (Late Miocene, North Caucasus). a – Scardinius sp., SSC-RAS G-2/1, pharyngeal tooth of the first row, side view, occlusal view; b – Abramis cf. bjoerkna, SSC-RAS G-2/2, pharyngeal tooth of the first row: top – side view, bottom – occlusal view; c – Carassius sp., SSC-RAS G-2/3, pharyngeal tooth of the first row: top – side view, bottom – occlusal view; d – Alburnus sp., SSC-RAS G-2/4, fragment of pharyngeal bone (os pharyngicus inferius), medial view; e – Acipenser sp., SSC-RAS G-2/5, left hyomandibular: left – medial view, right – proximal view; f – Gobiidae gen. indet., SSC-RAS G-2/6, tail vertebra: left – lateral view, right – dorsal view; g – Gobiidae gen. indet., SSC-RAS G-2/7, dentary: top – medial view, bottom – dorsal view. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 6. Fish remains from Volchaya Balka locality (Late Miocene, North Caucasus). a – Scardinius sp., SSC-RAS G-2/1, pharyngeal tooth of the first row, side view, occlusal view; b – Abramis cf. bjoerkna, SSC-RAS G-2/2, pharyngeal tooth of the first row: top – side view, bottom – occlusal view; c – Carassius sp., SSC-RAS G-2/3, pharyngeal tooth of the first row: top – side view, bottom – occlusal view; d – Alburnus sp., SSC-RAS G-2/4, fragment of pharyngeal bone (os pharyngicus inferius), medial view; e – Acipenser sp., SSC-RAS G-2/5, left hyomandibular: left – medial view, right – proximal view; f – Gobiidae gen. indet., SSC-RAS G-2/6, tail vertebra: left – lateral view, right – dorsal view; g – Gobiidae gen. indet., SSC-RAS G-2/7, dentary: top – medial view, bottom – dorsal view.

Text-fig. 5. Palynomorphs from Late Miocene deposits. Gaverdovsky section, North Caucasus. a – Abies minor ANANOVA; b – Picea sp.; c – Keteleeria cf. dubia CHLONOWA; d – Taxodiaceae gen.; e – Podocarpidites podocarpoides (THIERGART) KRUTZSCH; f – Pinus labdaca KRUTZSCH; g – Fagus cf. tenella PAN.; h – Juglans gracilis ANANOVA; I – Carya cf. spackmania TRAV.; j – Pterocarya sp.; k – Ulmus sp.; l – Zelkova cf. miocenica ANANOVA; m – Liquidambar sp.; n – Pediastrum simplex MEYEN; o – Spirogyra sp.; p – redeposited Palaeogene dinocyst Wilsonidinium lineidentatum (DEFLANDRE et COOKSON, 1955) LENTIN et WILLIAMS, 1976. Scale bar 40 μm for all photographs. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 5. Palynomorphs from Late Miocene deposits. Gaverdovsky section, North Caucasus. a – Abies minor ANANOVA; b – Picea sp.; c – Keteleeria cf. dubia CHLONOWA; d – Taxodiaceae gen.; e – Podocarpidites podocarpoides (THIERGART) KRUTZSCH; f – Pinus labdaca KRUTZSCH; g – Fagus cf. tenella PAN.; h – Juglans gracilis ANANOVA; I – Carya cf. spackmania TRAV.; j – Pterocarya sp.; k – Ulmus sp.; l – Zelkova cf. miocenica ANANOVA; m – Liquidambar sp.; n – Pediastrum simplex MEYEN; o – Spirogyra sp.; p – redeposited Palaeogene dinocyst Wilsonidinium lineidentatum (DEFLANDRE et COOKSON, 1955) LENTIN et WILLIAMS, 1976. Scale bar 40 μm for all photographs.

Text-fig. 4. Palynological diagrams of Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a. Tuapse highway bridge. b. Gaverdovsky. c. Volchaya Balka. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 4. Palynological diagrams of Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a. Tuapse highway bridge. b. Gaverdovsky. c. Volchaya Balka.

Text-fig. 3. Correlation model of the studied sections of Late Miocene deposits. a. Tuapse highway bridge. b. Gaverdovsky. c. Volchaya Balka. 1. reversed polarity; 2. normal polarity; 3. unstudied interval. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 3. Correlation model of the studied sections of Late Miocene deposits. a. Tuapse highway bridge. b. Gaverdovsky. c. Volchaya Balka. 1. reversed polarity; 2. normal polarity; 3. unstudied interval.

Text-fig. 1. Geographic location of the studied sections. 1. Gaverdovsky, 2. Volchaya Balka, 3. Tuapse highway bridge, 4. Maikop city park. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 1. Geographic location of the studied sections. 1. Gaverdovsky, 2. Volchaya Balka, 3. Tuapse highway bridge, 4. Maikop city park.

Text-fig. 8. Line drawings of third molars from the upper part of the Nagri Formation; 8a–b and 8e–g are referred to Karnimata fejfari, 8c and 8h are referred to Progonomys hussaini, and 8d represents Progonomys morganae. a) left m3 YGSP 34573, b) right m3 YGSP 34568, c) right m3 YGSP 34574, d) left M3 YGSP 34033 from Y 259, e) right M3 YGSP 34595, f) right M3 YGSP 34596, g) right M3 YGSP 33197 from Y 450, h) right M3 YGSP 34597. All teeth drawn to same scale, anterior is upward; black shading represents dentine exposed by wear; hatching on 8d represents breakage. in Early Late Miocene Murine Rodents From The Upper Part Of The Nagri Formation, Siwalik Group, Pakistan, With A New Fossil Calibration Point For The Tribe Apodemurini (Apodemus/Tokudaia)

Text-fig. 8. Line drawings of third molars from the upper part of the Nagri Formation; 8a–b and 8e–g are referred to Karnimata fejfari, 8c and 8h are referred to Progonomys hussaini, and 8d represents Progonomys morganae. a) left m3 YGSP 34573, b) right m3 YGSP 34568, c) right m3 YGSP 34574, d) left M3 YGSP 34033 from Y 259, e) right M3 YGSP 34595, f) right M3 YGSP 34596, g) right M3 YGSP 33197 from Y 450, h) right M3 YGSP 34597. All teeth drawn to same scale, anterior is upward; black shading represents dentine exposed by wear; hatching on 8d represents breakage.

Text-fig. 7. Molars referred to Karnimata fejfari sp. nov. from type locality Y 311. Right M2, a) YGSP 34588 and b) 54187, buccal upward. Lower teeth c) YGSP 34528 and d) 36166 both left m1, and e) 36170 and f) 54176, left and right m2; c–f figured lingual side upward. All teeth same scale. in Early Late Miocene Murine Rodents From The Upper Part Of The Nagri Formation, Siwalik Group, Pakistan, With A New Fossil Calibration Point For The Tribe Apodemurini (Apodemus/Tokudaia)

Text-fig. 7. Molars referred to Karnimata fejfari sp. nov. from type locality Y 311. Right M2, a) YGSP 34588 and b) 54187, buccal upward. Lower teeth c) YGSP 34528 and d) 36166 both left m1, and e) 36170 and f) 54176, left and right m2; c–f figured lingual side upward. All teeth same scale.

Text-fig. 2. First upper molar variation in Progonomys husssaini from three localities in the upper part of the Nagri Formation, Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. The 12 molars are oriented with buccal side upward, each at the same 1 mm scale, making size variation apparent. a) YGSP 33187 from locality Y 450; b) 34556, c) 54131, d) 54143, e) 54151, f) 54152, all from Y 311; g) 33937, h) 33947, i) 33957, j) 33959, k) 33963, l) 33976 all from Y 259. Figures a, c, e, f, h, k are all right M1; the others are left M1. in Early Late Miocene Murine Rodents From The Upper Part Of The Nagri Formation, Siwalik Group, Pakistan, With A New Fossil Calibration Point For The Tribe Apodemurini (Apodemus/Tokudaia)

Text-fig. 2. First upper molar variation in Progonomys husssaini from three localities in the upper part of the Nagri Formation, Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. The 12 molars are oriented with buccal side upward, each at the same 1 mm scale, making size variation apparent. a) YGSP 33187 from locality Y 450; b) 34556, c) 54131, d) 54143, e) 54151, f) 54152, all from Y 311; g) 33937, h) 33947, i) 33957, j) 33959, k) 33963, l) 33976 all from Y 259. Figures a, c, e, f, h, k are all right M1; the others are left M1.

Text-fig. 10. List of Siwalik murine rodents. a) Stratigraphic occurrence of fossil localities of the Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. b) Murine species recovered from the Siwaliks, updated from Kimura et al. (2015). All localities but DP 13 have Y as prefix. in Early Late Miocene Murine Rodents From The Upper Part Of The Nagri Formation, Siwalik Group, Pakistan, With A New Fossil Calibration Point For The Tribe Apodemurini (Apodemus/Tokudaia)

Text-fig. 10. List of Siwalik murine rodents. a) Stratigraphic occurrence of fossil localities of the Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. b) Murine species recovered from the Siwaliks, updated from Kimura et al. (2015). All localities but DP 13 have Y as prefix.

Text-fig. 1. Line drawings of idealized murine left first molars, M1 above (a) and m1 below (b). Standard Cope-Osborn terminology is used for the cusps, with equivalent t1 to t12 terminology and specialized cingulum cusp names for m1. in Early Late Miocene Murine Rodents From The Upper Part Of The Nagri Formation, Siwalik Group, Pakistan, With A New Fossil Calibration Point For The Tribe Apodemurini (Apodemus/Tokudaia)

Text-fig. 1. Line drawings of idealized murine left first molars, M1 above (a) and m1 below (b). Standard Cope-Osborn terminology is used for the cusps, with equivalent t1 to t12 terminology and specialized cingulum cusp names for m1.

Text-fig. 9. First upper molars of Parapodemus badgleyae sp. nov. (a–d) and Muridae, gen. et sp. indet. (e). a) YGSP 33936, holotype, locality Y 259, b) 33939 from Y 259, c) 34542 from Y 311, d) 34543 from Y 311, e) 34559 from Y 311. All molars but c are left molars, all figured with buccal side upward and at the same scale. in Early Late Miocene Murine Rodents From The Upper Part Of The Nagri Formation, Siwalik Group, Pakistan, With A New Fossil Calibration Point For The Tribe Apodemurini (Apodemus/Tokudaia)

Text-fig. 9. First upper molars of Parapodemus badgleyae sp. nov. (a–d) and Muridae, gen. et sp. indet. (e). a) YGSP 33936, holotype, locality Y 259, b) 33939 from Y 259, c) 34542 from Y 311, d) 34543 from Y 311, e) 34559 from Y 311. All molars but c are left molars, all figured with buccal side upward and at the same scale.

Text-fig. 4. First upper molars of Karnimata fejfari sp. nov. from type locality Y 311, all figured with buccal side upward. a) YGSP 34551, b) 34544, c) 34546 holotype, d) 34548, e) 34540, f) 34547, g) 34554, h) 36162, i) 54126, j) 54127, k) 54147, l) 54153. All at same 1 mm scale, all left M1 except for right h and l. in Early Late Miocene Murine Rodents From The Upper Part Of The Nagri Formation, Siwalik Group, Pakistan, With A New Fossil Calibration Point For The Tribe Apodemurini (Apodemus/Tokudaia)

Text-fig. 4. First upper molars of Karnimata fejfari sp. nov. from type locality Y 311, all figured with buccal side upward. a) YGSP 34551, b) 34544, c) 34546 holotype, d) 34548, e) 34540, f) 34547, g) 34554, h) 36162, i) 54126, j) 54127, k) 54147, l) 54153. All at same 1 mm scale, all left M1 except for right h and l.

Text-fig. 5. First upper molars of Karnimata fejfari sp. nov. from localities Y 450 (a–d) and Y 259 (e–l). a) YGSP 33181, b) 33182, c) 33185, d) 33186, e) 33945, f) 33940, g) 33948, h) 33958, i) 33960, j) 33946, k) 33967, l) 33973. Figured at same scale, buccal upward, all right M1 except for left f, g, j, l. in Early Late Miocene Murine Rodents From The Upper Part Of The Nagri Formation, Siwalik Group, Pakistan, With A New Fossil Calibration Point For The Tribe Apodemurini (Apodemus/Tokudaia)

Text-fig. 5. First upper molars of Karnimata fejfari sp. nov. from localities Y 450 (a–d) and Y 259 (e–l). a) YGSP 33181, b) 33182, c) 33185, d) 33186, e) 33945, f) 33940, g) 33948, h) 33958, i) 33960, j) 33946, k) 33967, l) 33973. Figured at same scale, buccal upward, all right M1 except for left f, g, j, l.

Text-fig. 6. Scatter diagram of length and width of M1 specimens in Progonomys hussaini and Karnimata fejfari from localities Y 259, 450, 311. The solid line ellipse is a 55% concentration ellipse for P. hussaini, and the dashed ellipse is a 55% concentration ellipse for Karnimata fejfari, all specimens combined. in Early Late Miocene Murine Rodents From The Upper Part Of The Nagri Formation, Siwalik Group, Pakistan, With A New Fossil Calibration Point For The Tribe Apodemurini (Apodemus/Tokudaia)

Text-fig. 6. Scatter diagram of length and width of M1 specimens in Progonomys hussaini and Karnimata fejfari from localities Y 259, 450, 311. The solid line ellipse is a 55% concentration ellipse for P. hussaini, and the dashed ellipse is a 55% concentration ellipse for Karnimata fejfari, all specimens combined.

Figure 15 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy

Figure 15. Hypothetical reconstruction of a Late Miocene marine scenario showing the killer sperm whale Zygophyseter attacking a kentriodontid (delphinoid). Painting by Giovanni Bianucci.

Figure 14 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy

Figure 14. Hypothetical reconstructions of Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. A, head in lateral view with a parasagittal section of the nasal area based on Physeter macrocephalus (Heyning, 1989: 36); B, head in dorsal view with evidence for the circular supracranial basin of the skull; C, body in lateral view.

Figure 8 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy

Figure 8. Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. Teeth of the holotype (MAUL 229/1). A, reconstruction of the original orientation of two isolated maxillary teeth; B, three mandibular teeth in place showing the gingival collar and the occlusal wear of the roots; C, D, two isolated maxillary teeth (arrows show the wear due to the opposite teeth).

Figure 9 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy

Figure 9. Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. Mandible (A–E) and isolated upper teeth (F, G) of the holotype (MAUL 229/1). A, anterior view; B, ventral view of the anterior portion of the symphysis; C, dorsal view; D, lateral view; E, medial view of left posterior portion of right dentary; F, lateral or medial views; G, posterior views.

Figure 10 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy

Figure 10. Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. Postcranial skeleton of the holotype (MAUL 229/1). A, atlas; B, D, thoracic vertebrae; E, lumbar vertebra; in (1) anterior, (2) dorsal and (3) lateral views; F–Q, right ribs in lateral view; R, left scapula in medial view.