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opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

Genotype data for wild lupin populations from central Michigan

Habitat degradation can have significant effects on native species inhabiting natural ecosystems. Within oak barrens and oak-pine barrens ecosystems, there is a complex interspecies interaction between the federally endangered Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) and its obligate host plant, wild lupine (Lupinus perennis L.). Recruitment of wild lupine is critical for maintaining butterfly populations; however, this recruitment can be impeded by habitat fragmentation. Reduced recruitment can result in low genetic diversity in isolated populations, limiting its adaptive potential to respond to environmental change. This study was aimed at understanding the genetic diversity and population structure of wild lupine populations throughout central and west Michigan. We identified significant population structure across most of the populations sampled, with only two sites not significantly different from each other. No sites within our study area displayed statistically significant levels of inbreeding. There are also at least two genetic clusters of wild lupine present within our study region, although there is significant overlap among these groups, indicating that genetic differentiation among clusters may be limited.

Data from: Environmental and climate variability drive population size of annual penaeid shrimp in a large lagoonal estuary

Species with short life spans frequently show a close relationship between population abundance and environmental variation making these organisms potential indicator species of climatic variability. White (Penaeus setiferus), brown (P. aztecus), and pink (P. duorarum) penaeid shrimp typically have an annual life history and are of enormous ecological, cultural, and economic value to the southeastern United States and Gulf of Mexico. Within North Carolina, all three species rely on the Pamlico Sound, a large estuarine system that straddles Cape Hatteras, one of the most significant climate and biogeographic breaks in the world, as a nursery area. These characteristics make penaeid species within the Pamlico Sound a critical species-habitat complex for assessing climate impacts on fisheries. However, a comprehensive analysis of the influence of the environmental conditions that influence penaeid shrimp populations has been lacking in North Carolina. In this study, we used more than 30 years of data from two fishery-independent trawl surveys in the Pamlico Sound to examine the spatial distribution and abundance of adult brown, white, and pink shrimp and the environmental drivers associated with adult shrimp abundance and juvenile brown shrimp recruitment using numerical models. Brown shrimp recruitment models demonstrate that years with higher temperature, salinity, offshore windstress, and North Atlantic Oscillation phase predict increased abundance of juveniles. Additionally, models predicting adult brown, white, and pink shrimp abundance illustrate the importance of winter temperatures, windstress, salinity, the North Atlantic Oscillation index, and the abundance of spawning adult populations from the previous year on shrimp abundance. Our findings show a high degree of variability in shrimp abundance is explained by climate and environmental variation and indicate the importance of understanding these relationships in order to predict the impact of climate variability within ecosystems and develop climate-based adaptive management strategies for marine populations.

Data from: Unique drought resistance strategies occur among monkeyflower populations spanning an aridity gradient

This data repository contains the metadata and data to produce all results found in the manuscript titled: "Unique drought resistance strategies occur among monkeyflower populations spanning an aridity gradient". This repository includes two different datasets as well as associated readme files. One dataset (fileA) contains phenotype data from an experimental manipulation experiment taking place in growth chambers at the University of Louisiana, Lafayette. The second dataset contains data from a common garden experiment that contained offspring from the well-watered treatment of the experimental manipulation from fileA. This dataset contains both offspring and midparent values for the same phenotypes measured in the experimental manipulation. Datasets are both uploaded as .csv files. Please read the readme files for descriptions of the data in each .csv file.

Social network and fitness data from age-structured populations of forked fungus beetles

We investigated the relationships between age, social behavior, and fitness at three levels of organization: the individual, the local social environment, and the population. Replicate groups of forked fungus beetles (Bolitotherus cornutus) were engineered to have either young- or old- biased age structures, and both social and reproductive behaviors were recorded.

opencc-by-4.0May 2023View details →

zenodo36/100

Pig population data complementing the annual report on the epidemiological analyses of African swine fever (ASF) in the European Union - Bulgaria

This dataset contains swine population data. Reporting authorities contributing to the data collection: <ul> <li>ASF2022_BG - Bulgarian Food Safety Agency (BFSA)</li> </ul>

Data from: Drought-induced relocation of ant colonies and its consequences for the long-term spatial ecology of a population under stress

<ol> <li>Maintaining a central refuge such as a nest or burrow can offer protection against environmental stressors but comes at the expense of the capacity to disperse to new locations. This trade-off with mobility can be detrimental when environmental conditions become adverse for extended periods, necessitating animals to relocate in order to track shifting niche envelopes.</li> <li>Long-lived ant colonies that invest in the construction of large nests are especially susceptible to changing environmental conditions. The Australian meat ant, Iridomyrmex purpureus, build large terrestrial nests at sites that balance shade and solar exposure.</li> <li>Long-term study of a population of meat ants showed low nest turnover and a stable spatial distribution of nests across typical rainfall years. With the onset of drought, a dramatic surge in the production of new nests occurred through a process of budding that far exceeded historic trends. This appears to have allowed colonies to relocate nests into areas with more favourable microclimate conditions in a strategy reminiscent of the production of runners in stressed plants. The consequence has also been the packing of nests into a narrow habitable zone that has resulted in an apparent increase in competition among large rival colonies. Following the break in drought and the thinning of some nests through abandonment, competition has progressively eased in later years.</li> <li>The surge in nest budding triggered by acute environmental stress in this population offers a possible strategy for long-lived colonies to effectively migrate across the landscape. With changes in environmental conditions becoming more frequent and severe with the climate crisis, any strategy available to central place foragers to track windows of preferred conditions are likely to become increasingly important.</li> </ol>

Axiom canine microarray data from Australian dingoes and domestic dogs for admixture and population structure analysis

Admixture between species is a cause for concern in wildlife management. Canids are particularly vulnerable to inter-specific hybridisation, and genetic admixture has shaped their evolutionary history. Microsatellite DNA testing, relying on a small number of genetic markers and geographically restricted reference populations, has identified extensive domestic dog admixture in Australian dingoes and driven conservation management policy. There has been concern that geographic variation in dingo genotypes could confound ancestry analyses that use a small number of genetic markers. Here we apply genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping to a set of 385 wild and captive dingoes from across Australia and then carry out comparisons to domestic dogs, and perform ancestry modelling and biogeographic analyses to characterize population structure in dingoes and investigate the extent of admixture between dingoes and dogs in different regions of the continent. We show that there are at least five distinct dingo populations across Australia. We observed limited evidence of dog admixture in wild dingoes, challenging previous reports regarding the occurrence and extent of dog admixture in dingoes, as our ancestry analyses show that previous assessments severely overestimate the degree of domestic dog admixture in dingo populations, particularly in southeastern Australia. These findings strongly support the use of genome-wide SNP genotyping as a refined method for wildlife managers and policy makers to assess and inform dingo management policy and legislation moving forwards.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2022View details →

zenodo36/100

Data release for "Identifying LISA verification binaries among the Galactic population of double white dwarfs"

Posterior samples and SNR calculations associated with Identifying LISA verification binaries among the Galactic population of double white dwarfs (<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.10812">arxiv:2210.10812</a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad1288">MNRAS, 522, 5358 (2023)</a>). The <code>data</code> folder contains the following: <ul> <li><code>vb_table</code>: Verification binary (VB) candidate properties obtained from electromagnetic (EM) observations. This data was compiled by Kupfer et al. and is available at <a href="https://gitlab.in2p3.fr/LISA/lisa-verification-binaries">https://gitlab.in2p3.fr/LISA/lisa-verification-binaries</a> (accessed on 2022 September 2). Used in Table 1.</li> <li><code>snr</code>:  SNR calculations for each VB candidate as a function of mission duration. Used in Figure 2.</li> <li><code>basic</code>: Gravitational-wave (GW) parameter estimation study of each VB candidate. Used in Table 2 and Figure 3.</li> <li><code>detection_time</code>: VB SNR calculations with source property (and LISA launch time) uncertainty taken into account. Used in Figure 1 and Figure 4.</li> <li><code>em_priors</code>: GW parameter estimation study with EM information included in the priors. Used in Figure 5.</li> <li><code>unknown_noise</code>: GW parameter estimation study with the inclusion of noise parameters to vary the PSD. Used in Figure 6.</li> <li><code>filtered_populations</code>: Source properties of DWDs nearby in frequency to each VB candidate. See the <code>confused_sources.ipynb</code> notebook. Used in Figure 7.</li> <li><code>confusion_snr</code>: SNR calculations of the above confusion sources. Used in Figure 7.</li> <li><code>confusion</code>: A analysis of V803Cen with a realistic Galactic population of DWDs included in the data. Used in Figure 8.</li> </ul> Code to reproduce every figure from the paper is available in <code>plots</code>. Supplementary notebooks associated with the generation of a realistic data instance (i.e. including a simulated Galactic population of DWDs nearby in frequency to V803Cen) can be found in <code>notebooks</code>.

Raw data for: Sex and population differences underlie variation in reproductive success in a warming environment

Current rising temperatures are threatening biodiversity. It is therefore crucial to understand how climate change impacts male and female fertility and whether evolutionary responses can help in coping with heat stress. We use experimental evolution to study male and female fertility during real-time evolution of two historically differentiated populations of Drosophila subobscura under different thermal selection regimes for 23 generations. We aim to (1) tease apart sex-specific differences in fertility after exposure to warming conditions during development, (2) test whether thermal selection can enhance fertility under thermal stress, and (3) address the role of historically distinct genetic backgrounds. Contrary to expectations, heat stress during development had a higher negative impact on female fertility than on male fertility. We did not find clear evidence for enhanced fertility in males or females evolving under warming conditions. Population history had a clear impact on fertility response under thermal stress, particularly in males with those from lower latitudes presenting better performance than their higher latitude counterparts. We show that the impact of thermal stress on fertility varies between traits, sexes and genetic backgrounds. Incorporating these several levels of variation is crucial for a deeper understanding of how fertility evolves under climate change.

Data from: Dynamics of reproductive isolation in stick insects at the transition between populations and species

Speciation is often viewed as a continuum along which populations diverge until they become reproductively-isolated species. However, such divergence may be heterogeneous, proceeding in `fits and bursts', rather than being uniform and gradual. We show in Timema stick insects that one form of reproductive isolation indeed evolves non-uniformly across this continuum, whereas another does not. Specifically, we use thousands of host-preference and mating trials to study habitat and sexual isolation among 42 pairs of taxa spanning a range of genomic differentiation and divergence time. We find that the evolution of habitat isolation is uncoupled from genomic differentiation within species, but accumulates linearly with it between species. In contrast, sexual isolation accumulates linearly across the speciation continuum. The results show different evolutionary dynamics for different components of reproductive isolation, indicate sudden transitions between phases of speciation, and highlight a special relevance for species status in the evolution of reproductive isolation.

Data from: Hidden demographic impacts of fishing and environmental drivers of fecundity in a sea turtle population

Fisheries bycatch is a critical threat to sea turtle populations worldwide, particularly because turtles are vulnerable to multiple gear types. The Canary Current is an intensely fished region, yet there has been no demographic assessment integrating bycatch and population management information of the globally significant Cabo Verde loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) population. Using Boa Vista island (Eastern Cabo Verde) subpopulation data from capture-recapture and nest monitoring (2013–2019), we evaluated population viability and estimated regional bycatch rates (2016–2020) in longline, trawl, purse-seine, and artisanal fisheries. We further evaluated current nesting trends in the context of bycatch estimates, existing hatchery conservation measures, and environmental (net primary productivity) variability in turtle foraging grounds. We projected that current bycatch mortality rates would lead to the near extinction of the Boa Vista subpopulation. Bycatch reduction in longline fisheries and all fisheries combined would increase finite population growth rate by 1.76% and 1.95%, respectively. Hatchery conservation increased hatchling production and reduced extinction risk, but alone it could not achieve population growth. Short-term increases in nest counts (2013–2021), putatively driven by temporary increases in net primary productivity, may be masking ongoing long-term population declines. When fecundity was linked to net primary productivity, our hindcast models simultaneously predicted these opposing long-term and short-term trends. Consequently, our results showed conservation management must diversify from land-based management. The masking effect we found has broad-reaching implications for monitoring sea turtle populations worldwide, demonstrating the importance of directly estimating adult survival and that nest counts might inadequately reflect underlying population trends.

Biophysical data for: Dispersive currents explain patterns of population connectivity in an ecologically and economically important fish

How to identify the drivers of population connectivity remains a fundamental question in ecology and evolution. Answering this question can be challenging in aquatic environments where dynamic lake and ocean currents coupled with high levels of dispersal and gene flow can decrease the utility of modern population genetic tools. To address this challenge, we used RAD-Seq to genotype 959 yellow perch (Perca flavescens), a species with an ~40-day pelagic larval duration (PLD), collected from 20 sites circumscribing Lake Michigan. We also developed a novel, integrative approach that couples detailed biophysical models with eco-genetic agent-based models to generate 'predictive' values of genetic differentiation. By comparing predictive and empirical values of genetic differentiation, we estimated the relative contributions for known drivers of population connectivity (e.g., currents, behavior, PLD). For the main basin populations (i.e., the largest contiguous portion of the lake), we found that high gene flow led to low overall levels of genetic differentiation among populations (FST = 0.003). By far the best predictors of genetic differentiation were connectivity matrices that were derived from periods of time when there were strong and highly dispersive currents. Thus, these highly dispersive currents are driving the patterns of population connectivity in the main basin. We also found that populations from the northern and southern main basin are slightly divergent from one another, while those from Green Bay and the main basin are highly divergent (FST = 0.11). By integrating biophysical and eco-genetic models with genome-wide data, we illustrate that the drivers of population connectivity can be identified in high gene flow systems.

Data for: Mechanisms that can cause population decline under heavily skewed male-biased adult sex ratios

<ol> <li>While adult sex ratio (ASR) is a crucial component for population management, there is still a limited understanding of how its fluctuation affects population dynamics. To demonstrate mechanisms that hinder population growth under a biased ASR, we examined changes in reproductive success with ASR using a decapod crustacean exposed to female-selective harvesting. </li> <li> We examined the effect of ASR on the spawning success of females. A laboratory experiment showed that the number of eggs carried by females decreased as the proportion of males in the mating groups increased. Although the same result was not observed in data collected over 25 years in the wild, the negative effect of ASR was suggested when success in carrying eggs was considered as a spawning success. These results indicate that a surplus of males results in females failing to carry eggs, probably due to sexual coercion, and the negative effect of ASR can be detected at the population level only when the bias increases because failure in spawning success occurs in part of population. </li> <li>We experimentally examined how male-biased sex ratios affected the maintenance of genetic diversity in a population. The diversity of paternity in a clutch increased with the number of candidate fathers. However, over 50% of a clutch was fertilised by a single male regardless of the sex ratio, and the degree of diversity was less than half of the highest diversity expected in each mating group. </li> <li>We also experimentally examined the mating ability of males during the breeding season. The experiment showed that multiple mating by males could not compensate for the risk that their genotypes would be lost when multiple males competed for one female. These results suggest that a male-biased ASR could trigger a decline of genetic diversity in a population.</li> <li>We show that ASR skewed by female-selective harvesting decreases reproductive success not only of males that have few mating opportunities but also of females. We discuss that we may still underestimate the significance of ASR on population persistence due to the difficulty of revealing the effect of ASR.</li> </ol>

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2023View details →

zenodo36/100

Data Release: "A parameter-free tour of the binary black hole population"

This dataset contains the results presented in "A parameter-free tour of the binary black hole population" (<a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/2302.07289">arXiv:2302.07289</a>). The code used to generate this data can be found in the repository <a href="https://github.com/tcallister/autoregressive-bbh-inference/">https://github.com/tcallister/autoregressive-bbh-inference/</a>. This repository includes <a href="https://github.com/tcallister/autoregressive-bbh-inference/tree/main/data">jupyter notebooks</a> that can be used to open, explore, and plot the files contained in this data set. Additional information about reproducing and/or using this dataset can be found in <a href="https://tcallister.github.io/autoregressive-bbh-inference/">our associated documentation</a>. Further notes: <ul> <li>The files sampleDict_FAR_1_in_1_yr.pickle and injectionDict_FAR_1_in_1.pickle, used as inputs to our analyses, are created via code in the repository <a href="https://github.com/tcallister/get-lvk-data">https://github.com/tcallister/get-lvk-data</a> (see also <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/6505409">https://zenodo.org/record/6505409</a>).</li> <li>The files posteriors_gaussian_spin_samples_FAR_1_in_1.json and o1o2o3_mass_c_iid_mag_iid_tilt_powerlaw_redshift_result.json, used for figure generation, were published by the LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration in support of the paper "<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.03634">The population of merging compact binaries inferred using gravitational waves through GWTC-3</a>" (see <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/5655785">https://zenodo.org/record/5655785</a>).</li> </ul> New in this version: This version (Version 3) contains the the newest results generated in the first round of journal referee review and reflected in v2 of the arXiv listing. Includes re-run of all analyses with updated priors, and new results from the injection study discussed in Appendix C.

Rice phenotypic data – CNA6 population and advanced lines

One of the main challenges of breeding programs is to identify superior genotypes from a large number of candidates. By gradually increasing the frequency of favorable alleles in the breeding population, recurrent selection improves the population mean for target traits, increasing the chance to identify promising genotypes. In rice, population improvement through recurrent selection has been used very little to date, except in Latin America. At Embrapa (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation), the upland rice breeding program is conducted in two phases: population improvement followed by product development. In this study, the CNA6 population, evaluated over five cycles (3 to 7) of selection, including 20 field trials, was used to assess the realized genetic gain. A high rate of genetic gain was observed for grain yield, at 215 kg.ha-1 per cycle or 67.8 kg.ha-1 per year (3.08%). The CNA6 population outperformed the controls only for the last cycle, with a yield difference of 1,128 kg.ha-1. An analysis of the product development pipeline, based on 29 advanced yield trials with lines derived from cycles 3 to 6, showed that lines derived from the CNA6 population had high grain yield, but did not outperform the controls. These results demonstrate that the application of recurrent selection to a breeding population with sufficient genetic variability can result in significant genetic gains for quantitative traits, such as grain yield. The integration of this strategy into a two-phase breeding program also makes it possible to increase quantitative traits while selecting for other traits of interest.

Data for: Population structure of a grassland songbird (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) to inform conservation units

Understanding the patterns and processes driving population structure is crucial for conservation planning. Spatial conservation units (CUs) for one or more species have been defined using similarities in communities, habitats, and resource management concerns. Additionally, CU boundaries can be informed by population genetic structure. Here, we determined the population structure of the Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), a migratory grassland bird. Its breeding range spans longitudinally across most of North America in the northern U.S. and southern Canada, and its population has declined by 59% from 1971 to 2014. We sampled blood from Bobolinks at seven breeding sites and used a ddRAD sequencing approach to identify 3236 SNPs for population genetic analyses. Using the Bayesian clustering approach, STRUCTURE, we found low levels of genetic differentiation across the breeding range. F st values ranged from 0.002 to 0.036 among all population pairs, and genetic structure followed an isolation-by-distance model. Despite low levels of genetic differentiation, we found evidence for four genetic groupings— breeding populations in Oregon and British Columbia were distinct from each other as well as from Central and eastern North American breeding populations. Investigating the demographic history of the populations using approximate Bayesian computation, we found evidence that western Bobolink populations are not relict populations but instead were founded during a recent westward range expansion, possibly enabled by agricultural expansion. We identify four genetics-based CUs that may serve as a complementary spatial framework, broader in scale compared to the commonly-used Bird Conservation Regions, for defining and achieving population objectives.

Data for: Surrounding landscape, habitat and hybridization dynamics drive population structure and genetic diversity in the Saltmarsh Sparrow (Ammospiza caudacuta)

Determining factors that shape a species' population genetic structure is beneficial for identifying effective conservation practices. We assessed population structure and genetic diversity for Saltmarsh Sparrow (Ammospiza caudacuta), an imperiled tidal marsh specialist, using 13 microsatellite markers and 964 individuals sampled from 24 marshes across the breeding range. We show that Saltmarsh Sparrow populations are structured regionally by isolation-by-distance, with gene flow occurring among marshes within ~110-135 km of one another. Isolation-by-resistance and isolation-by-environment also shape genetic variation; several habitat and landscape features are associated with genetic diversity and genetic divergence among populations. Human development in the surrounding landscape isolates breeding marshes, reducing genetic diversity and increasing population genetic divergence, while surrounding marshland and patch habitat quality (proportion high marsh and sea-level-rise trend) have the opposite effect. The distance of the breeding marsh to the Atlantic Ocean also influences genetic variation, with marshes farther inland being more divergent than coastal marshes. In northern marshes, hybridization with Nelson's Sparrow (A. nelsoni) strongly influences Saltmarsh Sparrow genetic variation, by increasing genetic diversity in the population; this has a concomitant effect of increasing genetic differentiation of marshes with high levels of introgression. From a conservation perspective, we found that the majority of population clusters have low effective population sizes, suggesting a lack of resiliency. To conserve the representative breadth of genetic and ecological diversity and to ensure redundancy of populations, it will be important to protect a diversity of marsh types across the latitudinal gradient of the species range, including multiple inland, coastal and urban populations, which we have shown to exhibit signals of genetic differentiation. It will also require maintaining connectivity at a regional level, by promoting high marsh habitat at the scale of gene flow (~130 km), while also ensuring "stepping stone" populations across the range.

Data from: Mother knows best: Nest-site choice homogenizes embryo thermal environments among populations in a widespread ectotherm

Species with large geographic ranges provide an excellent model of how different populations respond to dissimilar local conditions, particularly variation in climate. Maternal effects, such as oviposition-site choice greatly affect offspring phenotypes and survival. Thus, maternal behavior has the potential to mitigate the effects of divergent climatic conditions across a species' range. We delineated natural nesting areas of six populations of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) that span a broad latitudinal range and quantified spatial and temporal variation in nest characteristics. To quantify microhabitats available for females to choose, we also identified sites within the nesting area of each location that were representative of available thermal microhabitats. Across the range females nested non-randomly and targeted microhabitats that generally had less canopy cover and thus higher nest temperatures. Nest microhabitats differed among locations but did not predictably vary with latitude or historic mean air temperature during embryonic development. In conjunction with other studies of these populations, nest-site choice appears to be homogenizing nest environments, buffering embryos from thermally-induced selection, which could stymie evolution of embryonic traits. Thus, although effective at a macroclimatic scale, nest-site choice may be unable to compensate for novel stressors that rapidly increase local temperatures.

Data from: Remotely sensed environmental measurements detect decoupled processes driving population dynamics at contrasting scales

The increasing availability of satellite imagery has supported a rapid expansion in forward-looking studies seeking to track and predict how climate change will influence wild population dynamics. However, these data can also be used in retrospect to provide additional context for historical data in the absence of contemporaneous environmental measurements. We used 167 Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) images spanning 13 years to identify environmental drivers of fitness and population size in a well-characterized population of banner-tailed kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spectabilis) in the southwestern United States. We found evidence of two decoupled processes that may be driving population dynamics in opposing directions over distinct time frames. Specifically, increasing mean surface temperature corresponded to increased individual fitness, where fitness is defined as the number of offspring produced by a single individual. This result contrasts with our findings for population size, where increasing surface temperature led to decreased numbers of active mounds. These relationships between surface temperature and (i) individual fitness and (ii) population size would not have been identified in the absence of remotely sensed data, indicating that such information can be used to test existing hypotheses and generate new ecological predictions regarding fitness at multiple spatial scales and degrees of sampling effort. To our knowledge, this study is the first to directly link remotely sensed environmental data to individual fitness in a nearly exhaustively sampled population, opening a new avenue for incorporating remote sensing data into eco-evolutionary studies.

Data from: Multi-locus genomic signatures of local adaptation to snow across the landscape in California populations of a willow leaf beetle

Organisms living in mountains contend with extreme climatic conditions, including short growing seasons and long winters with extensive snow cover. Anthropogenic climate change is driving unprecedented, rapid warming of montane regions across the globe, resulting in reduced winter snowpack. Loss of snow as a thermal buffer may have serious consequences for animals overwintering in soil, yet little is known about how variability in snowpack acts as a selective agent in montane ecosystems. Here we examine genomic variation in California populations of the leaf beetle Chrysomela aeneicollis, an emerging natural model system for understanding how organisms respond to climate change. We used a genotype-environment association approach to identify genomic signatures of local adaptation to microclimate in populations from three montane regions with variable snowpack and a coastal region with no snow. We found that both winter-associated environmental variation and geographic distance contribute to overall genomic variation across the landscape. We identified non-synonymous variation in novel candidate loci associated with cytoskeletal function, ion transport and membrane stability, cellular processes associated with cold tolerance in other insects. These findings provide intriguing evidence that variation in snowpack imposes selective gradients in montane ecosystems.