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3,136 results for “Terrestrialization”
A Baseline of Terrestrial Freshwater and Nitrogen Fluxes to the Southern California Bight, USA
<p>Terrestrial freshwater discharges into the Southern California Bight (SCB) contains nutrient and carbonate system constituents that make the region susceptible to eutrophication. This respository contains comprehensive time series discharge and constituent data of point and non-point sources, which consist of ocean outfalls, inland wastewater treatment plants, and rivers, to the SCB from the past twenty years and more. Constituents include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), carbon (C), iron (Fe), silica (Si) and carbonate system parameters. Many local and state government and non-government organization databases were accessed to construct this data set. In-house data that was previously not publicly available are published here as well. Predictive models and expert analysis addressed unmonitored sources and data gaps. </p> <p>The spreadsheet 'rivers_1997_2017_daily.xlsx' contains the data from 1997 to 2017 for 75 rivers alphabetically. River constituents include discharge volume, ammonium, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, total N, total P, phosphate, organic P, total organic C, organic N, total Fe, alkalinity, salinity, dissolved Fe, total inorganic C, and silicate.<br> File 'major_potw_1971_2017.xlsx' contains data from 1971 to 2017 for the four large POTWs in the SCB, of which data before 2007 was not publicly available until now. Constituents in this file are discharge volume, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, dissolved oxygen, temperature, biological oxygen demand, pH, TP, phosphate, OP, TOC, ON, TN, total Fe, silicate, alkalinity, salinity, and dissolved Fe. <br> The 'minor_potw_1997_2017.xlsx' contains data from 1997 to 2017 for the 19 minor POTWs alphabetically. Data from year 2000 was not publicly available until now. Constituents in this file are discharge volume, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, dissolved oxygen, temperature, biological oxygen demand, pH, TP, phosphate, OP, TOC, ON, TN, total Fe, silicate, alkalinity, salinity, and dissolved Fe. <br> The 'inland_POTW.xlsx' file contains averaged data from the year 2009, unless otherwise noted, for the 18 inland POTWs. The region and city given for each plant. The discharge volume, TN, TP, dissolved inorganic N, and dissolved inorganic P are listed for each plant. <br> The 'natural_rivers.xlsx' file contains summarized annually averaged input of natural riverine sources for each region of the SCB. The approximate watershed area of each region is given and constituents in this file are TN, TP, DIN, and DIP.</p>
The biogeography of thermal risk for terrestrial ectotherms: scaling of thermal tolerance with body size and latitude
1. Many organisms are shrinking in size in response to global warming. However, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms linking body size and temperature of organisms across their geographical ranges. Here we investigate the biophysical mechanisms determining the scaling of body temperature with size across latitudes in terrestrial ectotherms. 2. Using biophysical models, we simulated operative temperatures experienced by lizard-like ectotherms as a function of microclimatic variables, body mass and latitude and use them to generate null predictions for the effect of size on temperature across geographical gradients. We then compared model predictions against empirical data on lizards' field body temperature (Tb), and thermal tolerance limits (CTmax and CTmin). 3. Our biophysical models predicted that the allometric scaling of operative temperatures with body size varies with latitude, with a positive relationship at low latitudes that vanishes with increasing latitude. The analyses of thermal traits of lizards show a significant interaction of body size and latitude on Tb and CTmax and no effect of body mass on CTmin, consistent with model's predictions. The estimated scaling coefficients are within the ranges predicted by the biophysical model. The effect of body mass, however, becomes non-significant after controlling for the phylogenetic relatedness between species. 4. We propose that large-bodied terrestrial ectotherms exhibit higher risk of overheating at low latitudes, while size differences in thermal sensitivity vanish towards higher latitudes. 5. Our work highlights the potential of combining mechanistic models with empirical data to investigate the mechanisms underpinning broad-scale patterns and ultimately provide a null model to develop baseline expectations for further empirical research. 08-Jan-2020
Data from: Using terrestrial haematophagous leeches to enhance tropical biodiversity monitoring programmes in Bangladesh
1. Measuring mammal biodiversity in tropical rainforests is challenging, and methods which reduce effort while maximizing success are crucial for long-term monitoring programmes. Commonly used methods to assess mammal biodiversity may require substantial sampling effort to be effective. Genetic methods are a new and important sampling tool on the horizon, but obtaining sufficient DNA samples can be a challenge. 2. We evaluated the efficacy of using parasitic leeches Haemadipsa spp., as compared to camera trapping, to sample biodiversity. We collected 200 leeches from four forest patches in northeast Bangladesh, and identified recent vertebrate hosts using Sanger sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene extracted from each individual leech's blood meals. We then compared this data to species data from camera trapping conducted in the same forest patches. 3. Overall, 41.9% of sequenced leeches contained amplifiable non-human mammal DNA. Four days of collecting leeches led to the identification of 12 species, compared to 26 species identified in 1334 camera trap nights. 4. Synthesis and applications. After assessing the cost, effort, and power of each technique, there are pros and cons to both camera trapping and leech blood meal analysis. Camera trapping and leech collection appear to be complementary approaches. When used together, they may provide a more complete monitoring tool for mammal biodiversity in tropical rainforests. Managers should consider adding leech collection to their biodiversity monitoring toolkit, as improved information will allow managers to create more effective conservation programmes. R scripts are available upon request.
Latitudinal gradient in the intensity of biotic interactions in terrestrial ecosystems: Sources of variation and differences from the diversity gradient revealed by meta-analysis
<p>The Latitudinal Biotic Interaction Hypothesis (LBIH) states that the intensity of biotic interactions increases from high to low latitudes. This hypothesis, which may partly explain latitudinal gradients in biodiversity, remains hotly debated, largely due to variable outcomes of published studies. We used meta-analysis to identify the scope of the LBIH in terrestrial ecosystems. For this purpose, we explored the sources of variation in the strength of latitudinal changes in herbivory, carnivory, and parasitism (119 publications) and compared these gradients with gradients in the diversity of the respective groups of animals (102 publications). Overall, both herbivory and carnivory decreased towards the poles, while parasitism increased. The latitudinal gradient in herbivory and carnivory was threefold stronger above 50–60º than at lower latitudes and was significant due to interactions involving ectothermic consumers, studies using standardized prey (i.e. prey lacking local anti-predator adaptations) and studies aimed at testing LBIH. The poleward decrease in biodiversity did not differ between ectothermic and endothermic animals or among climate zones and was four-fold stronger than decrease in herbivory and carnivory. The discovered differences between the gradients in biotic interactions and biodiversity suggest that these two global macroecological patterns are likely shaped by different factors.</p>
Data from: Geographic variation in adult and embryonic desiccation tolerance in a terrestrial-breeding frog
<p>Intra-specific variation in the ability of individuals to tolerate environmental perturbations is often neglected when considering the impacts of climate change. Yet this information is potentially crucial for mitigating deleterious effects of climate change on threatened species. Here we assessed patterns of intra-specific variation in desiccation tolerance in the frog <i>Pseudophryne guentheri</i>, a terrestrial-breeding species experiencing a drying climate. Adult frogs were collected from six populations across a rainfall gradient and their dehydration and rehydration rates were assessed. We also compared desiccation tolerance of embryos and hatchlings originating from within-population parental crosses from four of the populations. Embryos were reared on soil at three soil-water potentials and their desiccation tolerance was assessed across a range of traits. We found significant and strong patterns of intra-specific variation in almost all traits, both in adults and first-generation offspring. Adult frogs exhibited clinal variation in their water balance responses, with populations from drier sites both dehydrating and rehydrating more slowly compared to frogs from more mesic sites. Similarly, desiccation tolerance of first-generation offspring was significantly greater in populations from xeric sites. Our findings suggest that populations within this species will respond differently to the regional reduction in rainfall predicted by climate change models.</p>
Data and code for: Terrestrial eDNA survey outperforms conventional approach for detecting an invasive pest insect within an agricultural ecosystem
<p>Recent methodological advances permit surveys for terrestrial insects from the direct collection of environmental DNA (eDNA) deposited on vegetation or other surfaces. However, in contrast to well-studied aquatic applications, little is known about how detection rates for such terrestrial eDNA-based surveys compare with conventional survey methods. <i>Lycorma delicatula</i>, the spotted lanternfly, is an emerging invasive insect in eastern North America, and a significant ecological and economic pest of forested and agricultural systems, especially grapes. During fall 2019 we conducted two rounds of paired eDNA and visual surveys for spotted lanternflies within 48 plots at 12 vineyards in New Jersey, USA. We compared detection probabilities within a multimethod occupancy modeling framework and used the results to extrapolate and inform survey design. The probability of detecting spotted lanternflies given presence in a plot was over two times higher for eDNA (84%) versus visual surveys (36%). In mid-September, lanternfly eDNA was detected at five plots in three vineyards while visual surveys revealed only a single individual in one plot. In early October, after dispersal of lanternflies into vineyards, lanternfly eDNA was detected in 12 plots within six vineyards compared with visual detections in six plots in two vineyards. Extrapolations based on detection and local-scale occupancy rates indicate that only five and 12 plots would have been needed to positively detect lanternfly presence with 95% confidence using eDNA in contrast to 14 and 29 plots with visual surveys alone, respective to survey rounds. Log-linear models revealed that visual counts of lanternflies were positively related to eDNA concentrations (R<sup>2</sup> = 71%). We provide some of the first quantitative evidence to support the enhanced sensitivity of terrestrial eDNA approaches compared with conventional methods. Such methods can augment efforts to combat invasive species through improved ability to delimit invasion fronts, identify satellite populations, and confirm local eradications.</p>
terrestrial globe
As one of my other uploads I created this litte globe for the room of the evil queen from the snow white fairy tale project. It is used in a VR-experience my colleagues and I created. If you download my work and use it in one of your projects - please let me know and mention me in your credits. I want to know in what amazing projects this globe may be used. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Data from: Predator-driven behavioral shifts in a common lizard shape resource-flow from marine to terrestrial ecosystems
<p>We conducted a field experiment to assess foraging niche dynamics of semiarboreal brown anole lizards in the presence/absence of predatory ground-dwelling curly tailed lizards in a replicated set of island ecosystems. Data used in this study includes ecological infomration for the replicated islands of study (i.e. relative arthropod and seaweedabundances) together with phenotypic data of the lizards studied (body mass, size, body condition, as well as behavioral traits describing risk-taking behavior) as well as habitat use data and marine component of diet as a surrogate of the diet of these lizards. One year after experimental translocation, brown anoles exposed to these predators increased perch height and reduced consumption of marine-derived food resources. We also use this dataset to investigate if this foraging niche shift altered marine-to-terrestrial resource-flow dynamics and persisted in the diets of the first-generation offspring. Finally, we also assessed if lizards that displayed more risk-taking behaviors consumed more marine prey on islands with predators present.</p>
Fig. 2 in Cephalic labial gland secretions of males as species recognition signals in bumblebees: are there really geographical variations in the secretions of the Bombus terrestris subspecies? (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus)
Fig. 2: Legends on p. 106
Supporting information for: Accounting for the topology of road networks to better explain human-mediated dispersal in terrestrial landscapes
<p><span>Human trade and movements are central to biological invasions worldwide. Human activities not only transport species across biogeographical barriers but also accelerate their post-introduction spread in the landscape. Thus, by constraining human movements, the spatial structure of road networks might greatly affect the regional spread of invasive species. However, few invasion models have accounted for the topology of road networks so far, and its importance for explaining the regional distribution of invasive species remains mostly unexplored.</span><span> To address this issue, we developed a spatially explicit and mechanistic human-mediated dispersal model that accounts and tests for the influence of transport networks on the regional spread of invasive species. Using as a model the spread of the invasive ant <em>Lasius</em> <em>neglectus</em> in the middle Rhône valley (France), we show that accounting for the topology of road networks improves our ability to explain the current distribution of the invasive ant. In contrast, we found that using human population density as a proxy for the frequency of transport events decreases models' performance and might thus not be as appropriate as previously thought. Finally, by differentiating road networks into sub-networks, we show that national and regional roads are more important than smaller roads for explaining spread patterns. Overall, our results demonstrate that the topology of transport networks can strongly bias regional invasion patterns and highlight the importance of better incorporating it into future invasion models. The mechanistic modelling approach developed in this study should help invasion scientists explore how human-mediated dispersal and topography shape invasion dynamics in landscapes. Ultimately, our approach could be combined with demographic, natural dispersal and environmental suitability models to refine spread scenarios and improve invasive species monitoring and management at regional to national scales.</span></p>
V2 - Space use of invertebrates in terrestrial habitats: phylogenetic, functional and environmental drivers of interspecific variations
<p>VERSION 2</p>
Figs 53–55 in Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique
Figs 53–55. Trochozonites (Crenatinanina) crenulata, 8.2×12.8 mm, subadult, three views, stn 9.
MESI: a database of terrestrial global change experiments
<p>effects of experimental eCO2, warming, nutrient addition and/or water addition/removal on carbon and nutrient cycle related variables</p> <p> </p> <p>New in v1.0.3:</p> <p>Improved accuracy and further completion of the following variables:</p> <p>• longitude (lon) of the experiment site (site)</p> <p>• latitude (lat) of the experiment site (site)</p> <p>• elevation (elevation) of the experiment site (site)</p> <p>• ecosystem type (ecosystem_type)</p> <p>• experiment type: field/FACE, open-top chamber, pot (experiment_type and fumigation_type)</p> <p>• treatment level (particularly c_c, c_t, n_c, n_t, p_c, p_t, k_c, k_t)</p> <p>• sampling year of the experiment (sampling_year and duration)</p> <p>• warming type (w_t1)</p> <p>• some site (site), study (study) and experiment (exp) names</p> <p> </p> <p>Response variable (response) 'leaf_area' replaced by leaf_area_leaf, leaf_area_plant, leaf_area_eco</p> <p>Response variable (response) 'leaf_biomass' replaced by leaf_biomass_leaf, leaf_biomass_plant, leaf_biomass_eco</p>
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)/ Инопланетянин
Моя страница "ВКонтакте" https://vk.com/id11339088 Instagram https://www.instagram.com/brianfoxone/ ArtStation https://www.artstation.com/brianfox Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Pattern and driver of the compositional variations in a tropical cloud forest: Comparing vascular epiphytes with terrestrial woody plants
<p>β-diversity patterns (the compositional variations across sites) and their drivers are the major concerns of biodiversity research and conservation practices, whereas such information remains scarce for vascular epiphytes, especially in tropical forest communities. This study aimed to reveal the pattern and driving process of the compositional variations of vascular epiphytes in a tropical cloud forest on Hainan island, southern China, and their differences from those of terrestrial woody plants. To this end, we quantified their between-habitat compositional variations and distinguished the underlying components of β-diversity (nestedness and turnover). We then examined the relative roles of niche-based and neutral processes in driving the compositional variations by using a null model approach. Our results showed that the between-habitat compositional variations were significant for both plant assemblages and stronger in vascular epiphytes than in terrestrial woody plants. The turnover component of β-diversity was significantly stronger in terrestrial woody plants, accounting for 73.16%–80.08% of the variations. By contrast, the nestedness component was significantly stronger in vascular epiphytes and characterized 46.82%–67.5% of the variations. Besides, the compositional variations of both plant assemblages, especially terrestrial woody plants, were generally poorly fitted by the simulated niche-based scenarios but well fitted by the simulated neutral scenarios. Overall, the compositional variations of both plant assemblages were significant and mainly due to dispersal limitation, albeit to varying degrees. Hence, further studies of these plant assemblages at local scales should not be ideologically limited to the niche-based framework. Moreover, the stronger nestedness observed in vascular epiphytes suggests the greater importance of prioritizing conservation efforts in the species-rich habitats for these plants.</p>
Data from: fish (eggs) out of water: evolutionary divergence in terrestrial embryonic plasticity in Trinidadian killifish
<p>Research has shown that externally laid eggs are often responsive to environmental signals. How such embryonic plasticity evolves is unclear. In Trinidad, the killifish (<em>Anablepsoides hartii</em>) are found in communities with and without predators. Killifish inhabit shallower, ephemeral habitat in sites with predators. Such shifts increase the exposure of eggs to air and possible desiccation. We compared embryonic plasticity between communities by rearing eggs terrestrially on peat moss or in water. The timing of hatching did not differ between communities when eggs were reared in water. Eggs from sites with predators responded to terrestrial incubation by hatching significantly earlier compared to water reared eggs. These responses were weaker in sites with no predators. Such divergent trends show that the presence of predators is associated with shifts in embryonic plasticity. Our results provide new insights into the factors that favor the evolutionary transition between life on water vs. land.</p>
Effects of leaf litter traits on terrestrial isopod and millipede consumption, assimilation and growth
<ol> <li>Nutrient cycling through leaf litter consumption is an essential ecological function performed by macrodetritivorous invertebrates such as isopods and millipedes. Leaf litter consumption rates can vary greatly depending on the environment, consumer identity, and litter traits, but generalizations about the effects of plant traits on macrodetritivore leaf litter consumption, assimilation and growth are not well established and mostly indirectly inferred.</li> <li>We conducted a systematic search of the global literature and obtained 456 standardized measures from laboratory experiments of relative consumption (RCR), assimilation (RAR) and growth (RGR) rates of terrestrial isopods and millipedes, extracted from 56 different articles. We investigated if commonly measured leaf traits, plant functional groups, prior microbial conditioning of leaves, and climatic conditions affected these rates. We obtained data on commonly measured leaf traits from the TRY global plant trait database, inferred plant functional groups from taxonomic groupings, and obtained climatic data from information reported within articles.</li> <li>RCR, RAR and RGR varied greatly among macrodetritivore and plant species, but overall, there were no differences between isopods and millipedes. Microbial conditioning of litter greatly increased RCR. Plant functional group was an important predictor of RCR, with eudicot trees and forbs being consumed in greater quantities than magnoliid trees and grasses. Fresh leaf N:P ratio had a positive effect on RAR, and leaf N and C:N ratio had positive and negative effects on RGR respectively, while climatic variables had weak effects on the three rates.</li> <li>Our work shows that plant traits (both those associated with plant functional groups and commonly measured leaf traits) exert strong effects on resource processing rates by terrestrial macrodetritivores. Further, prior microbial conditioning of leaf litter has a large and globally consistent positive effect on macrodetritivore litter consumption, suggesting that they may consume little, if any, freshly senesced leaf material when microbially conditioned litter is available. Our results suggest that, where extremes of temperature or precipitation do not occur, variables reflective of food quality (leaf traits and microbe conditioning) are more important drivers of macrodetritivore leaf litter consumption than are extrinsic climatic variables.</li> </ol>
Dorylaimus carteri Bast. lugdunensis (do Man), ♂. Tail obj. 7, ok. 3, × 360. in Terrestrial nematodes from Jan Mayen
Dorylaimus carteri Bast. lugdunensis (do Man), ♂. Tail obj. 7, ok. 3, × 360.
Occurrence of preanal papillae in Dorylaimus carteri Bast. typ. Micoletzky. in Terrestrial nematodes from Jan Mayen
Occurrence of preanal papillae in Dorylaimus carteri Bast. typ. Micoletzky.
Mono nchus papillatus Bastian. a, anterior end 1 in Terrestrial nematodes from Jan Mayen
Mono nchus papillatus Bastian. a, anterior end 1/12, ok. 3, x 4 5 0. b, tail 1/ 12, ok. 3, × 4 5 0.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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