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Figure 2 from: Sandberger-Loua L, Müller H, Rödel M-O (2017) A review of the reproductive biology of the only known matrotrophic viviparous anuran, the West African Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10489

Figure 2 - Rainy and dry season at Nimba. The rainy season (top) is characterised by persistent fog and rain, whereas the dry season (middle) is characterised by little rain, high temperature fluctuations and dry season fires. After dry season fires the grasses sprout very fast (bottom, © Nèma Soua Loua).

Figure 12 from: Sandberger-Loua L, Müller H, Rödel M-O (2017) A review of the reproductive biology of the only known matrotrophic viviparous anuran, the West African Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10489

Figure 12 - Summary of the temporal development of the foetus and male and female reproductive system. The outer layer gives the months as abbreviations and the seasons by colour (yellow: dry season, blue: rainy season). Toads mate between mid-September and mid-October on average, are going underground mid-October and emerge in mid-March from their dormancy sites. Juveniles are born in mid-June (pictograms). Spermatogenesis shows the development within the male reproductive system. Foetal growth gives the speed of development and growth. The uterus shows three phases: a proliferation phase in which the uterine epithelium develops, a secretion phase during the gestation and an apoptosis phase during which the uterine epithelium is completely exchanged (old one removed and new one built). The ovary has two phases: the follicles phase, characterised by follicle growth and the luteal phase characterised by the presence of corpora lutea. Within the female pituitary three cell types show variation within the annual cycle, the glycoprotein type 1 cells and the protein type 1 and type 2 cells. Within the male pituitary as well three cell types show variation (not shown), glycoprotein type 1 cells and glycoprotein type 2 cells in the same way as those of females, whereas protein type 2 cells are only present in July/ August.

Figure 4 from: Sandberger-Loua L, Müller H, Rödel M-O (2017) A review of the reproductive biology of the only known matrotrophic viviparous anuran, the West African Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10489

Figure 4 - Female and male cloaca of Nimba toads and a pair in amplexus. The female cloaca (top left) is close to the urostyle, whereas the male cloaca (top right) is ventrally oriented. During mating it swells and encloses the female cloaca. During the amplexus lumbalis the female is constantly horizontally swaying (bottom).

Figure 1 from: Sandberger-Loua L, Müller H, Rödel M-O (2017) A review of the reproductive biology of the only known matrotrophic viviparous anuran, the West African Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10489

Figure 1 - The Nimba mountains. Left: elevation map of the Nimba mountains, with an inset map showing the position of the Nimba mountains within West Africa. Right: a large part of the Nimba mountains showing the steep slopes, the high altitude grasslands, the forests in the lowlands and the ravines.

Figure 5 from: Sandberger-Loua L, Müller H, Rödel M-O (2017) A review of the reproductive biology of the only known matrotrophic viviparous anuran, the West African Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10489

Figure 5 - Foetal labial papillae. Labial papillae are forming during stage Ia (left) and are well developed at stage Ib (right). See foetal development for more information on developmental stages. Redrawn after Lamotte and Xavier (1972b).

Figure 10 from: Sandberger-Loua L, Müller H, Rödel M-O (2017) A review of the reproductive biology of the only known matrotrophic viviparous anuran, the West African Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10489

Figure 10 - Experiments on female ovary, oviduct and uterus removal. Shown are the positions of eggs in the uteri after unilateral ovariectomy (A), after unilateral ovariectomy and the connection between oviduct and uteri bound at the side with the still present ovary (B), unilateral ovariectomy and the oviduct and uterus at the side of the still present ovary removed (C) and the unilateral removal of the oviduct and the uterus without ovariectomy (D). The red cross indicates the ovary removed, the red lines indicate positions where either oviduct (B) or the uterus (C and D) were bound. The two-headed arrow with the two red lines indicates that eggs apparently do not wander from one uterus to the other passing the common tube. Redrawn after Xavier (1971).

Figure 11 from: Sandberger-Loua L, Müller H, Rödel M-O (2017) A review of the reproductive biology of the only known matrotrophic viviparous anuran, the West African Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10489

Figure 11 - Male during the mating season, showing pronounced nuptial pads on the thumbs. © Joseph Doumbia

Figure 3 from: Sandberger-Loua L, Müller H, Rödel M-O (2017) A review of the reproductive biology of the only known matrotrophic viviparous anuran, the West African Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10489

Figure 3 - Nimba toad females. Left: a young female towards the end of the rainy season. Right: a large gestating female in June, shortly before parturition.

Figure 8 from: Sandberger-Loua L, Müller H, Rödel M-O (2017) A review of the reproductive biology of the only known matrotrophic viviparous anuran, the West African Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(1): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.10489

Figure 8 - Embryonic development. Shown are the eight stages as found in the literature. Redrawn after Lamotte and Xavier (1972b).

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Fig. 6 in Differentiation of skull morphology and cranial kinesis in common toads

Fig. 6 Phylogenetic tree of 50 toad species in the tribe Bufonini with cranial kinesis character states (CKs) plotted over the tree (for details see text). The values of CKs range from 1.5 (in deep red) indicating a flexible skull to 5 indicating a rigid skull (in deep blue), with inter-

Figure 1 from: Solovyeva EN, Dunayev EN, Nazarov RA, Radjabizadeh M, Poyarkov Jr NA (2018) Molecular and morphological differentiation of Secret Toad-headed agama, Phrynocephalus mystaceus, with the description of a new subspecies from Iran (Reptilia, Agamidae). ZooKeys 748: 97-129. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.748.20507

Figure 1 Geographical distribution of Phrynocephalus mystaceus and locations of the sites where the samples that were examined in the molecular analyses of the present study were obtained. Locality numbers correspond to those given in Table 1. Dot in the center of a circle indicates the type locality; type localities for taxa are shown as follows: A Lacerta mystacea Pallas, 1776 B Megalochilus mystaceus dagestanica Ananjeva, "1986" 1987 C Phrynocephalus mystaceus aurantiacocaudatus Semenov & Shenbrot, 1990 D Phrynocephalus mystaceus galli Krassowsky, 1932; and E Ph. mystaceus khorasanus ssp. n.

Figure 2 from: Solovyeva EN, Dunayev EN, Nazarov RA, Radjabizadeh M, Poyarkov Jr NA (2018) Molecular and morphological differentiation of Secret Toad-headed agama, Phrynocephalus mystaceus, with the description of a new subspecies from Iran (Reptilia, Agamidae). ZooKeys 748: 97-129. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.748.20507

Figure 2 BI-inferred dendrogram that illustrates the phylogenetic relationships of the Phrynocephalus mystaceus species complex based on the analysis of 654 b. p. fragment of COI gene (mtDNA). Numbers at the tree nodes show Bayesian Posterior Probabilities/ Maximum Likelihood Bootstrap Support. Only PP values higher than 0.90 and BS values higher than 75% are shown. COI sequence of Trapelus sanguinolentus is used as an outgroup.

Figure 11 from: Solovyeva EN, Dunayev EN, Nazarov RA, Radjabizadeh M, Poyarkov Jr NA (2018) Molecular and morphological differentiation of Secret Toad-headed agama, Phrynocephalus mystaceus, with the description of a new subspecies from Iran (Reptilia, Agamidae). ZooKeys 748: 97-129. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.748.20507

Figure 11 ZMMU R-6412, holotype of Phrynocepahlus mystaceus aurantiacocaudatus Semenov & Shenbrot, 1990 in preservative: A dorsal view B ventral view C head in dorsal view D head in frontal view E head in lateral view F right foot in thenar view (photographs by E. N. Solovyeva).

Figure 9 from: Solovyeva EN, Dunayev EN, Nazarov RA, Radjabizadeh M, Poyarkov Jr NA (2018) Molecular and morphological differentiation of Secret Toad-headed agama, Phrynocephalus mystaceus, with the description of a new subspecies from Iran (Reptilia, Agamidae). ZooKeys 748: 97-129. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.748.20507

Figure 9 Typical habitat of Ph. mystaceus khorasanus ssp. n. at the type locality in the vicinity of Gonabad, Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran (photo by R. A. Nazarov).

Figure 10 from: Solovyeva EN, Dunayev EN, Nazarov RA, Radjabizadeh M, Poyarkov Jr NA (2018) Molecular and morphological differentiation of Secret Toad-headed agama, Phrynocephalus mystaceus, with the description of a new subspecies from Iran (Reptilia, Agamidae). ZooKeys 748: 97-129. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.748.20507

Figure 10 ZMMU R-6413, lectotype of Phrynocepahlus mystaceus galli Krassowsky, 1932 in preservative: A dorsal view B ventral view C head in dorsal view D head in frontal view E head in lateral view F left foot in thenar view (photographs by E. N. Solovyeva).

Figure 4 from: Solovyeva EN, Dunayev EN, Nazarov RA, Radjabizadeh M, Poyarkov Jr NA (2018) Molecular and morphological differentiation of Secret Toad-headed agama, Phrynocephalus mystaceus, with the description of a new subspecies from Iran (Reptilia, Agamidae). ZooKeys 748: 97-129. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.748.20507

Figure 4 Statistically significant morphological differences between Ph. mystaceus khorasanus ssp. from Iran and other Ph. mystaceus: A the number of subdigital lamellae on the toe III (SLIII) B the number of subdigital lamellae on the toe IV (SLIV) C the total number of supralabial scales (SL) D the relative length of the dark distal part of the tail to the total tail length (TL-black/TL) E number of flat infralabials anterior to the angular enlarged spine-like infralabial scales (IlbA).

Figure 8 from: Solovyeva EN, Dunayev EN, Nazarov RA, Radjabizadeh M, Poyarkov Jr NA (2018) Molecular and morphological differentiation of Secret Toad-headed agama, Phrynocephalus mystaceus, with the description of a new subspecies from Iran (Reptilia, Agamidae). ZooKeys 748: 97-129. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.748.20507

Figure 8 Paratypes of Ph. mystaceus khorasanus ssp. n. in preservative: A in dorsal view B in ventral view (photographs by E. N. Solovyeva).

Figure 7 from: Solovyeva EN, Dunayev EN, Nazarov RA, Radjabizadeh M, Poyarkov Jr NA (2018) Molecular and morphological differentiation of Secret Toad-headed agama, Phrynocephalus mystaceus, with the description of a new subspecies from Iran (Reptilia, Agamidae). ZooKeys 748: 97-129. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.748.20507

Figure 7 Holotype of Ph. mystaceus khorasanus ssp. n. in preservative: A dorsal view B ventral view C head in dorsal view D head in frontal view E head in lateral view; F right foot in thenar view (photographs by E. N. Solovyeva).

Figure 3 from: Solovyeva EN, Dunayev EN, Nazarov RA, Radjabizadeh M, Poyarkov Jr NA (2018) Molecular and morphological differentiation of Secret Toad-headed agama, Phrynocephalus mystaceus, with the description of a new subspecies from Iran (Reptilia, Agamidae). ZooKeys 748: 97-129. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.748.20507

Figure 3 Statistically significant morphological differences between Ph. mystaceus khorasanus ssp. from Iran and other subspecies of Ph. mystaceus: A the number of subdigital lamellae on the toe IV (SLIV) B the number of enlarged triangular scales on the lateral fringe of the toe III (FrIII) C the total number of supralabial scales (SL) D the relative length of the dark distal part of the tail to the total tail length (TL-black/TL).

Figure 6 from: Solovyeva EN, Dunayev EN, Nazarov RA, Radjabizadeh M, Poyarkov Jr NA (2018) Molecular and morphological differentiation of Secret Toad-headed agama, Phrynocephalus mystaceus, with the description of a new subspecies from Iran (Reptilia, Agamidae). ZooKeys 748: 97-129. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.748.20507

Figure 6 Ph. mystaceus in life: A subadult Ph. mystaceus khorasanus ssp. n., orange lower surface of the tail is shown, Iran (photograph by R. A. Nazarov) B Ph. mystaceus khorasanus ssp. n., female, Iran (photo by R. A. Nazarov) C Ph. m. mystaceus, Russia, Astrakhan region, Dosang (photograph by E. A. Dunayev) D Ph. m. mystaceus, Dagestan, Sarykum sands (photograph by E. A. Dunayev) E Ph. m. mystaceus, Uzbekistan, Qarakalpaqiston (corresponds to the previously recognized subspecies "galli"; photograph by E. A. Dunayev) F Ph. m. mystaceus, Dagestan, Sarykum sands (corresponds to the previously recognized subspecies "dagestanica"; photograph by E. A. Dunayev) G Ph. m. aurantiacocaudatus, E Kazakhstan, SE Balkash Lake (photograph by E. N. Solovyeva) H Ph. m. aurantiacocaudatus, E Kazakhstan, SE Balkash lake (photograph by E. N. Solovyeva) I Ph. m. mystaceus, Russia, Astrakhan region, Dosang (photograph by E. A. Dunayev).