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The abundance and diversity of native bees in prairie agroecosystems Samantha Morrice thesis raw data

Habitat loss due to agricultural intensification has negative implications for native bee communities throughout Western Canada. Wetland remnants are a common feature within the Prairie Pothole Region of Saskatchewan and are threatened due to continued conversion to agricultural land. Approximately sixty-one million acres of land are dedicated to agriculture in Saskatchewan. Wetlands and field margins in this region are embedded in these agricultural matrices and may act as important nesting and floral resources for many native bee taxa. The purpose of this study was to determine whether conserved habitats, such as wetlands and field margins, in highly cultivated landscapes support native bee and pollinator diversity, which is expected to be ecologically and economically beneficial. I also examined differences in bee abundance and diversity across three crop types to explore the roles different crop types might play as a habitat or feeding resource for native bees. Bees were sampled from wetland and field margins into the surrounding cropland across two growing seasons in three crop types (canola, cereals and semi-natural re-seeded forage) to quantify the role that wetlands, field margins and crop types play in supporting native bee populations. I found that the diversity and abundance of native bees collected from natural and semi-natural edge habitat was higher than that collected in-field. Areas with a higher availability of nesting resources tended to support a higher diversity of bee genera. Unmanaged semi-natural re-seeded forage sites supported a higher abundance and diversity of bees than canola and cereal crops. Finally, we found that bee community structure differed significantly between years, likely due to differences in temperature and precipitation. Results of this study suggest that native bees may be using edge habitat for nesting and floral resources. Bees nesting in these areas may in turn provide pollination to agricultural crops through a "spill-over" effect. This project has improved our understanding of native bee communities and the value of management practices that promote sustainable agricultural production through pollination services. These results further support the need for management of agricultural cropland that preserves semi-natural habitat that is integral to native bee functional diversity.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

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Data from: Estimating bee abundance: Can mark-recapture methods validate common sampling protocols?

Wild bees can be essential pollinators in natural, agricultural, and urban systems, but populations of some species have declined. Efforts to assess the status of wild bees are hindered by uncertainty in common sampling methods, such as pan traps and aerial netting, which may or may not provide a valid index of abundance across species and habitats. Mark-recapture methods are a common and effective means of estimating population size, widely used in vertebrates but rarely applied to bees. Here we review existing mark-recapture studies of wild bees and present a new case study comparing mark-recapture population estimates to pan trap and net capture for four taxa in a wild bee community. Net, but not trap, capture was correlated with abundance estimates across sites and taxa. Logistical limitations ensure that mark-recapture studies will not fully replace other bee sampling methods, but they do provide a feasible way to monitor selected species and measure the performance of other sampling methods.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

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Table ¹: Data by year and by month, for the number of cameras, sampling days, sampling effort, and relative abundance index (RAI) of records for females and cubs. in Reproductive aspects of female Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) in the Chingaza massif, eastern range of the Colombian Andes

Table ¹: Data by year and by month, for the number of cameras, sampling days, sampling effort, and relative abundance index (RAI) of records for females and cubs.<table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Camera traps used</th><th></th><th></th><th>Sampling days per month (sampling effort per month)</th><th></th><th></th><th>Sampling days</th><th>Camera traps</th><th>Sampling effort</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Reconyx Wildview</th><td>Bushnell</td><td>]</td><td>F</td><td>M</td><td>A</td><td>M</td><td>]</td><td>]</td><td>A</td><td>S</td><td>O</td><td>N</td><td>D</td><td>per year</td><td>per year</td><td>per year</td></tr><tr><th>2011</th><td>2</td><td>4</td><td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3 (18)</td><td>30</td><td>30</td><td>30</td><td>93</td><td>6</td><td>558</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(180)</td><td>(180)</td><td>(180)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2012a</th><td>2</td><td>4</td><td>0</td><td>31</td><td>29</td><td>31</td><td>30</td><td>31</td><td>30</td><td>31</td><td>31</td><td>30</td><td>31</td><td>30</td><td>30</td><td>365</td><td>6</td><td>2190</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(186)</td><td>(174)</td><td>(186)</td><td>(180)</td><td>(186)</td><td>(180)</td><td>(186)</td><td>(186)</td><td>(180)</td><td>(186)</td><td>(180)</td><td>(180)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2012b</th><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>12</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>30</td><td>30</td><td>60</td><td>12</td><td>720</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(360)</td><td>(360)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2013</th><td>2</td><td>4</td><td>14</td><td>31</td><td>28</td><td>31</td><td>30</td><td>31</td><td>30</td><td>31</td><td>31</td><td>30</td><td>30</td><td></td><td></td><td>303</td><td>20</td><td>6060</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(620)</td><td>(560)</td><td>(620)</td><td>(600)</td><td>(620)</td><td>(600)</td><td>(620)</td><td>(620)</td><td>(600)</td><td>(600)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2014</th><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3 (33)</td><td>30</td><td>33</td><td>11</td><td>363</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(330)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2015a</th><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>9</td><td>31</td><td>28</td><td>31</td><td>30</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>120</td><td>11</td><td>1320</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(341)</td><td>(308)</td><td>(341)</td><td>(330)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2015b</th><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>117</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2 (234)</td><td>30</td><td>31</td><td>31</td><td>30</td><td>31</td><td>30</td><td>30</td><td>215</td><td>117</td><td>25,155</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(3510)</td><td>(3627)</td><td>(3627)</td><td>(3510)</td><td>(3627)</td><td>(3510)</td><td>(3510)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2016</th><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>117</td><td>31</td><td>29</td><td>31</td><td>30</td><td>30</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>151</td><td>117</td><td>17,667</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(3627)</td><td>(3393)</td><td>(3627)</td><td>(3510)</td><td>(3510)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Sum of sampling effort per month over</th><td>4774</td><td>4435</td><td>4774</td><td>4620</td><td>4550</td><td>4290</td><td>4433</td><td>4433</td><td>4308</td><td>4593</td><td>4263</td><td>4560</td><td>Total sampling effort</td><td>54,033</td></tr><tr><th>the years</th></tr><tr><th>Records of females with cubs (4 –</th><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>7 months)</th></tr><tr><th>RAI of females with cubs (4 – 7 months)</th><td>0.21</td><td>0.45</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.65</td><td>0.22</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.44</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.88</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Records of estimated births</th><td></td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>7</td><td>3</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>RAI of estimated births</th><td></td><td></td><td>0.21</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.00</td><td>1.63</td><td>0.68</td><td>0.45</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.65</td><td>0.70</td><td>0.00</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

opennotspecifiedJan 2024View details →

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Data from: An integrated assessment model of seabird population dynamics: can individual heterogeneity in susceptibility to fishing explain abundance trends in Crozet wandering albatross?

1. Seabirds have been incidentally caught in distant-water longline fleets operating in the Southern Ocean since at least the 1970s, and breeding numbers for some populations have shown marked trends of decline and recovery concomitant with longline fishing effort within their distributions. However, lacking is an understanding of how forms of among-individual heterogeneity may interact with fisheries bycatch and influence population dynamics. 2. We develop a model that uses comprehensive data on the spatial and temporal distributions of fishing effort and seabird foraging to estimate temporal overlaps, fishery catchability and consequent bycatch. We apply a population model that is structured by age, sex, life stage and spatially to Crozet Island wandering albatross and explore how heterogeneity in susceptibility to capture may have influenced the population's demography over time. 3. A model where some birds were assumed to be more susceptible to fisheries bycatch was able to successfully replicate the observed trend in breeding pairs. Considerably poorer fits were found without this assumption. Results suggested that the more susceptible birds may have been removed from the population by the 1990s. 4. The model was also able to highlight areas, times and fleets prone to increased bycatch. Knowledge of these factors should assist fisheries and conservation management bodies to quantify and reduce seabird bycatch through spatial management and fleet-specific mitigation efforts. 5. Synthesis and application. Many seabirds show complex life histories that make them highly susceptible to additional incidental mortality from fishing vessels. By applying a population model that integrates key aspects of seabird and fishery dynamics, we were able to explain the observed trends in the breeding population of Crozet wandering albatross and identify key areas and fleets where further mitigation may be required. In addition, the potential removal of a category of birds that shows increased susceptibility to capture has important implications for the conservation management of this population and other iconic species incidentally caught by large-scale commercial fisheries.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

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Data from: Distribution and abundance of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors throughout the brain of the great tit Parus major

The glucocorticoid stress response, regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, enables individuals to cope with stressors through transcriptional effects in cells expressing the appropriate receptors. The two receptors that bind glucocorticoids—the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR)—are present in a variety of vertebrate tissues, but their expression in the brain is especially important. Neural receptor patterns have the potential to integrate multiple behavioral and physiological traits simultaneously, including self-regulation of glucocorticoid secretion through negative feedback processes. In the present work, we quantified the expression of GR and MR mRNA throughout the brain of a female great tit (Parus major), creating a distribution map encompassing 48 regions. This map, the first of its kind for P. major, demonstrated a widespread but not ubiquitous distribution of both receptor types. In the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and the hippocampus (HP)—the two brain regions that we sampled from a total of 25 birds, we found high GR mRNA expression in the former and, unexpectedly, low MR mRNA in the latter. We examined the covariation of MR and GR levels in these two regions and found a strong, positive relationship between MR in the PVN and MR in the HP and a similar trend for GR across these two regions. This correlation supports the idea that hormone pleiotropy may constrain an individual's behavioral and physiological phenotype. In the female song system, we found moderate GR in hyperstriatum ventrale, pars caudalis (HVC), and moderate MR in robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA). Understanding intra- and interspecific patterns of glucocorticoid receptor expression can inform us about the behavioral processes (e.g. song learning) that may be sensitive to stress and stimulate future hypotheses concerning the relationships between receptor expression, circulating hormone concentrations and performance traits under selection, including behavior.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

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Data from: High summer macrophyte cover increases abundance, growth and feeding of juvenile Atlantic salmon

Aquatic habitats are severely threatened by human activities. For anadromous species, managing freshwater habitats to maximise production of more, larger juveniles could improve resilience to threats in marine habitats and enhance population viability. In some juvenile salmonid habitats, complexity created by large substrates provides resources and reduces competitive interactions, thereby promoting juvenile production. In lowland rivers, which lack large substrates, aquatic plants might provide similar complexity and enhance fish productivity. To test the influence of aquatic plants on juvenile Atlantic salmon and sympatric brown trout in a lowland river, we directly manipulated cover of the dominant macrophyte, Ranunculus, in nine sites during summer and autumn for two years. We quantified the abundance, site retention and growth of salmon and trout under high, medium and low Ranunculus cover. To investigate the effects of Ranunculus cover on feeding opportunities and interspecific competition, we quantified available prey biomass and body size, fish diet composition, and compared dietary niche overlap. Experimentally increased Ranunculus cover supported higher salmon abundance in summer and autumn, and higher site retention and growth of salmon in summer. Trout abundance and growth were not influenced by Ranunculus cover, but trout site retention doubled in high relative to low cover sites. Despite weak effects of Ranunculus cover on prey availability, salmon and trout inhabiting high cover sites consumed larger prey and a higher biomass of prey. Furthermore, dietary niche overlap was lower in high relative to low cover sites, suggesting that abundant Ranunculus reduced interspecific competition. This field experiment shows that high Ranunculus cover can support more and better growing juvenile salmon, and facilitate foraging and co-existence of sympatric salmonid species. Maintaining or enhancing natural macrophyte cover can be achieved through sympathetic in-river and riparian vegetation management and mitigating pressures on them, such as sediment inputs and low flows, or through planting. Further research should test whether macrophyte cover benefits propagate to subsequent life-stages, particularly juvenile overwintering associated with high mortality. This knowledge, in combination with our findings, would further clarify whether beneficial juvenile habitat can improve the viability of at-risk salmonid populations. Overall, our findings suggest that the aims of river restoration might be achieved through promotion of instream aquatic vegetation.

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

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Data From: Diversifying bioenergy crops increases yield and yield stability by reducing weed abundance

Relationships between species diversity, productivity, temporal stability of productivity, and plant invasion have been well documented in grasslands, and these relationships could translate to improved agricultural sustainability. However, few studies have explored these relationships in agricultural contexts where fertility and weeds are managed. Using seven years of biomass yield and species composition data from twelve species mixture treatments varying in native species diversity, we found that species richness increased yield and inter-annual yield stability by reducing weed abundance. Stability was driven by yield as opposed to temporal variability of yield. Nitrogen fertilization increased yield, but at the expense of yield stability. We show how relationships between diversity, species asynchrony, invasion, productivity and stability observed in natural grasslands can extend into managed agricultural systems. Increasing bioenergy crop diversity can improve farmer economics via increased yield, reduced yield variability, and reduced inputs for weed control, thus promoting perennial vegetation on agricultural lands.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

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Data for: Size and abundance of stomach contents from Chatham Island lake smelt

Sea level rise threatens ecosystem function in coastal lakes by increasing salinity and altering community composition. As mobile generalists, fish have considerable influence on the stability of a system by impacting trophic network structure. Understanding their diet across abiotic gradients, including salinity, can show key characteristics of their ecological role, and predator diet shifts may serve as warning signs of food web restructuring. Stomach contents analysis was used to look at the diet of Retropinna retropinna (common smelt) across shallow coastal lakes on Rēkohu (Chatham Island). Smelt stomachs from 10 lakes (seven freshwater; three salt-influenced) were analysed. Comparisons of salt-influenced and freshwater lakes showed shifts in composition, with reduced beta diversity with salinity. Smelt in freshwater lakes predominantly consumed herbivorous, omnivorous, or predatory insect larvae while diet in salt-influenced lakes was dominanted by crustacean shredders. The between lake taxonomic variation amongst salt-influenced lakes was lower than between freshwater lakes, suggesting homogenisation of smelt diet with salinity. Differences in composition and heterogeneity did not translate to consistent differences in total niche width or individual specialisation between freshwater and salt-influenced lakes. Further development of knowledge on biological structure across salinity gradients is essential to understand ecosystem function under future climate scenarios.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

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Data from: Woodpeckers in the city: abundances are highest in large green spaces with complex understories

We documented occurrence and relative abundance (henceforth abundance) of five woodpecker species in 36 forested green spaces in Portland, Oregon (USA), to estimate minimum area requirements (MAR; 0.5 probability of occurrence) and to test for potential influences of green space area and type (heavily treed manicured green spaces versus undeveloped natural forests), habitat features, and landscape composition on the abundance of woodpeckers. Abundances of all species increased with green space area. Manicured and natural green spaces did not differ in canopy cover or total basal area, but woodpecker abundances were greater in natural than manicured green spaces for all species except Northern Flickers (Colaptes auratus). Flickers and Downy Woodpeckers (Picoides pubescens) were most abundant; MAR of both were under 1.5 ha, and both were found in essentially all green spaces. Hairy (P. villosus) and Pileated (Dryocopus pileatus) woodpeckers were least abundant, and with MAR of 34 and 51 ha, respectively, exhibited pronounced area-sensitivity. Red-breasted Sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus ruber) were intermediate in abundance and MAR to the two former and two latter species. The most important habitat variables associated with variation in abundance among green spaces were the contribution of deciduous trees to the canopy (Downy Woodpecker [+], Pileated Woodpecker [+] and Northern Flicker [-]), canopy cover (Hairy Woodpecker [+] and Northern Flicker [+]), and log density (Hairy Woodpecker [+], Red-breasted Sapsucker [-]). At the landscape level, lower woodpecker abundance was associated with increased urbanization (Red-breasted Sapsucker and Northern Flicker), while increasing forest cover influenced abundance of Northern Flicker (-) and Pileated Woodpecker (+). Highest woodpecker abundances were thus found in large green spaces with complex understories that were embedded in relatively undeveloped treed landscapes. Management of forested urban green spaces should prioritize needs of the area-sensitive species because ensuring their continued presence benefits the entire avian community.

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

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Data for research: Abundance and functional traits inform conservation of threatened Afromontane damselflies with different ecological adaptations (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae, Coenagrionidae)

This is the data for the research article: Abundance and functional traits inform conservation of threatened Afromontane damselflies with different ecological adaptations (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae, Coenagrionidae)

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2023View details →

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Supplementary material 1 from: Thaung R, Frechette J, Luskin MS, Amir Z (2023) Combining Camera Trap Data and Environmental Data to Estimate the Effects of Environmental Gradients on Abundance of the Asian Elephant Elephas maximus in Cambodia. Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 7: e112100. https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.7.112100

Environmental Variables Used in the study

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

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