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1,337 results for “antarctica”
Data from: Image based modelling of lateral magma flow: the Basement Sill, Antarctica
The McMurdo Dry Valleys magmatic system, Antarctica, provides a world-class example of pervasive lateral magma flow on a continental scale. The lowermost intrusion (Basement Sill) offers detailed sections through the now frozen particle microstructure of a congested magma slurry. We simulated the flow regime in two and three dimensions using numerical models built on a finite-element mesh derived from field data. The model captures the flow behaviour of the Basement Sill magma over a viscosity range of 1–104 Pa s where the higher end (greater than or equal to 102 Pa s) corresponds to a magmatic slurry with crystal fractions varying between 30 and 70%. A novel feature of the model is the discovery of transient, low viscosity (less than or equal to 50 Pa s) high Reynolds number eddies formed along undulating contacts at the floor and roof of the intrusion. Numerical tracing of particle orbits implies crystals trapped in eddies segregate according to their mass density. Recovered shear strain rates (10−3–10−5 s−1) at viscosities equating to high particle concentrations (around more than 40%) in the Sill interior point to shear-thinning as an explanation for some types of magmatic layering there. Model transport rates for the Sill magmas imply a maximum emplacement time of ca 105 years, consistent with geochemical evidence for long-range lateral flow. It is a theoretically possibility that fast-flowing magma on a continental scale will be susceptible to planetary-scale rotational forces.
Data from: Halfway encounters: meeting points of colonization routes among the southern beeches Nothofagus pumilio and N. antarctica
The Patagonian region is characterized by a complex biogeographic history, with evidence of deep phylogeographic breaks shared among species. Of particular interest to conservation is the nature of colonization and settlement patterns after the last glacial period, including the detection of secondary contact between different lineages and/or hybridization among related species around phylogeographic breaks. Here we studied population demography and past hybridization of two widespread tree species endemic to South America, Nothofagus pumilio and N. antarctica. Using 8 nuclear microsatellites we genotyped 41 populations of both species. Genetic variation and structure across the geographic region were evaluated within and among species and the past demographic history of hybridization between the two species was inferred using Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC). Northern and southern lineages were identified in each species, and Bayesian clustering revealed their convergence at mid latitudes (42°S). Spatial genetic structure (SGS) also indicated the existence of a genetic discontinuity at these latitudes, which is in agreement with previous data from maternal DNA markers. Several populations around 42–44°S presented high levels of genetic diversity with a decrease toward southern populations. Even though the species are clearly differentiated (G'ST = 0.335), admixed gene pools were observed in both species. Two independent runs of ABC suggested that inter species admixture-like patterns occurred within the timescale of the Last Glacial Maximum (around 20,000 BP). We also provide evidences of recent and bi-directional hybridization/introgression between the two Nothofagus species and describe features of the populationś demography in the past. The settlement of a secondary contact zone in Nothofagus species around 42–44°S coincides with the phylogeographic breaks and hotspots of genetic diversity found in other plant and animal species in Patagonia, highlighting its importance as reservoir of diversity. The characterization of the population history of native species can contribute substantially to long-term conservation and management policies.
Data from: High resolution spatial mapping of human footprint across Antarctica and its implications for the strategic conservation of avifauna
Human footprint models allow visualization of human spatial pressure across the globe. Up until now, Antarctica has been omitted from global footprint models, due possibly to the lack of a permanent human population and poor accessibility to necessary datasets. Yet Antarctic ecosystems face increasing cumulative impacts from the expanding tourism industry and national Antarctic operator activities, the management of which could be improved with footprint assessment tools. Moreover, Antarctic ecosystem dynamics could be modelled to incorporate human drivers. Here we present the first model of estimated human footprint across predominantly ice-free areas of Antarctica. To facilitate integration into global models, the Antarctic model was created using methodologies applied elsewhere with land use, density and accessibility features incorporated. Results showed that human pressure is clustered predominantly in the Antarctic Peninsula, southern Victoria Land and several areas of East Antarctica. To demonstrate the practical application of the footprint model, it was used to investigate the potential threat to Antarctica's avifauna by local human activities. Relative footprint values were recorded for all 204 of Antarctica's Important Bird Areas (IBAs) identified by BirdLife International and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Results indicated that formal protection of avifauna under the Antarctic Treaty System has been unsystematic and is lacking for penguin and flying bird species in some of the IBAs most vulnerable to human activity and impact. More generally, it is hoped that use of this human footprint model may help Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting policy makers in their decision making concerning avifauna protection and other issues including cumulative impacts, environmental monitoring, non-native species and terrestrial area protection.
Data from: Ontogeny of the Furongian (late Cambrian) trilobite Proceratopyge cf. P. Lata Whitehouse from northern Victoria Land, Antarctica, and the evolution of metamorphosis in trilobites
There were multiple origins of metamorphosis-undergoing protaspides in trilobite evolution: within the superfamilies Remopleuridioidea, Trinucleoidea, and within the Order Asaphida. Recent studies have revealed that the protaspides of the Cambrian representatives of the Remopleuridioidea and the Trinucleoidea did not undergo metamorphosis. However, ontogeny of the Cambrian members of the Order Asaphida has remained unknown. This study documents the ontogeny of the Furongian asaphoidean ceratopygid trilobite, Proceratopyge cf. P. lata Whitehouse, from northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Two stages for the protaspid phase, five developmental stages for the post-protaspid cranidia, and ten stages for the post-protaspid pygidia have been identified. Interestingly, the protaspis directly developed into a meraspis without metamorphosis. A new cladistic analysis resulted in a single most parsimonious tree, according to which the presence of the bulbous commutavi protaspis turns out to be a synapomorphy for Asaphidae + Cyclopygoidea, not a synapomorphy for the Order Asaphida as previously suggested. In addition, it is inferred that there was convergent evolution of indirectly-developing commutavi protaspides during the Furongian and Early Ordovician. Metamorphosis-entailing planktonic larvae evolved in many different metazoan lineages near the Cambrian–Ordovician transition, due to the escalating ecological pressure of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. Since the bulbous commutavi protaspid morphology is thought to be an adaptation for a planktonic life mode, the convergent evolution of the indirect development in the three trilobite lineages at this period might have been a result of adaptation to the early phase of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event.
FIGURE 4 in Mesosignum weddellensis sp. nov. (Crustacea: Asellota: Mesosignidae), a new isopod species from the abyssal Weddell Sea, Antarctica
FIGURE 4, Mesosignum weddellensis sp. nov., holotype ɗ (2.0 mm). a, pereopod 6; b, pereopod 3; c, first pleopod; d, second pleopod; e, left uropod. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 3 in Mesosignum weddellensis sp. nov. (Crustacea: Asellota: Mesosignidae), a new isopod species from the abyssal Weddell Sea, Antarctica
FIGURE 3, Mesosignum weddellensis sp. nov., holotype ɗ (2.0 mm). a, pereopod 1; b, pereopod 2; c, pereopod 4; d, pereopod 5; e, pereopod 7. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Mesosignum weddellensis sp. nov. (Crustacea: Asellota: Mesosignidae), a new isopod species from the abyssal Weddell Sea, Antarctica
FIGURE 2, Mesosignum weddellensis sp. nov., holotype (2.0 mm). a, left mandible; b, right mandible; c, maxillule; d, maxilla; e, maxilliped. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Mesosignum weddellensis sp. nov. (Crustacea: Asellota: Mesosignidae), a new isopod species from the abyssal Weddell Sea, Antarctica
FIGURE 1, Mesosignum weddellensis sp. nov., holotype ɗ (2.0 mm). a, dorsal view. Scale bar = 1 mm, b, antennule; c, antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
Age-related environmental gradients influence invertebrate distribution in the Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica
<p>Data files for git repository https://github.com/macrobiotus/antarctic_invertebrates.git. Please check that repository for further information. Files were released review purposes and are made available in this final form here. To reconstitute a work environment on your local machine, extract the archive as a folder named "Zenodo" and place within the locally cloned repository.</p>
FIGURES 15–20. Korotkevitschia pelagica. 15 in Redescription of Korotkevitschia pelagica (Korotkevitsch, 1961) (Enopla: Hoplonemertea: Cratenemertea), a pelagic nemertean from Antarctica
FIGURES 15–20. Korotkevitschia pelagica. 15, Oblique section through the anterior part of stomach to show the mouth opening, indicated by an arrow. ST, stomach. 16, Transverse section through pylorus, indicated by an arrow. IC, intestinal caecum; PR, proboscis. 17, Transverse section through the middle region of the body. Lateral nerve cords are indicated by arrows. IN, intestine. 18, Transverse section through the middle part of the rectum. The middorsal blood vessel is indicated by an arrow. LN, lateral nerve cord, RE, rectum. 19, Transverse section through the posterior part of the rectum showing sphincter of circular muscle (indicated by arrows). PC, posterior commissure of the nerve cords. 20, Transverse section through the testis. A lateral blood vessel is indicated by an arrow. IN, intestine; LN, lateral nerve cord; TE, testis.
FIGURES 9–14. Korotkevitschia pelagica. 9 in Redescription of Korotkevitschia pelagica (Korotkevitsch, 1961) (Enopla: Hoplonemertea: Cratenemertea), a pelagic nemertean from Antarctica
FIGURES 9–14. Korotkevitschia pelagica. 9, Transverse section through the stylet region of the proboscis. CE, "clot" of extracellular gel; SP, stylet pouch with accessory stylets. 10, Transverse section through the proboscis just behind stylet region to show subepithelial acidophilic glands (indicated by arrows). CE, "clot" of extracellular gel. 11, Oblique section through the anterior part of the head showing circumrhynchodaeal glands (indicated by arrows). 12, Transverse section through the left lateral nerve cord (LN) to show the band of connective tissue with myofibrils (indicated by an arrow). 13, Oblique section through the cerebral organ to show the sensory canal, indicated by an arrow. BR, brain; CO, cerebral organ; LP, lateral pouches of intestinal caecum. 14, Transverse section through the efferent canal (indicated by an arrow) of the excretory system. IN, intestine; LN, lateral nerve cord.
FIGURE 8 in Redescription of Korotkevitschia pelagica (Korotkevitsch, 1961) (Enopla: Hoplonemertea: Cratenemertea), a pelagic nemertean from Antarctica
FIGURE 8. Korotkevitschia pelagica. Schema of organization of middle proboscis portion. AG, acidophilic glands; CE, "clot" of extracellular gel; GE, outer glandular epithelium; IC, inner circular muscle layer; LM, longitudinal muscle layer; NS, neural sheath; OC, outer circular muscle layer; OE, outer epithelium of posterior proboscis portion; PN, proboscis nerve; PP, posterior proboscis chamber; SP, stylet pouch with accessory stylets.
FIGURE 1 in Redescription of Korotkevitschia pelagica (Korotkevitsch, 1961) (Enopla: Hoplonemertea: Cratenemertea), a pelagic nemertean from Antarctica
FIGURE 1. Korotkevitschia pelagica. Schema of internal organization of anterior portion in lateral view. BR, brain; CG, cephalic glands; CM, body wall circular muscle layer; CO, cerebral sensory organ; CR, circumrhynchodaeal gland cells; CV, cephalic blood vessel; DC, dorsal cerebral commissure; DE, dermis; EX, excretory tubules; FO, frontal organ; LM, body wall longitudinal muscle layer; LN, lateral nerve cord; LV, lateral blood vessel; LP, lateral pouches of intestinal caecum; PS, precerebral septum; RC, rhynchocoel; RD, rhynchodaeum; RM, cephalic retractor muscles; RP, rhynchopore; RS, rhynchodaeal sphincter of circular muscles; ST, stomach; VC, ventral cerebral commissure; VP, vascular plug of dorsal blood vessel.
FIGURES 2–7. Korotkevitschia pelagica. 2, Oblique section through a in Redescription of Korotkevitschia pelagica (Korotkevitsch, 1961) (Enopla: Hoplonemertea: Cratenemertea), a pelagic nemertean from Antarctica
FIGURES 2–7. Korotkevitschia pelagica. 2, Oblique section through a frontal organ. FO, frontal organ. Cephalic retractor muscles are indicated by arrows. 3, Oblique section to show body diagonal muscles, indicated by arrows. 4, Oblique section through the stomach wall. The stomach protrusion is indicated by the black arrow, the longitudinal fibres around the stomach wall are indicated by white arrows; ST, stomach. 5, Oblique section through the canal of the cerebral organ. The sensory canal is indicated by an arrow, the radial fibres are indicated by arrowheads. BR, brain; CO, cerebral organ. 6, Oblique section through the anterior part of the rhynchodaeum. The circumrhynchodaeal glands are indicated by an arrow. RD, rhynchodaeum; ST, stomach. 7, Oblique section through the rhynchocoel wall.
FIGURES 1–6 in Tractolira delli, a new Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Neogastropoda) from the abyssal plains off Antarctica
FIGURES 1–6. Shells of Tractolira species. 1, 2, 5. Tractolira delli new species. 1. Holotype, USNM 860631, 52.4 mm length (broken shell), Scott Island Bank, eastern Ross Sea, Antarctica, 69º03'–69º05' S, 179º41'– 179º22' E, 3519–3596 m. Scale bar = 20 mm. 2. Paratype 1, off Victoria Land, Antarctica, USNM 860632, 72º58'–72º57' S, 174º24'–174º25' E. Scale bar = 10 mm. 5. Paratype 1, detail of shell surface on penultimate whorl. Scale bar = 1 mm. 3. Tractolira sparta Dall, 1896, holotype, USNM 122999, 60.0 mm length, USNS ALBATROSS station 3360, 24 Feb. 1891,"Gulf of Panama to Acapulco", Mexico. 4, 6. Tractolira germonae Harasewych, 1987. 4. Holotype, USNM 859076, 59.1 mm length, east of Candlemas Island, South Sandwich Islands. Scale bar = 20 mm. 6. USNM 860623, detail of shell surface on penultimate whorl. Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURES 7–9 in Tractolira delli, a new Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Neogastropoda) from the abyssal plains off Antarctica
FIGURES 7–9. Radulae of Tractolira species, dorsal and 45 oblique views. 7. Tractolira delli new species, holotype, USNM 860631. 8. Tractolira sparta Dall, 1896, SIO M1639, off Ensenada, Baja California Norte, Mexico. 9. Tractolira germonae Harasewych, 1987, USNM 881012, off South Sandwich Islands. Scale bars = 200 m.
FIGURE 7 in Epimeria schiaparelli sp. nov., an amphipod crustacean (family Epimeriidae) from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with molecular characterisation of the species complex
FIGURE 7. Epimeria schiaparelli sp. nov. Colour patterns. A, irregular orange patches, paratype, NIWA 18182; B, striped form, ovigerous female paratype, NIWA 18176.
FIGURE 2 in Epimeria schiaparelli sp. nov., an amphipod crustacean (family Epimeriidae) from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with molecular characterisation of the species complex
FIGURE 2. Epimeria schiaparelli sp. nov. Holotype, 29.9 mm, NIWA 18174. A, maxilla 2; B, maxilla 1; C, mandible; D, maxilliped; E, lower lip.
FIGURE 4 in Epimeria schiaparelli sp. nov., an amphipod crustacean (family Epimeriidae) from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with molecular characterisation of the species complex
FIGURE 4. Epimeria schiaparelli sp. nov. Holotype, 29.9 mm, NIWA 18174. A, gnathopod 1; B, detail of gnathopod 1; C, gnathopod 2; D, detail of gnathopod 2.
FIGURE 3 in Epimeria schiaparelli sp. nov., an amphipod crustacean (family Epimeriidae) from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with molecular characterisation of the species complex
FIGURE 3. Epimeria schiaparelli sp. nov. Holotype, 29.9 mm, NIWA 18174. A, antenna 1; B, antenna 1 peduncle; C, antenna 2; D, coxa 1; E, coxa 2; F, coxa 3; G, coxa 4; H, coxa 5.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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