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FIGURE 6 in Two new species of Pyrgulopsis Call & Pilsbry, 1886 (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from springs in the Rio Grande watershed in Texas

FIGURE 6. Scanning electron micrographs of shells (A–B), protoconch (C–D), and opercula (E = outer side; F = inner side) of Pyrgulopsis harrymilleri sp. nov. Scale bars A–B = 500 µm; C = 100 µm; D = 20 µm; E–F = 200 µm.

FIGURE 4 in Two new species of Pyrgulopsis Call & Pilsbry, 1886 (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from springs in the Rio Grande watershed in Texas

FIGURE 4. The highest-likelihood tree resulting from maximum-likelihood analysis of full COI alignment, including greater context of other Pyrgulopsis species from the region. Ultra-fast bootstrap values are presented at nodes. Terminals are labeled with a sample ID and sampling locality abbreviations. PA= Palo Amarillo Springs, BLU6=Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge Unit 6; BLU7=Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge Unit 7, BLSS=Sago Spring, BSP=Balmorhea State Park, CS=Caroline Springs, ES=East Sandia Springs, NS1=Naegele Springs 1, NS2=Naegele Springs 2, PC=Phantom Cave, VS=Vasquez Springs.

FIGURE 3 in Two new species of Pyrgulopsis Call & Pilsbry, 1886 (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from springs in the Rio Grande watershed in Texas

FIGURE 3. Highest likelihood trees resulting from maximum-likelihood analysis of COI (A) and LSU (B) alignments. A subset of the full COI alignment is presented to allow comparison with the LSU sampling. Ultra-fast bootstrap values>70% are presented at nodes. Terminals are labeled with a sample ID and sampling locality. Type localities are indicated with an *. Species delimitation results are indicated with a filled circle at the node to indicate all three measures supporting that node. In the LSU analysis, Rosenberg's p(AB) supported three taxa, that were not supported by mPTP and ABGD. These are indicated by the partially filled circle. PA= Palo Amarillo Springs, BSP=Balmorhea State Park, CS=Caroline Springs, ES=East Sandia Springs, NS1=Naegele Springs 1, NS2=Naegele Springs 2, PC=Phantom Cave, VS=Vasquez Springs.

FIGURE 2 in Two new species of Pyrgulopsis Call & Pilsbry, 1886 (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from springs in the Rio Grande watershed in Texas

FIGURE 2. Shell morphometric analyses of shell shape of P. metcalfi, P. harrymilleri sp. nov, and P. rubra, sp. nov. Oversize black markers indicate centroids for each species. Colored ellipses reflect 95% concentrations. A. Principal Component analysis illustrating PC1 compared to PC2. MANOVA and subsequent post-hoc comparisons support significant differences (p <0.001) in shape among all three species. Hypothetical shell morphologies of the PCA axis extremes are presented as a visual representation of the shape difference along each axis (based on visualization using tpsRelw 3.2). B. Canonical Variates Analysis illustrating CVA1 compared to CVA2. In both comparisons, P. rubra is more distinctive in shape than P. metcalfi and P. harrymilleri.

opennotspecifiedFeb 2020View details →

Figure 3 in Quantitative description and comparison of the advertisement calls of two species of probreviceps (Anura: Brevicipitidae) from the Uluguru South Mountains, Tanzania

Figure 3. Oscillogram (top) and audiospectogram (bottom) of the advertisement call of Loveridge's forest frog Probreviceps loveridgei recorded in the Shikurufumi Catchment Forest Reserve, Tanzania (1500 m a.s.l.). Top: Series of four notes. Bottom: Details of a single note. (Air temperature = 14°C).

opennotspecifiedFeb 2020View details →

Figure 2 in Quantitative description and comparison of the advertisement calls of two species of probreviceps (Anura: Brevicipitidae) from the Uluguru South Mountains, Tanzania

Figure 2. (a) Loveridge's forest frog Probreviceps loveridgei (Adult male SVL = 33 mm) and (b) Uluguru forest frog P.uluguruensis, (Adult male SVL = 30 mm) individuals from the Uluguru South Mountains, Tanzania. Photographs by F. J. Mkonyi.

opennotspecifiedFeb 2020View details →

Figure 1 in Quantitative description and comparison of the advertisement calls of two species of probreviceps (Anura: Brevicipitidae) from the Uluguru South Mountains, Tanzania

Figure 1. Locations where Probreviceps calls were recorded for this study. Circles indicate the studied sites (site 1, 1500 m and site 2, 2000 m a.s.l.) in the Uluguru South Mountains. Source: Tanzania Maps (Mgeta), Toposheet 201/1, Y742 Series, 1982. (1:50000).

opennotspecifiedFeb 2022View details →

FIGURE 1 in The advertisement and courtship calls of Phyllobates bicolor (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from a natural population in the Colombian pacific cloud forests

FIGURE 1. Advertisement call: sonogram of a series of notes (A), spectrogram and sonogram of four consecutive notes (B), spectrogram and sonogram of a single note (C), and the spectrum of power (D). Courtship call: spectrogram and sonogram of the whole signal (E), and spectrum of power (F). Individual of P. bicolor, photo taken by JHR (G).

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

Dataset for: Body size and sexual selection shaped the evolution of parrot calls

Morphology, habitat and various selective pressures (e.g., social and sexual selection) can influence the evolution of acoustic signals, but the relative importance of their effects is not well understood. The order Psittaciformes (parrots, sensu lato) is a large clade of very vocal and often gregarious species for which large-scale comparative studies of vocalizations are lacking. We measured acoustic traits (duration, sound frequency, frequency bandwidth and sound entropy) of the predominant call type for >200 parrot species to test: (1) for associations with body size; (2) the acoustic adaptation hypothesis (predicting differences between forest and open-habitat species); (3) the social complexity hypothesis (predicting more complex calls in gregarious species); and (4) influences of sexual selection (predicting correlated evolution with colour ornamentation). Larger species had on average longer calls, lower sound frequency and wider frequency bandwidth. These associations with body size are all predicted by physical principles of sound production. We found no evidence for the acoustic adaptation and social complexity hypotheses, but perhaps social complexity is associated with vocal traits not studied here, such as call repertoire sizes. More sexually dichromatic species had on average simpler calls (shorter, with lower entropy and narrower frequency bandwidth) indicating an influence of sexual selection, namely an evolutionary negative correlation between colour ornamentation and elaborate acoustic signals, as predicted by the transference hypothesis. Our study is the first large-scale attempt at understanding acoustic diversity across the Psittaciformes, and indicates that body size and sexual selection influenced the evolution of species differences in vocal signals.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Geographic variation in the matching between call characteristics and tympanic sensitivity in the Weeping lizard

Effective communication requires a match among signal characteristics, environmental conditions, and receptor tuning and decoding. The degree of matching, however, can vary, among others due to different selective pressures affecting the communication components. For evolutionary novelties, strong selective pressures are likely to act upon the signal and receptor to promote a tight match among them. We test this prediction by exploring the coupling between the acoustic signals and auditory sensitivity in Liolaemus chiliensis, the Weeping lizard, the only one of more than 285 Liolaemus species that vocalizes. Individuals emit distress calls that convey information of predation risk to conspecifics, which may respond with antipredator behaviors upon hearing calls. Specifically, we explored the match between spectral characteristics of the distress calls and the tympanic sensitivities of two populations separated by more than 700 km, for which previous data suggested variation in their distress calls. We found that populations differed in signal and receptor characteristics and that this signal variation was explained by population differences in body size. No precise match occurred between the communication components studied, and populations differed in the degree of such correspondence. We suggest that this difference in matching between populations relates to evolutionary processes affecting the Weeping lizard distress calls.

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

Female choice scores and Peak Frequency and Duration in calls from Wood frog chorus recordings

A limitation in bioacoustic studies has been the inability to differentiate individual sonic contributions from group-level dynamics. We present a novel application of acoustic-camera technology to investigate how individual wood frogs calls influence chorus properties, and how variation influences mating opportunities. We recorded mating calls and used playback trials to gauge preference for different chorus types in the laboratory. Males and females preferred chorus playbacks with low variance in dominant frequency. Females preferred choruses with low mean peak frequency. Field studies revealed more egg masses laid in ponds where males chorused with low variance in dominant frequency. We also noted a trend towards more egg masses laid in ponds where males called with low mean frequency. Nearest neighbor distances influenced call timing (neighbors called in succession) and distances increased with variance in chorus frequency. Results highlight the potential fitness implications of individual-level contributions to a bioacoustic signal produced by groups.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

Schistosoma mansoni raw genotype calls from exome data

Schistosoma mansoni, a snail-vectored, blood fluke that infects humans, was introduced into the Americas from Africa during the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. As this parasite shows strong specificity to the snail intermediate host, we expected that adaptation to S. American Biomphalaria spp. snails would result in population bottlenecks and strong signatures of selection. We scored 475,081 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in 143 S. mansoni from the Americas (Brazil, Guadeloupe, and Puerto Rico) and Africa (Cameroon, Niger, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda), and used these data to ask: (i) Was there a population bottleneck during colonization? (ii) Can we identify signatures of selection associated with colonization? And (iii) what were the source populations for colonizing parasites? We found a 2.4-2.9-fold reduction in diversity and much slower decay in linkage disequilibrium (LD) in parasites from East to West Africa. However, we observed similar nuclear diversity and LD in West Africa and Brazil, suggesting no strong bottlenecks and limited barriers to colonization. We identified five genome regions showing selection in the Americas, compared with three in West Africa and none in East Africa, which we speculate may reflect adaptation during colonization. Finally, we infer that unsampled African populations from central African regions between Benin and Angola, with contributions from Niger, are likely the major source(s) for Brazilian S. mansoni. The absence of a bottleneck suggests that this is a rare case of a serendipitous invasion, where S. mansoni parasites were preadapted to the Americas and were able to establish with relative ease.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Data for: Long duration advertisement calls of nesting male plainfin midshipman fish are honest indicators of size and condition

The plainfin midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus) has long served as a model organism for neuroethology research on acoustic communication and related social behaviors. Type I or 'singing' males produce highly stereotyped, periodic advertisement calls that are the longest known uninterrupted vertebrate vocalizations. Despite the extensive literature on the acoustic behaviour of this species, it remains unclear whether reproductive males signal their quality via their highly energetic, multiharmonic advertisement calls. Here, we recorded the advertisement calls of 22 reproductive type I males at night in a controlled laboratory setting in which males were housed in aquaria maintained at a constant temperature (13.9±0.3°C). The duration of the advertisement calls from type I males was observed to increase from the first call of the night to the middle call after which call duration remained steady until the early morning hours and first light. A strong positive correlation was observed between loudness (sound pressure level and maximum sound pressure level) of the advertisement call and body size (mass and standard length; rs>0.8). In addition, an asymptotic relationship was observed between the harmonic frequencies (f0–f10) of the advertisement calls and male body condition, with harmonic frequencies initially increasing with body condition indices, but then plateauing when body condition measures were high. Taken together, our results suggest that type I male advertisement calls provide reliable honest information about male quality regarding size and body condition. Such condition-dependent information of calling males could potentially be used by receptive females to help facilitate mate choice decisions.

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

Wind turbines without curtailment produce large numbers of bat fatalities throughout their lifetime: A call against ignorance and neglect

Bats are protected by national and international legislation in European countries, yet many species, particularly migratory aerial insectivores, collide with wind turbines which counteracts conservation efforts. Within the European Union it is legally required to curtail the operation of wind turbines at periods of high bat activity, yet this is not practiced at old wind turbines. Based on data from the national carcass repository in Germany and from our own carcass searches at a wind park with three turbines west of Berlin, we evaluated the magnitude of bat casualties at old, potentially mal-sited wind turbines operating without curtailment. We report 88 documented bat carcasses collected by various searchers over the 20-year operation period of this wind park from 2001 to 2021. Common noctule bats ( Nyctalus noctula ) and common pipistrelles (Pipistrellus pipistrellus ) were most often found dead at these turbines. Our search campaign in August and September 2021 yielded a total of 18 carcasses. We estimated that at least 209 bats were likely killed during our field survey, yielding more than 70 casualties/wind turbine or 39 casualties/MW in two months. Since our campaign covered only part of the migration season, we consider this value as an underestimate. The 20-year period of the wind park emphasises the substantial impact old turbines may have on bat individuals and populations when operating without curtailments. We call for reconsidering the operation procedures of old wind turbines to stop the continuous loss of bats in Germany and other countries where turbine curtailments are even less practiced than in Germany.

FIGURE 2 in The advertisement call of Allophryne resplendens (Anura: Allophrynidae) from southwestern Brazilian Amazonia

FIGURE 2. Advertisement calls (spectrograms and oscillograms) of the three species of Allophryne: A. resplendens from the lower Moa River, western Acre; A. ruthveni from Serra do Navio, Eastern Guiana Shield of Amapá, and A. relicta from Uruçuca (type locality), lowland Atlantic rainforest of southern Bahia. Calls are equally scaled (0.55 s) along the x-axis.

FIGURE 1 in The advertisement call of Allophryne resplendens (Anura: Allophrynidae) from southwestern Brazilian Amazonia

FIGURE 1. An in-situ photograph of a calling male of Adelophryne resplendens (not collected) from a seasonally flooded forest in the lower Moa River, in the western portion of the Brazilian state of Acre, southwestern Amazonia.

FIGURE 4 in Advertisement call of Hyloxalus vergeli (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the interandean Magdalena valley of Colombia

FIGURE 4. Phylogenetic position and spectrogram of their advertisement call of Hyloxalus species from the subpunctatus and bocagei groups, based on the phylogenetic tree by Grant et al. (2017). Considering the polyphyletic condition of H. sauli, the advertisement call is displayed for the museum specimen from the same locality (Ecuador, Provincia Orellana, Parque Nacional Yasuní) than the call recorded. Bottom chart includes the calls of H. felixcopedai (a sister species of H. subpunctatus MUJ-5212) and H arliensis (an Hyloxalus located in a similar distribution in the Magdalena valley).

FIGURE 1 in Advertisement call of Hyloxalus vergeli (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the interandean Magdalena valley of Colombia

FIGURE 1. Dorsal and lateral view of the Hyloxalus vergeli specimen collected at the Ecoreserva La Tribuna, Vereda Tamarindo, Neiva, Huila, Colombia on December 2020. IAvH-Am-16706, SVL = 21.3 mm. Photos: Felipe Villegas/Instituto Humboldt.

FIGURE 3 in Advertisement call of Hyloxalus vergeli (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the interandean Magdalena valley of Colombia

FIGURE 3. Effect size of the differences among three acoustic measurements of Hyloxalus vergeli and other Hyloxalus spp. Dashed black and gray lines reflect the central value for H. vergeli and the pooled mean effect size for all the other species of Hyloxalus compared. Overall comparison shows the mean effect size and confidence intervals (95%) of the pooled variation among the Hyloxalus spp., after a bootstrapping resampling with 1000 iterations. Single notes are represented by a ('), while paired notes by a (") after the specific epitet of the Hyloxalus spp.

FIGURE 2 in Advertisement call of Hyloxalus vergeli (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the interandean Magdalena valley of Colombia

FIGURE 2. Spectrogram (top) and oscillogram (bottom) of a serie of calls (left) and a detailed pair of notes (right) of the advertisement call of Hyloxalus vergeli recorded at the Ecoreserva la Tribuna, Vereda Tamarindo, Neiva Municipality, Huila, Colombia.