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Figure 8 in Ontogenetic development of the European basal aquatic turtle Pleurosternon bullockii (Paracryptodira, Pleurosternidae)

Figure 8. Shape differences of the entoplastron of Pleurosternon bullockii (Paracryptodira, Pleurosternidae), taking into account specimens from both the Tithonian (Late Jurassic) and Berriasian (Early Cretaceous) of England. (a) Principal component analysis (PCA). Wireframes indicate the main shape changes in each PC; the light blue concerns the average shape, whereas the dark blue is the shape variance related to the extreme of variation along the axis. (b) Transformation grids to visualize shape deformation relative to the first three principal components. Abbreviations: C, CAMSM; D, DORCM; N, NHMUK.

Figure 7 in Ontogenetic development of the European basal aquatic turtle Pleurosternon bullockii (Paracryptodira, Pleurosternidae)

Figure 7. Shape differences of the anterior plastral lobe of Pleurosternon bullockii (Paracryptodira, Pleurosternidae), taking into account specimens from the Berriasian (Early Cretaceous) of Swanage (Dorset, England). (a) Principal component analysis (PCA). Wireframes indicate the main shape changes in each PC; the light blue concerns the average shape, whereas the dark blue is the shape variance related to the extreme of variation along the axis. (b) Transformation grids to visualize shape deformation relative to the first three principal components. Abbreviation: N, NHMUK.

Figure 1 in Ontogenetic development of the European basal aquatic turtle Pleurosternon bullockii (Paracryptodira, Pleurosternidae)

Figure 1. Shells of juvenile specimens of Pleurosternon bullockii (Paracryptodira, Pleurosternidae), from the Berriasian (Early Cretaceous) of Swanage (Dorset, England) (a, b, f), and detail of the carapace ornamentation of juvenile (c, e) and adult (d) individuals. (a–c) NHMUK 48262, shell in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views, as well as detail of the ornamentation of the nuchal (c). (d) Detail of the ornamentation of the nuchal of NHMUK OR 28618 (see fig. 3B in Guerrero and PØrez-García, 2021). (e) Detail of the ornamentation of the central area of the carapace of NHMUK 48263a (see Fig. 2a). (f) NHMUK 48345, in dorsal view. Scale bars equal 2 cm in (a), (b) and (f) and 1 cm in (c)–(e).

Figure 3 in Ontogenetic development of the European basal aquatic turtle Pleurosternon bullockii (Paracryptodira, Pleurosternidae)

Figure 3. Partial shells and isolated plates of juvenile specimens of Pleurosternon bullockii (Paracryptodira, Pleurosternidae), from the Berriasian (Early Cretaceous) of Swanage (Dorset, England). (a) NHMUK 48354, in dorsal (carapace) and ventral (plastron) views. (b– c) NHMUK 48264, in dorsal (b) and ventral (c) views. (d) NHMUK 48355, in ventral view. (e) NHMUK 48352, costal plates in dorsal view. (f) NHMUK 48346, hyoplastron in dorsal view. Scale bars equal 2 cm.

Figure 5 in Ontogenetic development of the European basal aquatic turtle Pleurosternon bullockii (Paracryptodira, Pleurosternidae)

Figure 5. Shape differences of the nuchal of Pleurosternon bullockii (Paracryptodira, Pleurosternidae), taking into account specimens from the Berriasian (Early Cretaceous) of Swanage (Dorset, England). (a–b) Principal component analysis (PCA). Wireframes indicate the main shape changes in each PC; the light blue concerns the average shape, whereas the dark blue is the shape variance related to the extreme of variation along the axis. (c) Transformation grids to visualize shape deformation relative to the first three principal components. Abbreviations: C, CAMSM; D, DORCM; N, NHMUK.

Fig. 3 in Neurogenesis in directly and indirectly developing enteropneusts: of nets and cords

Fig. 3 Ultrastructural details of the developing nervous system Balanoglossus misakiensis. a Sagittal section of an Agassiz stage larva of B. misakiensis. b Sagittal section of a 2-gill-slit juvenile of B. misakiensis. c Ultrastructural detail of the red-marked box in a showing a continuous layer of neurites of 4–6-μm thickness in the Agassiz stage. Inset color-coded image of the micrograph shown in c. d Ultrastructural detail of the red-marked box in b showing only individual basiepidermal

Fig. 7 in Neurogenesis in directly and indirectly developing enteropneusts: of nets and cords

Fig. 7 Ultrastructural details of the developing nervous system in Saccoglossus kowalevskii. a Sagittal section of a 1-gill-slit hatchling of S. kowalevskii. b Ultrastructural detail of the red-marked box in a showing a continuous layer of neurites of 2–4-μm thickness. c Colorcoded image of the micrograph shown in b. d Sagittal section of a 2- gill-slit juvenile of S. kowalevskii. e Ultrastructural detail of the redmarked box in c showing only single and scattered, small neurite

Fig. 1 in Neurogenesis in directly and indirectly developing enteropneusts: of nets and cords

Fig. 1 Phylogenetic relationships of major metazoan taxa compiled from recent molecular analyses (i.e., Hejnol et al. 2009; Philippe et al. 2011). Schematic representation of the adult nervous system is included for each taxon. For more information, see text

Fig. 2 in Neurogenesis in directly and indirectly developing enteropneusts: of nets and cords

Fig. 2 Neurogenesis in metamorphosing stages of B. misakiensis. b, c, e–k Z-projections of confocal microscopy image stacks. a, d Scanning electron micrographs. Anterior is to the top. a SEM of early metamorphosing stage (Spengel) from lateral left. Arrowhead points to the dorsolateral slit-like depression. b Overview of the serotonin-LIR nervous system (NS) in Spengel stage, view from left. Numerous serotonin-LIR neurons are part of the apical organ. Note the serotonin-LIR opisthotroch neurite ring. c Overview of the serotonin-LIR NS of a late metamorphosing stage (Agassiz), dorsal view. d Dorsal view of metamorphosing Agassiz stage. e Detail showing the developing 5-HT+ nervous plexus in the postoral region of the Spengel stage. f Close-up of the 5-HT+ apical organ

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Figure 2 in Delphinid brain development from neonate to adulthood with comparisons to other cetaceans and artiodactyls

Figure 2. Linear relationship between neonate brain volume and gestation duration (in days). The regression includes only delphinids. Other species were plotted but not included in the regression. The species O. orca is indicated by a black arrow. There is a strong, positive correlation between neonatal delphinid brain volume and gestation duration; gestation duration scales to the 0.23 power of neonatal brain volume.

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Figure 1 in Delphinid brain development from neonate to adulthood with comparisons to other cetaceans and artiodactyls

Figure 1. There is a strong, positive correlation between maternal body mass and neonatal brain mass in these four delphinid species; neonatal brain mass scales to the 0.51 power of maternal body mass.

Figure 5 in Development of predictive models for determining fetal age-at-length in belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) and their application toward in situ and ex situ population management

Figure 5. Illustration of the linear relationships between fetal age and growth measurements of biparietal diameter (BPD: top graph), thoracic diameter (TD: middle graph) and thoracic circumference (TC: bottom graph) in belugas.

Figure 4 in Development of predictive models for determining fetal age-at-length in belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) and their application toward in situ and ex situ population management

Figure 4. Comparisons of regression curves of TL growth during the first (●) and second half (○) of gestation (top graph) and the early (●), mid (○) and late (▲) pregnancy (bottom graph). The slopes of the regression lines for first half of gestation (F = 63.31, P <0.0001, df1 = 1, df2 = 33) and for early (F = 50.05, P <0.0001, df1 = 1, df2 = 37) and mid pregnancy (F = 135.04, P <0.0001, df1 = 1, df2 = 32) were different than those for the second half of gestation and late pregnancy, respectively. Note that the animals double in length during late pregnancy (315–473 d).

Figure 3 in Development of predictive models for determining fetal age-at-length in belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) and their application toward in situ and ex situ population management

Figure 3. Individual growth rate data from three animals (Animal 1, 2, 3). Regression line slopes during the first two-thirds of pregnancy (top graph) were similar (F = 0.48, P = 0.62, df1 = 2, df2 =18), while regression slopes where different (F = 15.13, P = 0.03, df1 = 2, df2 =3) from the second half to term. Animal 1 (▲) did not have any TL data beyond the first half of gestation so TL length data were used from the farthest in gestation and then again at term. Note that while growth rates were similar during the first two-thirds of pregnancy, fetuses were already different in size when initially detected.

Figure 2 in Development of predictive models for determining fetal age-at-length in belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) and their application toward in situ and ex situ population management

Figure 2. Fetal growth curve comparison illustrating different growth rates resulting in wide range in estimated gestation length as compared to known gestation length determined in this study. Data from Heide-Jørgensen and Teilmann (1994; dotted line) predicts a gestation length of 310 d for a 150 cm calf and similar to our study used a 2nd order polynomial regression to describe their data. Kleinenberg et al. ([1964] 1969: dashed line) developed a curve of the average monthly embryo/fetal growth. They did not provide the curve, only the predicted age at TL, which we then used to fit to a growth curve, which predicts 150 cm calf as 338 d.

Figure 1 in Development of predictive models for determining fetal age-at-length in belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) and their application toward in situ and ex situ population management

Figure 1. Ultrasonographic images of beluga fetuses. All images have yellow caliper lines used to measure dimensions. Biparietal diameter (A, B) at two different stages of gestation show the ovoid shaped skull and echo produced from falx (arrows) located midline between the parietal bones (arrowheads). The thoracic diameter (C) as measured between the yellow caliper marks (arrowheads) on the lateral side of the fetal thorax (d1 = 6.66 cm) at the level of the heart (white arrow) and thoracic circumference (c = 24.04 cm) determined by using the elliptical measurement caliper function to include the dorsal to ventral diameter (d2 = 8.67 cm). The total length of a fetus (D) which is bent in utero, thus requiring the addition of two separate measurements (arrowheads), 1) 8.38 cm from the cranial most aspect of the skull to mid abdomen and 2) 6.91 cm from mid abdomen to distal most portion of the peduncle for a total length of 15.29 cm.

Fig. 1 in DNA barcode development for three recent exotic whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) invaders in Florida

Fig. 1. Maximum Likelihood phylogeny of whiteflies using the mitochondrial coxI barcode. Log-likelihood: −9515.93005, substitution model: MtART+I+G, support values: bootstrap % / SH approximate likelihood ratio test. Highlighted nodes 1: Aleyrodidae, 2: Paraleyrodes, 3: Aleurodicus dispersus–Lecanoideus floccissimus complex, 4: Singhiella + Massilieurodes + Aleurolobus + Bemisia. Accessions KF059961 and HQ446157 are possible specimen misidentifications in GenBank given the phylogeny.

Fig. 5 in Effects of large temperature fluctuations on hatching and subsequent development of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 5. Pupa and adult traits (mean ± SE) afer different treatments. (A) Development time of pupae, (B) emergence rate, (C) adult longevity and (D) fecundity in the diamondback moth following emergence from eggs exposed to different fluctuating temperature ranges (25 ± 0, 25 ± 2, 25 ± 4, 25 ± 6, 25 ± 8 and 25 ± 10 °C). Different letters at the tops of columns indicate significant differences at P = 0.05.

Fig. 3 in Effects of large temperature fluctuations on hatching and subsequent development of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 3. Egg traits (mean ± SE) afer different treatments. (A) Development time of eggs and (B) hatching rate of diamondback moth under 6 different temperature regimens with the same mean temperature but different ranges of temperature fluctuations (25 ± 0, 25 ± 2, 25 ± 4, 25 ± 6, 25 ± 8 and 25 ± 10 °C). Different letters at the tops of the columns indicate significant differences at P = 0.05.

Fig. 2 in Effects of large temperature fluctuations on hatching and subsequent development of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 2. Target temperatures in experiments. Target temperatures with different ranges of temperature fluctuations around 25 °C in climate chambers for 3 consecutive days.