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Fig. 1 in Relative competence of native and exotic fish hosts for two generalist native trematodes

Fig. 1. Mean worm size, number of eggs and egg volume of the trematodes Telogaster opisthorchis (a, c, e) and Stegodexamene anguillae (b, d, f) naturally infecting exotic salmonids (Lake Pearson) and native longfin eel (Lake Sumner). Error bars indicate standard error, ‡‡‡ Significant differences (P <0.0001).

Fig. 7 in Using occupancy models to investigate the prevalence of ectoparasitic vectors on hosts: An example with fleas on prairie dogs

Fig. 7. Probabilities of flea occupancy (W) for black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) in differing body condition during May–September 2011, at the Vermejo Park Ranch, New Mexico. The solid line depicts estimates of occupancy and dotted lines depict 95% confidence intervals.

Fig. 4 in Using occupancy models to investigate the prevalence of ectoparasitic vectors on hosts: An example with fleas on prairie dogs

Fig. 4. Model-averaged probabilities for detecting fleas (p) on a black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) during May–September 2011, at the Vermejo Park Ranch, New Mexico. Bars depict 95% confidence intervals.

Fig. 3 in Using occupancy models to investigate the prevalence of ectoparasitic vectors on hosts: An example with fleas on prairie dogs

Fig. 3. Indices for and estimates of flea prevalence on prairie dogs inside old colonies. The estimates are model-averaged values from occupancy models that accounted for imperfect detection of fleas. The naïve indices do not consider imperfect detection. Gains in precision (95% confidence interval) when estimating prevalence are depicted on the right. Confidence intervals for the estimates of prevalence during July–September are very small.

Fig. 2 in Using occupancy models to investigate the prevalence of ectoparasitic vectors on hosts: An example with fleas on prairie dogs

Fig. 2. The robust design for occupancy models of flea prevalence on black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Prairie dogs were sampled during primary occasions in different months of the year (May–September 2012). Each primary occasion comprised three secondary occasions (combings) during which fleas might be detected (p = probability of detection, given presence). A prairie dog was ''open'' to colonization by fleas between primary occasions. Once a prairie dog was colonized, it was occupied by fleas during all subsequent primary occasions (thus, the extinction probability, E, was fixed at zero, once a prairie dog was occupied by fleas). Closure was assumed during the secondary occasions, but we used behavioral covariates to account for removal of fleas from hosts during each secondary combing (REMOVAL1 and REMOVAL2, see text). In the example encounter history, a '1' indicates that at least one flea was detected during a combing event, and a '0' indicates that no fleas were detected.

Fig. 5 in Using occupancy models to investigate the prevalence of ectoparasitic vectors on hosts: An example with fleas on prairie dogs

Fig. 5. Model-averaged probabilities of flea occupancy (W) and flea colonization (γ) for black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) in old and young colonies, and natural and translocation colonies during May–September 2011, at the Vermejo Park Ranch, New Mexico (see Fig. 1 and text for colony descriptions). Bars depict 95% confidence intervals. We do not report estimates of colonization for September, because few prairie dogs were sampled in that month.

Fig. 3 in Environmental determinants of spatial and temporal variations in the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in its definitive hosts

Fig. 3. Predicted relationships between NAO winter index and the probability of seropositivity for Toxoplasma gondii in all cats sampled; (a) juveniles and (b) adults. Points represent the observed seoprevalence values with 95% confidence intervals as whiskers. A median farm density (0.68 farm/km2) was used to calculate the predictions (full line). Minimal farm density (0 farm/km2) observed among sampled communes was used to calculate the minimal predictions of the model (dotted lines). High values of farm density (2 and 4 farms/km2) were used to calculate the maximal predictions of the model (dashed and dotted-dashed lines).

Fig. 1 in Using occupancy models to investigate the prevalence of ectoparasitic vectors on hosts: An example with fleas on prairie dogs

Fig. 1. Map of the study area within the Vermejo Park Ranch, Colfax County, New Mexico, showing old and young, and natural and translocation colonies of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Gray areas indicate extent of prairie dog colonies in 2009.

Fig. 2 in Environmental determinants of spatial and temporal variations in the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in its definitive hosts

Fig. 2. Interannual variations in Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in the three types of cats standardised by age (bars) during the study period. Line segments represent the 95% confidence intervals for seroprevalence, and the numbers in brackets indicate the sample sizes. Wildcats (Felis s. silvestris), domestic cats (Felis s. catus) and hybrids are pooled.

Fig. 1 in Environmental determinants of spatial and temporal variations in the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in its definitive hosts

Fig. 1. European wildcat (Felis s. silvestris) distribution in France (grey area; Léger et al., 2008; Say et al., 2012), and locations of samples from domestic cats (Felis s. catus), wildcats and their hybrids. Cat types are represented by different symbols (see the bottom left of the map). One location might correspond to several individuals (1, 2, 3, or 8), the size of the dot being proportional to the number (indicated at the right of the symbols) of individuals collected in each commune.

Fig. 6 in Using occupancy models to investigate the prevalence of ectoparasitic vectors on hosts: An example with fleas on prairie dogs

Fig. 6. Probabilities of flea occupancy (W) and flea colonization (γ) for black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) in plots with differing densities of prairie dogs during May–September 2011, at the Vermejo Park Ranch, New Mexico. Solid lines depict estimates and dotted lines depict 95% confidence intervals.

Fig. 1 in Fluke abundance versus host age for an invasive trematode (Dicrocoelium dendriticum) of sympatric elk and beef cattle in southeastern Alberta, Canada

Fig. 1. Age–abundance profiles for the trematode, D. dendriticum in a population of elk sampled from 2009 to 2011 from Cypress Hills Park, Alberta. The solid line represents the negative binomial distribution model fit using maximum likelihood; the dashed lines represent the 95% confidence intervals.

Fig. 3 in Gastric nematode diversity between estuarine and inland freshwater populations of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis, daudin 1802), and the prediction of intermediate hosts

Fig. 3. Prey content species richness accumulation curves based on 1000 randomizations using Estimate 9.1.0. Data obtained from stomach flushing or necropsy of American alligators from (A) coastal or (B) inland habitats between 2008 and 2011. The black broken line (- -) represents the upper 95% confidence level, and the broken dotted broken line (- · -) represents the lower 95% confidence level of the species accumulation curve. The slow approach to the asymptote in coastal habitats suggests prey contents of sampled alligators did not capture all probable prey. The asymptote of inland alligators slowly begins to plateau, which may suggest our sampling efforts were close to capturing most of the probable prey of alligators.

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Fig. 1 in Co-invaders: The effects of alien parasites on native hosts

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of processes involved in species invasions and coinvasions. (a) Free-living aliens. The light blue oval shape represents a new area, outside the natural range of the alien species, shown in red. Arrows indicate movement of alien species through the phases of introduction, establishment and invasion of the habitat of the native species, shown in blue. Vertical bars represent barriers to be overcome in each phase. (b) Parasitic aliens. The alien host species (in red) contains an alien parasite species. The alien parasite goes through the processes of introduction, establishment and spread with its original host and then switches to a native host species (in blue) to become a co-invader. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Gastric nematode diversity between estuarine and inland freshwater populations of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis, daudin 1802), and the prediction of intermediate hosts

Fig. 2. Nematode species richness accumulation curve (A) and Coleman rarefaction curve (B) based on 1000 randomizations using Estimate 9.1.0. The black broken line (- -) represents the upper 95% confidence level, and the broken dotted broken line (- · -) represents the lower 95% confidence level of the species accumulation curve (A). Upper and lower Coleman standard deviations are represented by solid black lines (B). Data obtained from stomach flushing or necropsy of American alligators from Florida and Georgia between 2008 and 2011. The rapid approach to the asymptote suggests we captured all possible species of alligator nematodes.

Fig. 2 in Fluke abundance versus host age for an invasive trematode (Dicrocoelium dendriticum) of sympatric elk and beef cattle in southeastern Alberta, Canada

Fig. 2. Stacked frequency distribution of adult D. dendriticum in calf, juvenile, and adult elk collected between 1997 and 2011 from Cypress Hills Park, Alberta.

Fig. 4. Relationship between liver weight and host age for elk sampled from 2009 in Fluke abundance versus host age for an invasive trematode (Dicrocoelium dendriticum) of sympatric elk and beef cattle in southeastern Alberta, Canada

Fig. 4. Relationship between liver weight and host age for elk sampled from 2009 to 2011 from Cypress Hills Park, Alberta. Regression lines are maximum likelihood estimates.

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Fig. 2 in A walk on the tundra: Host-parasite interactions in an extreme environment

Fig. 2. Representation of historical drivers for host and parasite distributions across North America during the Last Glacial Maximum and the post-Pleistocene. The map depicts the current geography of the continent showing an overlay of the maximum extent of past glaciations, pathways for expansion and episodic range shifts by ungulates and parasitic nematodes, and the contemporary distributions of caribou of the migratory Dolphin and Union herd, and of the sedentary Kangerlussuaq-Sisimiut and AkiaManiitsoq herds of West Greenland.

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Fig. 1 in A walk on the tundra: Host-parasite interactions in an extreme environment

Fig. 1. The parasite fauna of Arctic ungulates has been shaped by historical and contemporary processes. Today, the Arctic today is characterized by extremes in temperature, high seasonality, and low host species diversity and abundance. Rapid climate warming is now a dominant feature that is altering host–parasite interactions in several ways. Temperatures directly affect parasite development and survival in the environment and in ectotherm hosts, and although warming temperatures may initially accelerate transmission, they may quickly exceed the upper thermal tolerance limits for some arctic parasites. Using the Metabolic Theory of Ecology, temperature dependencies can be modeled and generalized to provide broader insights across genera and ecological regions. Climate changes may also alter both host and parasite life-history strategies and phenology, including migration patterns, leading to non-linear changes and tipping points in transmission ecology. Climate warming and associated changes in the cryosphere also alters ecological barriers and corridors, leading to range shifts and new contact zones.

Fig. 3 in Fluke abundance versus host age for an invasive trematode (Dicrocoelium dendriticum) of sympatric elk and beef cattle in southeastern Alberta, Canada

Fig. 3. Age–abundance profile of infection for the invasive trematode, D. dendriticum in beef cattle sampled from 2003 to 2013 from Cypress Hills Park, Alberta. The solid line represents the negative binomial distribution model fit using maximum likelihood; the dashed lines represent the 95% confidence interval.