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FIGURE 3 in Forelimb motion and orientation in the ornithischian dinosaurs Styracosaurus and Thescelosaurus, and its implications for locomotion and other behavior
FIGURE 3. Stratigraphic distribution of ornithopod and basal ornithischian ichnogenera (after Lockley et al., 2003, 2009; Stanford et al., 2004; Díaz-Martínez et al., 2015; Salisbury et al., 2016), with time-calibrated phylogeny of Ornithopoda (after McDonald, 2012; Dieudonné et al., 2020; Kobayashi et al., 2021). Blue parts of the cladogram and blue manus and pes prints indicate taxa and ichnotaxa with manus enclosed in a mitten-like sheath of soft tissue. Striped blue and black on the cladogram indicates uncertainty: known fossils don't include enough of the manus to determine whether the fingers were enclosed in a mitten-like sheath of soft tissue. The unnamed tracks from Spain are those described by Pérez-Lorente et al. (1997).
FIGURE 1 in Forelimb motion and orientation in the ornithischian dinosaurs Styracosaurus and Thescelosaurus, and its implications for locomotion and other behavior
FIGURE 1. Right pectoral girdle and forelimb bones of the holotype of Styracosaurus albertensis (CMN 344) and motion at the shoulder. A. Right scapula and coracoid in lateral view. B–D. Humerus in lateral (B), posterior (C), and anterior (D) views, with broken white line indicating edge of humeral head. E–F. Radius and ulna in proximal (E) and distal (F) views. G. Range of parasagittal motion at the shoulder in lateral view. H. Range of motion at the shoulder in dorsal view. I. Range of transverse motion at the shoulder in anterior view, with radius and ulna included; the broken line indicates the humerus in the approximate position of full elevation through the transverse plane, and the unbroken line indicates the humerus in the position that was used for photographing it in position 3. J. Range of parasagittal and transverse motion at the shoulder in lateral view, with radius and ulna included. K–M. Fleshed out reconstructions of S. albertensis in anterior view in habitual posture for standing and locomotion (K), in anterior view with forelimbs in sprawling posture (L), and in lateral view with forelimbs in habitual posture for standing and locomotion (M). 1 – 3, positions 1 – 3 (see Materials and Methods for description), c, coracoid; g, glenoid cavity; h, humerus; hh, humeral head; r, radius; s, scapula; u, ulna.
FIGURE 2 in Forelimb motion and orientation in the ornithischian dinosaurs Styracosaurus and Thescelosaurus, and its implications for locomotion and other behavior
FIGURE 2. Right pectoral girdle and forelimb bones of Thescelosaurus sp. (NCSM 15728) and motion at the shoulder. A. Right scapulocoracoid in lateral view. B–D. Humerus in lateral (B), posterior (C), and anterior (D) views, with broken white line indicating edge of humeral head. E–F. Radius and ulna in proximal (E) and medial (F) views. G. Motion at the shoulder in lateral view. H. Transverse motion at the shoulder in anterior view. I–J, Skeletons of Thescelosaurus sp. NCSM 15728 (I) and CMN 8537 (J), showing that the curvature of the anterior dorsal vertebrae positions the forelimb such that it can reach the ground when the sacrum is horizontal. K, Tracing of several of the bones of CMN 8537 (vertebral centra, femur, tibia + fibula + proximal tarsals, metatarsus + distal tarsal, scapulocoracoid, humerus, radius + ulna, and carpus + metacarpus), with corrections of the dislocations at the hip and posterior dorsum in the preserved skeleton, and with heavy lines representing the long axis of the sacrum and the surface of the ground, showing that the forelimb can reach the ground and can also be retracted to avoid the ground during bipedal locomotion. L, Fleshed-out reconstruction of Thescelosaurus sp. posed as in K. 1–3, positions 1–3 (see Materials and Methods for description), c, coracoid; ca, carpals; g, glenoid cavity; h, humerus; hh, humeral head; r, radius; s, scapula; u, ulna.
FIGURE 10 in Unravelling the origin of the brown hyena (Parahyena brunnea) and its evolutionary and paleoecological implications for the Pachycrocuta lineage
FIGURE 10. Evolutionary and paleobiogeographic hypotheses proposed in this work illustrated with the plot of the first principal component for the lower dentition. Double horizontal lines indicate bidirectional migratory flows. Empty rectangles indicate the absence of barriers to dispersal between the last three regions considered, and solid rectangles indicate geographic isolation. See the text for a more detailed explanation.
FIGURE 9 in Unravelling the origin of the brown hyena (Parahyena brunnea) and its evolutionary and paleoecological implications for the Pachycrocuta lineage
FIGURE 9. Illustration of the two criteria used in this study as a practical guide to separate segments within a lineage. Successive values of a lineage with four populations and four fossils per population are shown. At the top, the range of variation observed for the variable considered in a related present-day biospecies. Taking the lowest value of the first population as an arbitrary reference point, the lineage will be divided into two segments for that time value at which the observed range for the biospecies is surpassed, and at the same time, the difference between the means of the two sets (C and C', respectively) becomes significant.
FIGURE 8 in Unravelling the origin of the brown hyena (Parahyena brunnea) and its evolutionary and paleoecological implications for the Pachycrocuta lineage
FIGURE 8. Relative size of the bone-breaking region of P4 versus the size of P4 for some localities of P. brevirostris. The correlation coefficient between both variables is significant (r = 0.844, p = 0.002). The ellipse corresponds to the expected region for the population at 95% confidence. Gi: Gigantopithecus Cave, Ke: Kedung Brubus, Lo: Longdan, LC: Longgu Cave, Re: Renzi Cave, Sa: Sainzelles, Um: Untermasfeld, Va: Val d'Arno, VM: Venta Micena, Yu: Yuanmou, Zo: Loc.1 of Zhoukoudian.
FIGURE 7 in Unravelling the origin of the brown hyena (Parahyena brunnea) and its evolutionary and paleoecological implications for the Pachycrocuta lineage
FIGURE 7. In A is shown a lateral view of an articulated skull and jaw of a H. hyaena specimen (EBD 33079M, Doñana Biological Station, Seville) and its corresponding schematic drawing in B, showing different functional regions of the dentition during the mandibular occlusion process. The main regions involved in cutting meat are the trigonid (Trig) of m1 in the lower dentition and the metastyle (Me) and the distal part of Paracone (P) of the upper fourth premolar (P4). The main elements involved in bone breaking are the two lower premolars (p4 and p3) that occlude with the upper third premolar (P3) and the mesial part of the paracone and the parastyle of the upper P4.
FIGURE 5 in Unravelling the origin of the brown hyena (Parahyena brunnea) and its evolutionary and paleoecological implications for the Pachycrocuta lineage
FIGURE 5. Bivariate plots of geological age on the scores for the lower dentition two first principal components. A-B, PC I for fossil individuals and paleontological localities, respectively. C-D, PC II for fossil individuals and paleontological localities, respectively. E: Elandsfontein. At the base of each figure are shown the ranges for the extant species and C. spelaea in each principal component.
FIGURE 4 in Unravelling the origin of the brown hyena (Parahyena brunnea) and its evolutionary and paleoecological implications for the Pachycrocuta lineage
FIGURE 4. Bivariate plots of the scores on the upper dentition two first principal components and their corresponding component loading plots for (A) analysis for fossil individuals and (B) analysis for paleontological localities. E: Elandsfontein. G: Gladysvale Cave. K: Kromdraai A. L: Longdan. S: Ségriès-le Réservoir.
FIGURE 2 in Unravelling the origin of the brown hyena (Parahyena brunnea) and its evolutionary and paleoecological implications for the Pachycrocuta lineage
FIGURE 2. Several examples of worn lower first molars. A, V 7296 from Baihaicum (from Qiu, 1987). B, Pliocrocuta perrieri (Se 312, Senèze, France). C, Crocuta crocuta (no id. Naturkundemuseum Berlin). D, plot of m1 trigonid length on m1 width for the species analyzed in this study. Note that there is a clear separation between Crocuta and Non Crocuta species. Additional explanations have been provided in the text.
FIGURE 1 in Unravelling the origin of the brown hyena (Parahyena brunnea) and its evolutionary and paleoecological implications for the Pachycrocuta lineage
FIGURE 1. Stratigraphic range of the species belonging to the analyzed lineages, their paleogeographic distribution (squares with gray background), and some examples of lower mandibles in labial view. IVPP V20801: Pliocrocuta perrieri from Zanclean (Zanda Basin, China), drawn from Tseng et al. (2016). KK 82-58: Parahyaena howelli (Laetoli, Tanzania), drawn from Werdelin and Dehghani (2011). MNHN 834: Pliocrocuta perrieri post-Zanclean (holotype from Mont Perrier, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris. C/C. 806: Pachycrocuta brevirostris (Zhoukoudian, China) drawn from Pei (1934). KA 55: Pachycrocuta bellax (Kromdraai A, South Africa) drawn from Ewer (1954a). 'Hyaena' prisca (holotype from Lunel-Viel, France) drawn from Brugal et al. (2021). NHM 35.9.1.286: Parahyaena brunnea (Karroo Valley, South Africa, housed at the Natural History Museum, London).
Rare Genomic Copy Number Variants Implicate New Candidate Genes for Bicuspid Aortic Valve
<p>Whole genome genotyping data in dbGAP format and copy number variant calls in dbVar format.</p> <p>dbVar data includes CNV calls from cases with early onset bicuspid aortic valve disease (EBAV), cases from the International BAV Consortium (BAVCon), and controls from the dbGAP Wisconsin Longitudinal Study on Aging dataset (WLS).</p> <p>dbGAP files are divided into 12 batches of genotypes from EBAV subjects (EBAV1-12):</p> <p>1) PLINK output files (.map and .ped)</p> <p>2) GenomeStudio Final Report files</p> <p>3) One master pedigree file</p> <p>4) dbGAP subject mapping files</p> <p> </p>
Supplementary Data for Progressive Strain Localization with Structural Evolution of Faults and Implications for Earthquake Characteristics
<p>Fault slip measurements from geodetic imaging data (pixel offsets and InSAR) for 16 strike-slip earthquakes. </p> <p>Data columns are: Longitude, Latitude, Fault Slip (meters), 1-sigma uncertainty (meters)</p>
FIGURE 5 in A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs
FIGURE 5. Right (A, B) and incomplete left (C, D) humeri of USNM 18313 in dorsal/lateral (A, C) and ventral/medial (B, D) views. Abbreviations: ect = ectepicondyle; eg = entepicondylar groove; ent = entepicondyle; hh = humeral head; pb = pathological bone; x-x' = location of histological thin-section shown in Figure 5. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
FIGURE 2 in A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs
FIGURE 2. Stratigraphy of the lower Chinle in the vicinity of St. Johns, Arizona. Blue Hills and St. Johns Landfill sections from Heckert and Lucas (2003), St. Johns South section is new to this study and described in Appendix 2.
FIGURE 1 in A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs
FIGURE 1. Index maps showing the geographic position of the study area in the USA (A) and on a generalized geologic map of east-central Arizona (B) showing the most prolific Triassic localities in east-central Arizona, including the Blue Hills (BH), Big Hollow Wash (BHW) and Blue Mesa (BM) in the Petrified Forest National Park (PFNP). The specimen described here probably came from the Blue Hills but may have come from Big Hollow Wash. The modern administrative boundary of the PFNP is in black, the approximate outline of the smaller monument in 1948 is marked by the white inset. Arizona Maps modified from Richard et al., 2002, Arizona Geological Survey publication DGM-17 (http://data.azgs.az.gov/geologic-map-of-arizona)
FIGURE 8 in A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs
FIGURE 8. Left (A, B) and right (C, D) ulnae of USNM 18313 in medial (A, D) and lateral (B, C) views. Abbreviations: op = olecranon process; pb = pathological bone; pbl = pathological bone lesion; ra = radial articulation. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
FIGURE 4 in A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs
FIGURE 4. Reconstruction of the skeleton of USNM 18313 in left lateral view. Preserved bones are in white, bones that were not preserved are in gray, and pathological elements are in yellow.
FIGURE 7 in A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs
FIGURE 7. Histological section of left humerus of USNM 18313 in distal view (A-B) Overview of complete section showing regions highlighted in C-D, with color-added version (B) to highlight different tissues. (C) Normal lamellar cortical bone (top) transitions into the woven bone of the medullary cavity (bottom); (D) Periosteal new bone formation composed of woven bone arranged nearly perpendicularly to the eroded lamellar cortical surface; fragments of normal cortical bone and remodeled bone are taphonomically juxtaposed. Abbreviations: ecb = eroded cortical bone; LAGs = lines of arrested growth; lcb = lamellar cortical bone; mc, medullary cavity; pnb = new periosteal bone (pathological); rb = remodeled bone. Colors: red = spongy bone of medullary region; yellow = lamellar cortical bone; blue, periosteal new bone (pathological); green = remodeled bone (pathological). Scale bars equal 1 cm (a-b) and 5 mm (c-d).
FIGURE 3 in A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs
FIGURE 3. Nearly complete skull of USNM 18313 showing taxonomically relevant morphological details. (A) Stereopair of nearly complete skull in right dorsolateral view. (B) Stereopair of skull in posterior view. (C) Posterior portion of skull in dorsal view, with yellow line indicating ODCL. (D) Close-up of right squamosal region in posterior view. Abbeviations: aofe = antorbital fenestra; en = external naris; dps = descending process of squamosal; ltf = lateral temporal fenestra; lfm = lateral flare of maxilla; lfpm = lateral flare of premaxilla; nc = narial crest; ODCL = orbito-dorsal cranial length (after Hurlburt et al., 2003); o = orbit; rs = ridge on squamosal. Scale bars equal 5 cm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.