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1,355 results for “manipulation”
Data from: Impacts of dead-wood manipulation on the biodiversity of temperate and boreal forests - A systematic review
Dead wood (DW) provides critical habitat for thousands of species in forests, but its amount, quality and diversity have been heavily reduced by forestry. Therefore, interventions aiming to increase DW might be necessary to support its associated biodiversity, even in protected forests, which may be former production forests. Our aim was to synthesise the current state of knowledge drawn from replicated experimental studies into solid quantitative evidence of the effects of DW manipulation on forest biodiversity, with a focus on protected forests. We conducted a full systematic review of effects of DW manipulation on forest biodiversity in boreal and temperate regions. We included three intervention types: creation of DW from live trees at the site, addition of DW from outside the site, and prescribed burning. Outcomes included abundance and species richness of saproxylic insects, ground insects, wood‐inhabiting fungi, lichens, reptiles and cavity‐nesting birds. In total, we included 91 studies, 37 of which were used in meta‐analyses. Although meta‐analysis outcomes were heterogeneous, they showed that increasing the amount of DW ("DW enrichment") has positive effects on the abundance and richness of saproxylic insects and fungi. The positive effect on saproxylic pest insect abundance tended to be less than that on saproxylic insects in general. No significant effects were found for ground insects or cavity‐nesting birds. Although reviewed studies were mainly short‐term, our results support that management that increases DW amounts has the potential to increase the abundance of DW‐dependent species and, in most cases, also their species richness. Studies of burning showed positive effects on the abundance of saproxylic insects similar to those of other interventions, even though burning on average resulted in a smaller enrichment of DW amounts. Policy implications. The findings of the review suggest that manipulating dead wood can be an effective part of conservation management to support biodiversity in protected areas. The findings also indicate that the diversity of dead‐wood types is important, a mix of dead‐wood qualities should be favoured. Burning seems to be an effective method to increase biodiversity but to benefit cavity‐nesting birds, snag losses need to be minimised.
Data from: Manipulating virulence factor availability can have complex consequences for infections
Given the rise of bacterial resistance against antibiotics, we urgently need alternative strategies to fight infections. Some propose we should disarm rather than kill bacteria, through targeted disruption of their virulence factors. It is assumed that this approach (i) induces weak selection for resistance because it should only minimally impact bacterial fitness, and (ii) is specific, only interfering with the virulence factor in question. Given that pathogenicity emerges from complex interactions between pathogens, hosts, and their environment, such assumptions may be unrealistic. To address this issue in a test case, we conducted experiments with the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, where we manipulated the availability of a virulence factor, the iron-scavenging pyoverdine, within the insect host Galleria mellonella. We observed that pyoverdine availability was not stringently predictive of virulence, and affected bacterial fitness in non-linear ways. We show that this complexity could partly arise because pyoverdine availability affects host responses and alters the expression of regulatorily linked virulence factors. Our results reveal that virulence-factor manipulation feeds back on pathogen and host behavior, which in turn affects virulence. Our findings highlight that realizing effective and evolutionarily robust anti-virulence therapies will ultimately require deeper engagement with the intrinsic complexity of host-pathogen systems.
Data from: Inter- and Intraspecific Conflict between Parasites over Host Manipulation
Host manipulation is a common strategy by which parasites alter the behaviour of their host to enhance their own fitness. In nature, hosts are usually infected by multiple parasites. This can result in a conflict over host manipulation. Studies of such a conflict in experimentally infected hosts are rare. The cestode Schistocephalus solidus (S) and the nematode Camallanus lacustris (C) use copepods as their first intermediate host. They need to grow for some time inside this host before they are infective and ready to be trophically transmitted to their subsequent fish host. Accordingly, not yet infective parasites manipulate to suppress predation. Infective ones manipulate to enhance predation. We experimentally infected lab-bred copepods in a manner that resulted in copepods harbouring (1) an infective C plus a not yet infective C or S or (2) an infective S plus a not yet infective C. An infective C completely sabotaged host manipulation by any not yet infective parasite. An infective S partially reduced host manipulation by a not yet infective C. We hence show experimentally that a parasite can reduce or even sabotage host manipulation exerted by a parasite from a different species.
Data from: Survival of the feces: does a nematode lungworm adaptively manipulate the behavior of its cane toad host?
Parasites can enhance their fitness by modifying the behavior of their hosts in ways that increase rates of production and transmission of parasite larvae. We used an antihelminthic drug to experimentally alter infections of lungworms (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) in cane toads (Rhinella marina). We then compared subsequent behaviors of dewormed toads versus toads that retained infections. Both in the laboratory and in the field, the presence of parasites induced hosts to select higher body temperatures (thereby increasing rates of lungworm egg production), to defecate in moister sites, and to produce feces with higher moisture content (thereby enhancing survival of larvae shed in feces). Because those behavioral modifications enhance rather than decrease parasite fitness, they are likely to have arisen as adaptive manipulations of host behavior rather than as host adaptations to combat infection or as nonadaptive consequences of infection on host physiology. However, the mechanisms by which lungworms alter cane toad thermal preference and defecation are not known. Although many examples of host manipulation by parasites involve intermediate hosts facilitating their own demise, our findings indicate that manipulation of definitive hosts can be as subtle as when and where to defecate.
Bats generate lower affinity, but higher diversity antibody responses compared to mice, an effect that can be manipulated with diet
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Results of visual servoing architecture of mobile manipulators for precise industrial operations on moving objects
<p>Results obtained during the experiment of screw fastening on moving objects using a mobile manipulator.</p>
Supplemental data. Experimentally manipulated food availability affects offspring quality but not quantity in zebra finch meso-populations
<p>Data used for the publication: " Experimentally manipulated food availability affects offspring quality but not quantity in zebra finch meso-populations "</p>
Supplementary material to "Manipulation of Robustness in Self-Organizing Systems on the the Example of UAV Defense"
<p>Supplementary material to the bachelor thesis "Manipulation of Robustness in Self-Organizing Systems on the the Example of UAV Defense".</p>
F in Carton nest building and trophobiont manipulation in the south-east Asian ant Dolichoderus sulcaticeps (Mayr 1870) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
F. 6. Transporting the ball of plant material back to the nest. Photo: W. Rohe
F in Carton nest building and trophobiont manipulation in the south-east Asian ant Dolichoderus sulcaticeps (Mayr 1870) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
F. 7. Worker chewing the wet nest wall with her mandibles. Photo: W. Rohe
Survival of antimicrobial peptide resistant Staphylococcus aureus in mealworm beetles (Tenebrio molitor) with manipulated AMPexpression
<p><span>Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are essential immune effectors of multicellular organisms. Bacteria can evolve resistance to AMPs. Surprisingly, when used to challenge the insect <em>Tenebrio molitor</em>, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> resistant to an abundant beetle AMP (tenecin 1) and also pleiotropically to phagocytosis did not increase host mortality or bacterial load compared to infections with wild-type <em>S. aureus</em>. A possible explanation is that antimicrobial resistance is costly due to collaterally increased sensitivity of AMP-resistant strains to other immune effectors. Here, we studied the sensitivity of a group of AMP-resistant <em>S. aureus</em> strains (which are either resistant to tenecin 1 or a combination of both tenecin 1 and tenecin 2) to other immune effectors such as phenoloxidase (PO) and other AMPs (specifically tenecin 1, tenecin 2 and tenecin 4) <em>in vivo</em>. Using RNAi-based knockdown (KD), we investigated <em>S. aureus in vivo</em> survival in insect hosts lacking particular immune effectors. We found that all except one AMP-resistant strain displayed collateral sensitivity toward phenoloxidase. Moreover, some AMP-resistant mutant strains showed sensitivity to one or more components of the beetle AMP defence cocktail. Our findings are consistent with the idea that resistance to AMPs and phagocytosis does not translate into changes in virulence because it is balanced by collaterally increased sensitivity to other host immune effectors. AMP resistance fails to provide a net survival advantage to <em>S. aureus</em> in a host environment that is dominated by AMPs because of the greater sensitivity to other immune effectors.</span></p>
Supplementary material 2 from: Dupont S, Price B, Blagoderov V (2015) IMp: The customizable LEGO® Pinned Insect Manipulator. ZooKeys 481: 131-138. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.481.8788
Video demontration:
Supplementary material 1 from: Dupont S, Price B, Blagoderov V (2015) IMp: The customizable LEGO® Pinned Insect Manipulator. ZooKeys 481: 131-138. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.481.8788
Annotated building instructions: Explanation note: Assembly manual for all IMp models.
Figure 3 from: Messas YF, Sobczak JF, Vasconcellos-Neto J (2017) An alternative host of Hymenoepimecis japi (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) on a novel family (Araneae, Araneidae), with notes on behavioral manipulations. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 60: 111-118. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.60.14817
Figure 3 - Web modification in Mecynogea biggiba induced by the parasitoid wasp Hymenoepimecis japi. A Normal web of M. biggiba B–C Cocoon webs in lateral view, and D close of the center of the cocoon web. Arrows indicate the dome-shaped part of the web (white), hub of the dome (red) and support threads (green).
Figure 2 from: Messas YF, Sobczak JF, Vasconcellos-Neto J (2017) An alternative host of Hymenoepimecis japi (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) on a novel family (Araneae, Araneidae), with notes on behavioral manipulations. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 60: 111-118. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.60.14817
Figure 2 - Mecynogea biggiba parasitized by Hymenoepimecis japi. A Adult female spider and first instar larvae B Adult female spider with second instar larvae on its abdomen C Third instar larvae of H. japi after killing its host spider D Third instar larvae consuming the hemolymph of M. biggiba E Detail of dorsal tubercles bearing several hooks F Cocoon of H. japi G Dense weave of cocoon threads in detail.
Dataset of Full on-device manipulation of olefin metathesis for precise manufacturing
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Data from: Two different strategies of host manipulation allow parasites to persist in intermediate-definitive host systems
Trophically-transmitted parasites start their development in an intermediate host, before they finish the development in their definitive host when the definitive host preys on the intermediate host. In intermediate-definitive host systems, two strategies of host manipulation have been evolved: increasing the rate of transmission to the definitive host by increasing the chance that the definitive host will prey on the intermediate host, or increasing the lifespan of the parasite in the intermediate host by decreasing the predation chance when the intermediate host is not yet infectious. As the second strategy is less well studied than the first, it is unknown under what conditions each of these strategies are prevailed and evolved. We analysed the effect of both strategies on the presence of parasites in intermediate-definitive host systems with a structured population model. We show that the parasite can increase the parameter space where it can persist in the intermediate-definitive host system by using one of these two strategies of host manipulation. We found that when the intermediate host or the definitive host have life-history traits that allow the definitive host to reach large population densities, i.e. high reproduction rate of the intermediate host or high conversion efficiency of the definitive host (efficiency at which the uninfected definitive host converts caught intermediate hosts into offspring) respectively, evolving manipulation to decrease the predation chance of the intermediate host will be more beneficial than manipulation to increase the predation chance to enhance transmission. Furthermore, manipulation to decrease the predation chance of the intermediate host results in higher population densities of infected intermediate hosts than manipulation that increases the predation chance to enhance transmission. Our study shows that host manipulation in early stages of the parasite development to decrease predation might be a more frequently evolved way of host manipulation than is currently assumed.
Data from: Manipulation of light spectral quality disrupts host location and attachment by parasitic plants in the genus Cuscuta
Parasitic plants in the genus Cuscuta (dodders) make their living by extracting resources from other plants. While relatively few dodder species are agricultural pests, those that are can be challenging to control, in part due to their intimate physical and physiological association with host plants. Consequently, dodders remain pervasive and economically damaging pests in a variety of crop systems. The development of improved management strategies would be facilitated by greater understanding of the ecological and environmental factors that influence the establishment and perpetuation of dodder infestations. Light cues play an important role in dodder host location and attachment. To better understand the influence of light conditions on parasite ecology, and potential implications for management, we examined how manipulating the ratio of red to far-red wavelengths (R:FR), via both passive filtering of natural sunlight and active spectral manipulation using LEDs, affects host location and host attachment by two dodder species (C. campestris on tomato hosts and C. gronovii on jewelweed). For both host-parasite combinations, host location and subsequent attachment by dodder parasites was dramatically reduced in high R:FR environments compared to control conditions (with R:FR characteristic of sunlight) and low R:FR conditions. Circumnutation by dodder seedlings was also significantly faster under high R:FR. We observed short-term effects of high R:FR on the height and dry mass of tomato host plants (immediately following 7-day exposure), as well as changes in tomato volatile emissions. However, preliminary investigation of long-term effects on host plants suggests that short-term exposure to high R:FR (i.e. during the critical period when dodder seedlings emerge and attach to hosts) has little or no effect on host plant size or fruit yield at the time of harvest. Synthesis and applications. Our findings suggest that spectral manipulation during the early stages of crop plant growth (e.g. via light-filtering row covers), may have significant potential to augment existing methods for managing or preventing dodder infestations in agricultural crops. We discuss potential obstacles to the realization of its potential, as well as next steps toward the development and optimization of spectral manipulation methods for use in agroecosystems.
Data from: Ecotypic divergence in Crepis tectorum (Asteraceae): inferring trait lability and correlational constraints from hormonally manipulated phenotypes
Despite long-standing interest in the evolutionary role of plant hormones, relatively few studies have used hormonally manipulated phenotypes to address questions about phenotypic evolution in plants. In the present investigation, I subjected plants of Crepis tectorum subsp. pumila to simple gibberellin (GA) treatments under both field and greenhouse conditions to assess developmental lability and correlational constraints of phenotypic traits that distinguish this dwarf ecotype from conspecific populations of the much taller weed ecotype (subsp. tectorum). The hormonally manipulated plants largely phenocopied the weed ecotype in leaf shape, plant stature and branching habit, indicative of both high lability and tight integration of traits reflecting gross morphology. Floral size traits sometimes declined after GA application, especially under field conditions. The latter result conflicts with the positive correlations between floral and vegetative size traits seen in previous comparative analyses and point to a tradeoff that could act as a constraint on ecotype divergence. The response to GA was consistent in direction for most traits, as opposed to the magnitude of response, which varied depending on the trait, the population, the growing environment, and the timing and level of hormone application. Taken together, the results highlight the potential for simple hormonal changes to cause large, plastic shifts in phenotype, but also illustrate the constrained nature of such influences.
Data from: Mind the gap: genetic manipulation of basicranial growth within synchondroses modulates calvarial and facial shape in mice through epigenetic interactions
Phenotypic integration patterns in the mammalian skull have long been a focus of intense interest as a result of their suspected influence on the trajectory of hominid evolution. Here we test the hypothesis that perturbation of cartilage growth, which directly affects only the chondrocranium during development, will produce coordinated shape changes in the adult calvarium and face regardless of mechanism. Using two murine models of cartilage undergrowth that target two very different mechanisms, we show that strong reduction in cartilage growth produces a short, wide, and more flexed cranial base. This in turn produces a short, wide face in both models. Cranial base and face are already correlated early in ontogeny, and the relationship between these modules gains structure through postnatal growth and development. These results provide further evidence that there exist physical interactions between developing parts of the phenotype that produce variation at a distance from the actual locus upon which a particular selective pressure is acting. Phenotypic changes observed over the course of evolution may not all require adaptationist explanations; rather, it is likely that a substantial portion of observed phenotypic variation over the history of a clade is not directly adaptive but rather a secondary consequence of some local response to selection.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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