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Text-fig. 11. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated "Stamen fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen with pollen in situ; b) Detail from stamen fragment showing distal and proximal surfaces of in situ pollen grains; c) Pollen grain in distal view showing short colpus with irregular margin and aperture membrane covered by irregular verrucae; d) Detail of pollen wall showing tiny spherical orbicules; e) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170389 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c), 3 Μm (d), 1.5 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 11. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated "Stamen fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen with pollen in situ; b) Detail from stamen fragment showing distal and proximal surfaces of in situ pollen grains; c) Pollen grain in distal view showing short colpus with irregular margin and aperture membrane covered by irregular verrucae; d) Detail of pollen wall showing tiny spherical orbicules; e) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170389 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c), 3 Μm (d), 1.5 Μm (e).
Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, g, h) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, b–f) images of fruits and pollen grains of Canrightiopsis crassitesta (a–c, g, h) and fruit of Canrightiopsis intermedia (d–f); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Dorsal view of fruit showing rim of hypanthium (arrowheads); b) Surface rendering of longitudinal section in the median plane of fruit (cut between orthoslices yz0440-0510) showing the thin fruit wall, thick endotesta of the seed coat (en, dark blue) and the orthotropous, pendent seed with the chalaza (ch) near the fruit apex and the micropyle (mi) at the fruit base; note the tiny embryo (emb) adjacent to the micropyle at the base of the fruit; c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0511) through the seed wall showing the thick, finely crystalliferous endotesta (en) surrounding the nutritive tissue of the seed; d) Surface rendering of fruit in dorsal view showing rim of the hypanthium (arrowheads) and apical stigmatic region (st); e) Surface rendering of longitudinal section of fruit in (d) (cut at orthoslice xz0560) showing the crystalliferous endotesta (en, dark blue) and the inner tissues of the seed; f) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0560) through fruit and seed showing the finely crystalliferous endotesta (en) and thin fruit wall (fr); g, h) Pollen grains from apical region of fruit showing poorly defined margin of the single colpus, reticulate tectum and muri ornamented by minute verrucae. Specimens, Catefica 343-S174311 (a), Catefica 49-S174159 (b, c), Catefica 50-S174905 (d–f), Catefica 342-S122089 (g, h). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b, d, e), 150 Μm (c, f), 6 Μm (g), 3 Μm (h). g, h published with permission from Grana. in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, g, h) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, b–f) images of fruits and pollen grains of Canrightiopsis crassitesta (a–c, g, h) and fruit of Canrightiopsis intermedia (d–f); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Dorsal view of fruit showing rim of hypanthium (arrowheads); b) Surface rendering of longitudinal section in the median plane of fruit (cut between orthoslices yz0440-0510) showing the thin fruit wall, thick endotesta of the seed coat (en, dark blue) and the orthotropous, pendent seed with the chalaza (ch) near the fruit apex and the micropyle (mi) at the fruit base; note the tiny embryo (emb) adjacent to the micropyle at the base of the fruit; c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0511) through the seed wall showing the thick, finely crystalliferous endotesta (en) surrounding the nutritive tissue of the seed; d) Surface rendering of fruit in dorsal view showing rim of the hypanthium (arrowheads) and apical stigmatic region (st); e) Surface rendering of longitudinal section of fruit in (d) (cut at orthoslice xz0560) showing the crystalliferous endotesta (en, dark blue) and the inner tissues of the seed; f) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0560) through fruit and seed showing the finely crystalliferous endotesta (en) and thin fruit wall (fr); g, h) Pollen grains from apical region of fruit showing poorly defined margin of the single colpus, reticulate tectum and muri ornamented by minute verrucae. Specimens, Catefica 343-S174311 (a), Catefica 49-S174159 (b, c), Catefica 50-S174905 (d–f), Catefica 342-S122089 (g, h). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b, d, e), 150 Μm (c, f), 6 Μm (g), 3 Μm (h). g, h published with permission from Grana.
Text-fig. 26. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen grains of Elasmostemon paisii gen. et sp. nov. (a–c) and laminar stamens with monocolpate reticulate pollen sp. (d–g); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment with basal portion missing showing two pairs of pollen sacs on one surface of the stamen close to the margin and separated by a broad connective, except near the apex where the thecae meet; note that the thecae are dehisced with the walls of the pollen sacs curled back; b) Pollen grains inside a dehisced pollen sac; note variation in size and development of the reticulum; c) Detail of (b) showing monocolpate, reticulate pollen with lumen of reticulum varying markedly in size but partly obscured by residual organic material; d) Stamen with apical and basal part of anther preserved showing two pairs of pollen sacs (asterisks) on the curved, perhaps ventral, surface close to the stamen margin; e) Detail of crack in the anther showing the inner anther wall with densely spaced spherical orbicules that vary greatly in size; f) Pollen exposed in the crack in the anther; note coarsely foveolate to coarsely reticulate pollen wall and densely spaced orbicules; g) Folded pollen grains with reticulate pollen wall and also showing the inner anther wall with densely spaced spherical orbicules that vary greatly in size. Specimens, Catefica 49-S172560 (a–c), Catefica 50- S170384 (d–g). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, d), 20 Μm (b, e), 6 Μm (c, f, g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 26. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen grains of Elasmostemon paisii gen. et sp. nov. (a–c) and laminar stamens with monocolpate reticulate pollen sp. (d–g); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment with basal portion missing showing two pairs of pollen sacs on one surface of the stamen close to the margin and separated by a broad connective, except near the apex where the thecae meet; note that the thecae are dehisced with the walls of the pollen sacs curled back; b) Pollen grains inside a dehisced pollen sac; note variation in size and development of the reticulum; c) Detail of (b) showing monocolpate, reticulate pollen with lumen of reticulum varying markedly in size but partly obscured by residual organic material; d) Stamen with apical and basal part of anther preserved showing two pairs of pollen sacs (asterisks) on the curved, perhaps ventral, surface close to the stamen margin; e) Detail of crack in the anther showing the inner anther wall with densely spaced spherical orbicules that vary greatly in size; f) Pollen exposed in the crack in the anther; note coarsely foveolate to coarsely reticulate pollen wall and densely spaced orbicules; g) Folded pollen grains with reticulate pollen wall and also showing the inner anther wall with densely spaced spherical orbicules that vary greatly in size. Specimens, Catefica 49-S172560 (a–c), Catefica 50- S170384 (d–g). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, d), 20 Μm (b, e), 6 Μm (c, f, g).
Text-fig. 10. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated "Stamen fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 1"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen with pollen in situ; b) Detail from stamen fragment showing distal and proximal surfaces of in situ pollen grains and tiny orbicules on the inner surface of the anther wall (arrows); c) Pollen grains in distal view showing short colpi with irregular margins and aperture membrane with irregular verrucae; d) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170387 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c), 1.5 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 10. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated "Stamen fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 1"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen with pollen in situ; b) Detail from stamen fragment showing distal and proximal surfaces of in situ pollen grains and tiny orbicules on the inner surface of the anther wall (arrows); c) Pollen grains in distal view showing short colpi with irregular margins and aperture membrane with irregular verrucae; d) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170387 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c), 1.5 Μm (d).
Text-fig. 25. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen grains of Elasmostemon paisii gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment showing two pairs of pollen sacs along the margins of the stamen with a broad connective that separates the thecae, except near the apex where the thecae meet; b) Detail of surface of pollen sacs showing larger cells (arrows), interpreted as ethereal oil cells; c) Pollen in situ from specimen in (a); d) Stamen fragment with apical and basal portion missing and surface slightly abraded and compressed obscuring cellular details; note remains of another stamen attached to the underside of the stamen; e–h) Pollen in situ from specimen in (d) showing long aperture (e) and pollen wall with heterobrochate reticulum (e–h); note narrow muri with flatten and smooth surface and short columellae (h). Specimens, Catefica 49-S115859 (a–c), Catefica 151-S105281 (holotype, d–h). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, d), 50 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c, e–g), 1.5 Μm (h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 25. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen grains of Elasmostemon paisii gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment showing two pairs of pollen sacs along the margins of the stamen with a broad connective that separates the thecae, except near the apex where the thecae meet; b) Detail of surface of pollen sacs showing larger cells (arrows), interpreted as ethereal oil cells; c) Pollen in situ from specimen in (a); d) Stamen fragment with apical and basal portion missing and surface slightly abraded and compressed obscuring cellular details; note remains of another stamen attached to the underside of the stamen; e–h) Pollen in situ from specimen in (d) showing long aperture (e) and pollen wall with heterobrochate reticulum (e–h); note narrow muri with flatten and smooth surface and short columellae (h). Specimens, Catefica 49-S115859 (a–c), Catefica 151-S105281 (holotype, d–h). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, d), 50 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c, e–g), 1.5 Μm (h).
Text-fig. 19. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a–c) of Aristospermum huberi and scanning electron microscope (SEM, d, e) images of Choffaticarpus compactus; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Volume rendering of strongly flattened, triangular seed with pointed micropylar region; note thin-walled cells of outer integument preserved along the margins of the seed and pitted surface of the crystalliferous inner cells of outer integument where the outer cells are abraded and the narrow, lateral funicle/raphe; b) Volume rendering of seed showing surface of inner integument (endotesta) with cells showing clear imprints of crystals (arrows); c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz0241) of seed showing crystalliferous cells of endotesta (white arrows) and the two fiber layers of the tegmen that are perpendicular to each other (inner integument, ii-f, black arrows); d) Fragment of multiparted, apocarpous fruiting structure showing several helically-arranged, laterally flattened, fruitlets; e) Fruitlet in lateral view showing the prominent ventral face with its lateral groove, short attachment scar, and sunken regions of the fruit wall that indicate the probable presence of oil cells. Specimens, Catefica 49-S266049 (a–c), Catefica 49-S172558 (d), Catefica 49-S118675 (e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c–e), 100 Μm (b). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 19. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a–c) of Aristospermum huberi and scanning electron microscope (SEM, d, e) images of Choffaticarpus compactus; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Volume rendering of strongly flattened, triangular seed with pointed micropylar region; note thin-walled cells of outer integument preserved along the margins of the seed and pitted surface of the crystalliferous inner cells of outer integument where the outer cells are abraded and the narrow, lateral funicle/raphe; b) Volume rendering of seed showing surface of inner integument (endotesta) with cells showing clear imprints of crystals (arrows); c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz0241) of seed showing crystalliferous cells of endotesta (white arrows) and the two fiber layers of the tegmen that are perpendicular to each other (inner integument, ii-f, black arrows); d) Fragment of multiparted, apocarpous fruiting structure showing several helically-arranged, laterally flattened, fruitlets; e) Fruitlet in lateral view showing the prominent ventral face with its lateral groove, short attachment scar, and sunken regions of the fruit wall that indicate the probable presence of oil cells. Specimens, Catefica 49-S266049 (a–c), Catefica 49-S172558 (d), Catefica 49-S118675 (e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c–e), 100 Μm (b).
Text-fig. 4. Taimyria triassica NAUGOLNYKH et MOGUTCHEVA gen. et sp. nov., holotype 4287/6. a: line drawing explaining female cone morphology after holotype; b: suggested reconstruction showing arrangement and vascularization of seed-bearing discs (left), and section through seed-bearing discs exhibiting seed attachment and marginal limb structure (right); c: seed scar structure (after Textfig. 3c), 1 – subepidermal and epidermal tissues under the cuticle, 2 – coaly tissues of mesophyll. Oval form at seed scar center is possible exit of conducting strand. Locality: Tsvetkov Cape; Lower Triassic, Induan; Keshin Formation. Scale bar 1 cm (a, b), 100 µm (c). in Taimyria Gen. Nov., A New Genus Of Evolutionary Advanced Gymnosperms From Triassic Of The Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia, Russia
Text-fig. 4. Taimyria triassica NAUGOLNYKH et MOGUTCHEVA gen. et sp. nov., holotype 4287/6. a: line drawing explaining female cone morphology after holotype; b: suggested reconstruction showing arrangement and vascularization of seed-bearing discs (left), and section through seed-bearing discs exhibiting seed attachment and marginal limb structure (right); c: seed scar structure (after Textfig. 3c), 1 – subepidermal and epidermal tissues under the cuticle, 2 – coaly tissues of mesophyll. Oval form at seed scar center is possible exit of conducting strand. Locality: Tsvetkov Cape; Lower Triassic, Induan; Keshin Formation. Scale bar 1 cm (a, b), 100 µm (c).
Data from: LoRaD: Marginal likelihood estimation with haste (but no waste)
<p>The Lowest Radial Distance (LoRaD) method is a modification of the recently-introduced Partition-Weighted Kernel method for estimating the marginal likelihood of a model, a quantity important for Bayesian model selection. For analyses involving a fixed tree topology, LoRaD improves upon the Steppingstone or Thermodynamic Integration (Path Sampling) approaches now in common use in phylogenetics because it requires sampling only from the posterior distribution, avoiding the need to sample from a series of <em>ad hoc</em> power posterior distributions, and yet is more accurate than other fast methods such as the Generalized Harmonic Mean (GHM) method. We show that the method performs well in comparison to the Generalized Steppingstone method on an empirical fixed-topology example from molecular phylogenetics involving 180 parameters. The LoRaD method can also be used to obtain the marginal likelihood in the variable-topology case if at least one tree topology occurs with sufficient frequency in the posterior sample to allow accurate estimation of the marginal likelihood conditional on that topology.</p>
Direct observations of wave-sea ice interactions in the Antarctic Marginal Ice Zone
<p>These are the data used in the analysis and creation of figures in S. Wahlgren, L.C. Biddle, J. Thomson and S. Swart: <em><strong>Direct observations of wave-sea ice interactions in the Antarctic Marginal Ice Zone</strong> </em>[Submitted]. Preprint: https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.168201718.84053333/v1</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>Wave energy propagating into the Antarctic marginal ice zone affects the quality and extent of the sea ice, and wave propagation is therefore an important factor for understanding and predicting changes in sea ice cover. Sea ice is notoriously hard to model and in-situ observations of wave activity in the Antarctic marginal ice zone are scarce, due to the extreme conditions of the region. Here, we provide new in-situ data from two drifting Surface Wave Instrument Float with Tracking (SWIFT) buoys deployed in the Weddell Sea in the austral winter and spring in 2019. The buoy location ranges from open water to more than 200 km into the sea ice. We estimate the attenuation of swell with wave periods 8-18 s, and find an attenuation coefficient <em>α = </em>4·10<sup>-6</sup> to 7·10<sup>-5</sup> m<sup>-1</sup> in spring, and approximately five-fold larger in winter. The attenuation coefficients show a power law frequency dependence, with power coefficient 3.3 in spring and 4 in winter. The in-situ data also shows a change in wave direction, where wave direction tends to be more perpendicular to the ice edge farther into the sea ice. A possible explanation for this might be a change in the dispersion relation caused by changing sea ice composition. These observations can help shed further light on the influence of sea ice on waves propagating into the Marginal Ice Zone, aiding development of coupled wave-sea ice models.</p> <p><strong>Related code: </strong> The accompanying code can be found at <strong> </strong>https://github.com/stinawahlgren/roammiz-wave-seaice-interactions. SWIFT buoy data has been processed using https://github.com/SASlabgroup/SWIFT-codes.</p>
Ocean Microstructure measurements using a Slocum glider in the Southern Ocean Marginal Ice Zone
<p>Ocean microstructure data were collected using a turbulence package mounted on a Slocum and deployed from RV SA Agulhas II in the North Eastern Weddell Sea, [60S; 0E], from December 2019 to February 2020. Observations conducted by the Southern Ocean Carbon-Climate Observatory, Smart Places, CSIR, for the project "Contemporary and Future Drivers of CO2 and Heat in the Southern Ocean" funded by NRF-SANAP (SNA170522231782, SANAP200324510487) and in collaboration with Polar Gliders, University of Gothenburg (Project: "Robotic Observations and Modelling of the Marginal Ice Zone" funded by the Wallenberg Academy Fellowship (WAF 2015.0186). Turbulence data were collected using a Rockland Scientific MicroRider mounted on the SLOCUM. Microshear was measured using two airfoil shear probes oriented orthogonally to each other. The measurements are from a 47 days of dive and climb profiles, with a maximum depth of 500 m. The dataset is processed and prepared following the SCOR Working Group ATOMIX guidelines and recommendations. The provided file includes daily arithmetic means of the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy derived from the microrider measurements. Temperature, salinity, latitude and longitude were taken from the Slocum glider.</p>
Bird breeding season linked to sunshine hours in a marginally seasonal equatorial climate
<p><span>The timing of reproduction is a fundamental aspect of life history, yet the breeding seasons of most birds of the world, i.e., those in the tropics, remain poorly understood. Here we use more than 3,000 mist-netting records and 300,000 citizen scientist observations collected over six years to characterize the nesting, incubation, fledging, and juvenile stages of the breeding season on Singapore Island in Southeast Asia's equatorial rainforest zone. The breeding season was compared with climate variables and food availability to identify possible proximate and ultimate causes. Breeding was seasonal and began just after the rainiest months of the year, when insect abundance was highest and when masting events were most likely to occur. While true photoperiod varied little throughout the year, overcast weather in November–December and sunnier weather in February–March caused average daily sunshine to increase by several hours at the onset of the breeding season in all six years. Our data suggest that subjective daily sunshine hours, which correlate with photoperiod at higher latitudes but not in the tropics, may be the actual proximate trigger of breeding activity in most of the world's birds.</span></p>
Ecological marginalization is widespread and increases extinction risk in mammals
<p>Human land-use results in widespread range change across taxa. Anthropogenic pressures can result in species' realized niches expanding, shifting, or contracting. Marginalization occurs when contraction constrains species to the geographic or ecological extremes of their historic niche. Using 4,785 terrestrial mammal species, we show that range contraction results in niche space and habitat diversity loss. Additionally, ecological marginalization is a common consequence of range contraction caused by human land use change. Remnant populations become located in the climatic and topographic extremes of their historic niche that are more likely to be at the periphery of their historic niche at greater distances from historic niche centroids. This ecological marginalization is associated with poor performance and increased extinction risk independent of geographic range loss. Range loss and marginalization may create a "double whammy" in vulnerable groups, such as large-bodied species and species with small geographical range size. Our results reveal a hitherto unrecognized conservation threat that is vital to incorporate into conservation assessment and management.</p>
FIGS. 297–302. Orus dentiger. 297. Head, left lateral. 298. Trichobothrium, enlarged. 299. Mesoventrite. 300. Metaventrite. 301. Metaventrite, left lateral margin. 302 in Generic Revisions Of The Scopaeina And The Sphaeronina (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae: Lathrobiini)
FIGS. 297–302. Orus dentiger. 297. Head, left lateral. 298. Trichobothrium, enlarged. 299. Mesoventrite. 300. Metaventrite. 301. Metaventrite, left lateral margin. 302. Mesofemur, right base.
FIGS. 303–308. Orus. 303–304. O. dentiger. 303. Sternites II and III. 304. Sternite IV, midanterior margin. 305–308. O. punctatus. 305. Metaventrite. 306. Metaventrite, left lateral margin. 307. Mesofemur, left base. 308 in Generic Revisions Of The Scopaeina And The Sphaeronina (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae: Lathrobiini)
FIGS. 303–308. Orus. 303–304. O. dentiger. 303. Sternites II and III. 304. Sternite IV, midanterior margin. 305–308. O. punctatus. 305. Metaventrite. 306. Metaventrite, left lateral margin. 307. Mesofemur, left base. 308. Mesoventrite, posteroventral.
FIGS. 321–325. Orus rubens. 321. Sternites II and III. 322. Sternite IV, midanterior margin. 323. Tergite IX in Generic Revisions Of The Scopaeina And The Sphaeronina (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae: Lathrobiini)
FIGS. 321–325. Orus rubens. 321. Sternites II and III. 322. Sternite IV, midanterior margin. 323. Tergite IX, ventral, male. 324. Aedeagus, ventral. 325. Aedeagus, left lateral.
Рис. 2. Основные части теΛа и эΛементы окраски Mesobuthus eupeus: I – просома; II – мезосома; III – метасома; a – меΑиаΛьная поΛоса; b – парамеΑиаΛьная поΛоса; с – маргинаΛьная поΛоса; d – поперечная поΛоса; e – пятна. Fig. 2. Main body parts and colour pattern elements of Mesobuthus eupeus: I – prosoma; II – mesosome; III – metasoma; a – medial stripe; b – paramedical stripe; с – marginal stripe; d – transverse stripe; e – spots. in Materials on the colour pattern variability of Mesobuthus eupeus (C.L. Koch, 1839) (Arachnida: Scorpiones) in southeastern Shirvan and Gobustan (Eastern Azerbaijan)
Рис. 2. Основные части теΛа и эΛементы окраски Mesobuthus eupeus: I – просома; II – мезосома; III – метасома; a – меΑиаΛьная поΛоса; b – парамеΑиаΛьная поΛоса; с – маргинаΛьная поΛоса; d – поперечная поΛоса; e – пятна. Fig. 2. Main body parts and colour pattern elements of Mesobuthus eupeus: I – prosoma; II – mesosome; III – metasoma; a – medial stripe; b – paramedical stripe; с – marginal stripe; d – transverse stripe; e – spots.
Рис. 21–25. Частота изменчивости основных эΛементов рисунка (меΑиаΛьной, парамеΑиаΛьных и маргинаΛьных поΛос) ΑорсаΛьной поверхности мезосомы Mesobuthus eupeus в посеΛениях кажΑой из выборок. 21 – Северо-ЗапаΑный Гобустан (n = 57); 22 – Северо-Восточный Гобустан (n = 40); 23 – ЦентраΛьный Гобустан (n = 81); 24 – Юго-Восточный Гобустан (n = 103); 25 – Юго-Восточный Ширван (n = 86). По оси абсцисс указаны посеΛения, по оси орΑинат – частота изменчивости. Figs 21–25. Frequency of variability of the main elements of pattern (medial, paramedical and marginal stripes) of dorsal surface of mesosome of Mesobuthus eupeus in conglomerations of each sample. 21 – northwestern Gobustan (n = 57); 22 – northeastern Gobustan (n = 40); 23 – central Gobustan (n = 81); 24 – southeastern Gobustan (n = 103); 25 – southeastern Shirvan (n = 86). Abscissas show conglomerations, ordinates – the frequency of variability. in Materials on the colour pattern variability of Mesobuthus eupeus (C.L. Koch, 1839) (Arachnida: Scorpiones) in southeastern Shirvan and Gobustan (Eastern Azerbaijan)
Рис. 21–25. Частота изменчивости основных эΛементов рисунка (меΑиаΛьной, парамеΑиаΛьных и маргинаΛьных поΛос) ΑорсаΛьной поверхности мезосомы Mesobuthus eupeus в посеΛениях кажΑой из выборок. 21 – Северо-ЗапаΑный Гобустан (n = 57); 22 – Северо-Восточный Гобустан (n = 40); 23 – ЦентраΛьный Гобустан (n = 81); 24 – Юго-Восточный Гобустан (n = 103); 25 – Юго-Восточный Ширван (n = 86). По оси абсцисс указаны посеΛения, по оси орΑинат – частота изменчивости. Figs 21–25. Frequency of variability of the main elements of pattern (medial, paramedical and marginal stripes) of dorsal surface of mesosome of Mesobuthus eupeus in conglomerations of each sample. 21 – northwestern Gobustan (n = 57); 22 – northeastern Gobustan (n = 40); 23 – central Gobustan (n = 81); 24 – southeastern Gobustan (n = 103); 25 – southeastern Shirvan (n = 86). Abscissas show conglomerations, ordinates – the frequency of variability.
Fig. 34. Character 27. Fore wing outer margin, states 0 and 1 in An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna
Fig. 34. Character 27. Fore wing outer margin, states 0 and 1: (0) developed for its total length; (1) greatly reduced and in part contiguous with ambient vein.
Episodic evolution of a protracted convergent margin revealed by detrital zircon geochronology in the Greater Caucasus
<p class="MsoNormal">Convergent margins play a fundamental role in the construction and modification of Earth's lithosphere and are characterized by poorly understood episodic processes that occur during the progression from subduction to terminal collision. On the northern margin of the active Arabia-Eurasia collision zone, the Greater Caucasus Mountains provide an opportunity to study a protracted convergent margin that spanned most of the Phanerozoic and culminated in Cenozoic continental collision. However, the main episodes of lithosphere formation and deformation along this margin remain enigmatic. Here, we use detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology from Paleozoic and Mesozoic (meta)sedimentary rocks in the Greater Caucasus, along with select zircon U-Pb and Hf isotopic data from coeval igneous rocks, to link key magmatic and depositional episodes along the Caucasus convergent margin. Devonian to Early Carboniferous rocks were deposited prior to Late Carboniferous accretion of the Greater Caucasus crystalline core onto the Laurussian margin. Permian to Triassic rocks document a period of northward subduction and forearc deposition south of a continental margin volcanic arc in the Northern Caucasus and Scythian Platform. Jurassic rocks record the opening of the Caucasus Basin as a back-arc rift during southward migration of the arc front into the Lesser Caucasus. Cretaceous rocks have few Jurassic-Cretaceous zircons, indicating a period of relative magmatic quiescence and minimal exhumation within this basin. Late Cenozoic closure of the Caucasus Basin juxtaposed the Lesser Caucasus arc to the south against the crystalline core of the Greater Caucasus to the north and led to the formation of a hypothesized terminal suture. We expect this suture to be within ~20 kilometers of the southern range front of the Greater Caucasus because all analyzed rocks to the north exhibit a provenance affinity with the crystalline core of the Greater Caucasus.</p>
Approaching a thermal tipping point in the Eurasian boreal forest at its southern margin
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