Find research datasets worth reusing

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2019View details →

Modified "test_urban" dataset for thermal comfort in PALM

The test configuration used in the manuscript "Calculating human thermal comfort and thermal stress in the PALM model system 6.0" submitted to GMD along with the results and source code.

Everyday urban environment (urbArki-2009)

Data description: This data is collected as part of the Urban Everyday (Urbaani Arki) project and includes the following datasets: Home locations, everyday errand points, suggestion points, and appeal points. Who collected (person/organization): The dataset is collected in department of Built Environment, Aalto University, Finland, in Prof. Marketta Kyttä’s research team. when collected the data: Data is collected in 2009 Data characteristics: Age range: Data is collected from individuals aged 15-74 Geographical area: Tampere, Finland

Urban Happiness (urbOnni-2009)

Data description: This data is collected as part of the Urban Happiness project and includes the following datasets: Home locations, everyday errand points, Helsinki experience points, and Espoo experience points. Who collected (person/organization): The dataset is collected in department of Built Environment, Aalto University, Finland, in Prof. Marketta Kyttä’s research team. Funding: The research was financed by the National Technology Agency of Finland. In addition, the cities of Espoo, Helsinki, and Turku, Ministry of the Environment, the Finnish Transport Agency, FCG Planeko Ltd, and Skanska Ltd helped to finance the project. when collected the data: Data is collected in 2009 Data characteristics: Age range: Data is collected from individuals aged 15-65 Geographical area: The data is collected from Helsinki and Espoo Spatial reference: ETRS89_TM35FIN_E_N Data quality: Tools and methods: The data was collected using the Maptionnaire tool (maptionnaire.com) (aka. SoftGIS) from a randomly collected sample of 15982 individuals. Link to survey (if applicable): NA Anonymization: The home locations are spatially anonymized using a customized Gaussian perturbation algorithm developed by the research team. Largest displacements were typically applied in the least dense areas. Sensitive data and attributes are removed. Other points have been also randomly anonymized to a lesser extent.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2020View details →

Collaborative Architecture, Urbanism, and Sustainability Web Archive (CAUSEWAY) collection derivatives

Web archive derivatives of the <a href="https://archive-it.org/collections/4638">Collaborative Architecture, Urbanism, and Sustainability Web Archive (CAUSEWAY)</a> collection from the <a href="https://archive-it.org/home/IvyPlus">Ivy Plus Libraries Confederation</a>. The derivatives were created with the <a href="https://github.com/archivesunleashed/aut/">Archives Unleashed Toolkit</a> and <a href="https://cloud.archivesunleashed.org/">Archives Unleashed Cloud</a>. The ivy-4638-parquet.tar.gz derivatives are in the <a href="https://parquet.apache.org/">Apache Parquet format</a>, which is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column-oriented_DBMS">columnar storage</a> format. These derivatives are generally small enough to work with on your local machine, and can be easily converted to Pandas DataFrames. See <a href="https://github.com/archivesunleashed/notebooks/blob/master/datathon-nyc/parquet_pandas_stonewall.ipynb">this</a> notebook for examples. Domains <pre><code class="language-java">.webpages().groupBy(ExtractDomainDF($"url").alias("url")).count().sort($"count".desc)</code></pre> Produces a DataFrame with the following columns: <ul> <li>domain</li> <li>count</li> </ul> Web Pages <pre><code class="language-java">.webpages().select($"crawl_date", $"url", $"mime_type_web_server", $"mime_type_tika", RemoveHTMLDF(RemoveHTTPHeaderDF(($"content"))).alias("content"))</code></pre> Produces a DataFrame with the following columns: <ul> <li>crawl_date</li> <li>url</li> <li>mime_type_web_server</li> <li>mime_type_tika</li> <li>content</li> </ul> Web Graph <pre><code class="language-java">.webgraph()</code></pre> Produces a DataFrame with the following columns: <ul> <li>crawl_date</li> <li>src</li> <li>dest</li> <li>anchor</li> </ul> Image Links <pre><code class="language-java">.imageLinks()</code></pre> Produces a DataFrame with the following columns: <ul> <li>src</li> <li>image_url</li> </ul> <a href="https://github.com/archivesunleashed/aut-docs/blob/master/current/binary-analysis.md#binary-analysis">Binary Analysis</a> <ul> <li>Audio</li> <li>Images</li> <li>Presentation program files</li> <li>Spreadsheets</li> <li>Text files</li> <li>Word processor files  </li> </ul> The ivy-4638-auk.tar.gz derivatives are the <a href="https://cloud.archivesunleashed.org/derivatives">standard set of web archive derivatives</a> produced by the Archives Unleashed Cloud. <ul> <li>Gephi file, which can be loaded into <a href="https://gephi.org/">Gephi</a>. It will have basic characteristics already computed and a basic layout.</li> <li>Raw Network file, which can also be loaded into <a href="https://gephi.org/">Gephi</a>. You will have to use that network program to lay it out yourself.</li> <li>Full text file. In it, each website within the web archive collection will have its full text presented on one line, along with information around when it was crawled, the name of the domain, and the full URL of the content.</li> <li>Domains count file. A text file containing the frequency count of domains captured within your web archive.</li> </ul>

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2020View details →

RESCCUE (RESilience to cope with Climate Change in Urban arEas) EU Project - WP1 Data

These files contain the data generated for the Work Package 1 of the RESCCUE project. RESCCUE project was devised to analyse future urban impacts due to climate change so as to improve resilience of three target cities: Barcelona, Bristol and Lisbon. To achieve that, future climate projections and changes in extreme events were obtained at a local scale for the Work Package 1. Several past studies were analysed to identify all the climate variables and extreme events that could affect urban areas, e.g. heavy rainfall, heat waves and storm surge. All available meteorological observations in the considered areas were collected and filtered through several tests (general consistency, outliers and inhomogeneities) in order to handle datasets long enough and of good quality. As a way to obtain the best input possible, every valid station was extended in time by downscaling process with the ERA-Interim reanalysis. Future climate projections were obtained for ten different global climate models considering two of the main Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) established in the last IPCC report. These models were downscaled through a sophisticated statistical methods (analogous stratification and transfer functions among others) to project local climate according to the identified climate drivers: temperature, precipitation, wind, relative humidity, sea level pressure, potential evapotranspiration, snowfall, wave height and sea level; and for both climate and decadal timescales. Already downscaled models were first validated for the method and afterwards verified, obtaining small errors and good coherent simulations. Extreme events of the main climate drivers were obtained and analysed for both historical and future scenarios through the combination of several statistical methods as well as through the analysis of several teleconnectionpatterns. Derived events such as heat waves, drought, snowstorms, storm surges, wave height among others were afterwards inferred for climate, decadal and seasonal scale. FILES The data generated have been grouped into three different files, one for each studied area: the hydrological basin of the rivers Ter and Llobregat (the area that influences Barcelona), the geographical area between England and South Wales (the area that influences Bristol) and the Lisbon area. Each of the files contains a self-explanatory file detailing the structure of the information contained and the way in which it is provided. ABOUT THE RESCCUE PROJECT The RESCCUE project, Resilience to cope with Climate Change in Urban Areas, –a multisectorial approach focusing on water– aims to provide practical and innovative models and tools to end-users facing climate change challenges to build more resilient cities. The project provides tools to assess urban resilience from a multisectorial approach, for current and future climate scenarios and including multiple hazards. This holistic approach to urban resilience will enable city managers and urban systems operators to decide the optimal investments to cope with future situations. For more information, please visit <a href="http://www.resccue.eu/">www.resccue.eu</a>

Fig. 88 in Urban Scatopsidae (Diptera) of Los Angeles, California, United States

Fig. 88. Map of the Los Angeles County with BioSCAN Phase II sampling sites 31–46.

Figs. 45–46 in Urban Scatopsidae (Diptera) of Los Angeles, California, United States

Figs. 45–46. Scatopse notata (Linnaeus), female terminalia. 45.Ventral view. 46. Dorsal view.

Fig. 87 in Urban Scatopsidae (Diptera) of Los Angeles, California, United States

Fig. 87. Map of the Los Angeles County with BioSCAN Phase I sampling sites 1–30.

opencc-zeroMay 2020View details →

Stocks of paracetamol products stored in urban New Zealand households: A cross-sectional study

Background Intentional self-harm is a common cause of hospital presentations in New Zealand and across the world, and self-poisoning is the most common method of self-harm. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is frequently used in impulsive intentional overdoses, where ease of access may determine the choice of substance. Objective This cross-sectional study aimed to determine how much paracetamol is present and therefore accessible in urban New Zealand households, and sources from where it has been obtained. This information is not currently available through any other means, but could inform New Zealand drug policy on access to paracetamol. Methods Random cluster-sampling of households was performed in major urban areas of two cities in New Zealand, and the paracetamol-containing products, quantities, and sources were recorded. Population estimates of proportions of various types of paracetamol products were calculated. Results A total of 174 of the 201 study households (86.6%) had at least one paracetamol product. Study households had mostly prescription products (78.2% of total mass), and a median of 24.0 g paracetamol present per household (inter-quartile range 6.0-54.0 g). Prescribed paracetamol was the main source of large stock. Based on the study findings, 53% of New Zealand households had 30 g or more paracetamol present, and 36% had 30 g or more of prescribed paracetamol, specifically. Conclusions This study highlights the importance of assessing whether and how much paracetamol is truly needed when prescribing and dispensing it. Convenience of appropriate access to therapeutic paracetamol needs to be balanced with preventing unnecessary accumulation of paracetamol stocks in households and inappropriate access to it. Prescribers and pharmacists need to be aware of the risks of such accumulation and assess the therapeutic needs of their patients. Public initiatives should be rolled out at regular intervals to encourage people to return unused or expired medicines to pharmacies for safe disposal.

opencc-zeroMay 2020View details →

Data from: Plant-pollinator interactions along an urbanization gradient from cities and villages to farmland landscapes

Urbanization affects pollinator diversity and plant-pollinator networks by changing resource availability locally and in the surrounding landscape. We experimentally established (N = 12) standardized plant communities in farmland, villages and cities to identify the relative role of local and landscape effects on plant-pollinator communities along this urbanization gradient. We found that the number of flower visits by solitary bees, but not bumblebees, were highest in cities and lowest in farmland, with villages being intermediate, whereas syrphid flies exhibited lowest numbers in cities. Villages supported the richest pollinator communities, as they appeared to benefit from both farmland and city communities. Plant-pollinator network metrics such as robustness, interaction evenness and interaction diversity decreased with increasing urbanization, although local plant richness increased towards urban areas. In conclusion, pollinator communities were most diverse and stable in farmland and village sites, despite the high plant richness in cities. The different composition of pollinator communities along the urbanization gradient suggests considering all three landscape types for conservation schemes.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2020View details →

Datasets of studying Isoprene oxidation in urban and suburban areas

Observational dataset including functionalized isoprene oxidation products, VOCs, trace gases, MET and organic aerosol composition measured at SORPES, Nanjing (118.9E,32.1N) and ECUST, Shanghai (121.5E,30.9N) during summer of 2018. The measurement period is July 13th- August 9th and June 21th-June 26th, respectively. The isoprene functionalized oxidation products were measured by NO3- CI-API-TOF, VOCs were measured by PTR-TOF-MS and ogrganic aerosol composition was measured by TOF-ACSM.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Multi-scalar drivers of biodiversity: local management mediates wild bee community response to regional urbanization

It is critical to understand the specific drivers of biodiversity across multiple spatial scales, especially within rapidly urbanizing areas, given the distinct management recommendations that may result at each scale. However, drivers of biodiversity patterns and interactions between drivers are often only measured and modeled at a single scale. In this study, we assessed bee community composition at three time periods in 20 grassland and 20 agriculture sites located across two major metroplexes. We examined how local environmental variables and surrounding landscape composition impact bee abundance, richness, and evenness, including comparisons between groups with different nesting strategies and body sizes. We collected nearly 13,000 specimens and identified 172 species. We found that levels of regional land-use differentially impacted bee abundance and diversity depending on local habitat management. Specifically, within agriculture sites, bee richness was greater with increasing landscape-level semi-natural habitat, while in grassland sites, bee richness was similar across landscapes regardless of semi-natural habitat cover. Bee evenness at both site types declined with increasing landscape-level habitat heterogeneity, due to an increase of rare species at the grassland sites, but not in the agricultural sites; further indicating that diversity is driven by the interaction of local habitat quality and landscape-level habitat composition. We additionally found that agriculture sites supported higher abundances, but not richness, of small-bodied and below-ground nesting bees, while grassland sites supported higher abundances of above-ground nesting bees, and higher richness of large-bodied species. Increased levels of local bare ground were significantly related to multiple metrics of bee diversity, including greater below-ground nesting bee abundance and richness. Local floral richness was also significantly related to increases of overall bee abundance, as well as the abundance and richness of small bees. Overall, we suggest that local land managers can support bee abundance and diversity by conserving areas of bare soil and promoting native floral diversity, the latter especially critical in highly urban agricultural spaces. Our results provide the first documentation of significant interactions between local habitat management and landscape composition impacting insect communities in urban systems, indicating that bee conservation practices depend critically on land-use interactions across multiple spatial scales.

opencc-zeroMay 2020View details →

Data from: City sicker? a meta-analysis of wildlife health and urbanization

Urban development can alter resource availability, land use, and community composition, in turn influencing wildlife health. Generalizable relationships between wildlife health and urbanization have yet to be quantified, and could vary across health metrics and animal taxonomy. We present a phylogenetic meta-analysis of 516 records spanning 81 wildlife species from 106 studies comparing the toxicant loads, parasitism, body condition, or stress of urban and non-urban wildlife populations in 30 countries. We find a significantly negative relationship between urbanization and wildlife health, driven by higher toxicant loads and greater parasitism by parasites transmitted through close contact. Invertebrates and amphibians were particularly affected, with higher toxicant loads and physiological stress in urban populations as compared to their non-urban counterparts. We also found strong geographic and taxonomic bias in research effort, highlighting future research needs. Our results suggest urban wildlife experience several health risks with potential threats to conservation.

Characterizing the nectar microbiome of the non-native tropical milkweed, Asclepias curassavica, in an urban environment

In increasingly urban landscapes, the loss of native pollen and nectar floral resources is impacting ecologically important pollinators. Increased urbanization has also brought about the rise of urban gardens which introduce new floral resources that may help replace those the pollinators have lost. Recently, studies have shown that the microbial communities of nectar may play an important role in plant-pollinator interactions, but these microbial communities and the floral visitors in urban environments are poorly studied. In this study we characterized the floral visitors and nectar microbial communities of Ascelpias curassavica, a non-native tropical milkweed commonly, in an urban environment. We found that the majority of the floral visitors to A. curassavica were honey bees followed closely by monarch butterflies. We also found that there were several unique visitors to each site, such as ants, wasps, solitary bees, several species of butterflies and moths, Anna's hummingbird, and the tarantula hawk wasp. Significant differences in the nectar bacterial alpha and beta diversity were found across the urban sites, although we found no significant differences among the fungal communities. We found that the differences in the bacterial communities were more likely due to the environment and floral visitors rather than physiological differences in the plants growing at the gardens. Greater understanding of the impact of urbanization on the nectar microbiome of urban floral resources and consequently their effect on plant-pollinator relationships will help to predict how these relationships will change with urbanization, and how negative impacts can be mitigated through better management of the floral composition in urban gardens.

Data from: Plasticity versus evolutionary divergence: what causes habitat partitioning in urban-adapted birds?

Habitat partitioning can facilitate the coexistence of closely related species, and often results from competitive interference inducing plastic shifts of subordinate species in response to aggressive, dominant species (plasticity), or the evolution of ecological differences in subordinate species that reduce their ability to occupy habitats where the dominant species occurs (evolutionary divergence). Evidence consistent with both plasticity and evolutionary divergence exist, but the relative contributions of each to habitat partitioning have been difficult to discern. Here we use a global dataset on the breeding occurrence of birds in cities to test predictions of these alternative hypotheses to explain previously described habitat partitioning associated with competitive interference. Consistent with plasticity, the presence of behaviorally dominant congeners in a city was associated with a 65% reduction in occurrence of subordinate species, but only when the dominant was a widespread breeder in urban habitats. Consistent with evolutionary divergence, increased range-wide overlap with dominant congeners was associated with a 56% reduction in occurrence of subordinates in cities, even when the dominant was absent from the city. Overall, our results suggest that both plasticity and evolutionary divergence play important, concurrent roles in habitat partitioning among closely related species in urban environments.

Growing in the city: urban evolutionary ecology of avian growth rates.

Rapid environmental change driven by urbanisation offers a unique insight into the adaptive potential of wildlife as it can induce distinct selective pressures on urban dwelling organisms. Despite mounting evidence for urban-driven phenotypic differentiation across taxa, knowledge of the impact of urbanisation on vertebrate developmental rates and subsequent survival is very limited. Importantly, the role of selection on urban-driven body mass divergence in juvenile organisms remains poorly understood. We studied nestling development in a gradient of urbanisation set in Warsaw, Poland, in two nestbox breeding passerine species: great tits (Parus major) and blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus). Each nestbox in the study system was assessed for surrounding percentage of Impervious Surface Area (ISA). Within these nestboxes, weight measurements of individual nestlings were collected during three breeding seasons and at regular intervals after hatching. Although asymptotic mass and growth rate were not directly affected by ISA in a subset of frequently measured nestlings, the age of fastest growth (inflection point) was delayed in blue tit nests surrounded by greater ISA. Across the entire dataset, nestling body mass was negatively affected by increasing ISA at days 5 and 10 after hatching for great tits, and at days 10 and 15 for blue tits, respectively. Concomitantly, offspring survival at days 5 and 10 decreased with increasing ISA for both species. An analysis of selection differentials performed for two contrasting levels of imperviousness (low and high ISA) revealed a significant positive association between mass at day 2 and survival at fledging. Importantly, the strength of selection for heavier nestlings at hatching was greater for great tits in the more transformed, high ISA environment. This study confirms the considerable impact of imperviousness -a proxy for urbanisation level- on offspring development, body mass and survival, and highlights increased selection on avian birth weight in a high ISA environment.

Metabolic and behavioral adaptations of greater white-toothed shrews to urban conditions

The global trend of urbanization is creating novel challenges to many animal species. Studies investigating behavioral differences between rural and urban populations often report a general increase in risk-taking behaviors in urban populations. According to the most common energy management model (the performance model), behaviors that increase access to resources, such as aggression and boldness, and behaviors that consume net energy, like locomotion and stress responses, are both positively correlated to resting metabolic rate (RMR). Thus, we expect urban populations to not only exhibit a higher level of risk-taking behavior but also a higher RMR. However, these interactions remain poorly investigated. Our main goal was to analyze the relationship between RMR and risk-taking behaviors in the greater white-toothed shrew (Crocidura russula) in rural vs. urban populations. Trapped shrews were brought to captivity where we measured RMR, boldness and exploration rate three times in each individual. Our findings revealed urban shrews were indeed bolder and more exploratory, but contrary to our expectations, their RMR was lower than that of rural shrews. This is likely explained by differences in the environmental conditions of these two habitats, such as higher ambient temperatures and/or lower prey availability in cities. When looking at each population separately, this relationship remained similar: urban shrews with a higher RMR were less bold, and rural shrews with a higher RMR showed a lower exploration rate. We conclude the energetic strategy of C. russula is dependent on the environmental and observational context and cannot be explained by the performance model.