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Fig. 5 in Morphological and Morphometric Description of a Novel Shelled Amoeba Arcella gandalfi sp.nov. (Amoebozoa:Arcellinida) fromBrazilianContinental Waters

Fig. 5. Representative images of an Arcella brasiliensis individual. A – apertural view, showing the distinct marginal ring (test brim); B – lateral view showing the rounded dome. Scale bar: 20 µm.

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Fig. 4 in Morphological and Morphometric Description of a Novel Shelled Amoeba Arcella gandalfi sp.nov. (Amoebozoa:Arcellinida) fromBrazilianContinental Waters

Fig. 4. Apertural view of two individuals of Arcella gandalfi. A and B – distinct marginal ring (test brim) similar to Arcella brasiliensis easily seen. Scale bar: 20 µm.

Fig. 6 in Description of a New Brackish Water Ciliate, Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 6. Photomicrographs of Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. after protargol staining (A–I). (A–C) Opisthe's oral primordium at early dividers. (D) Proter's oral primordium. (E, F) Fontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen of early dividers. (G) A later divider showing the completion of development of oral primordium and cirral anlagen, arrows and arrow show newly formed ventral and frontal cirri respectively in the opisthe. (H, I) The same late divider showing the posterior part of adoral zone of membranelles (arrowheads) and the longest dorsal kinety 3 (arrows). AZM1, the anterior part of adoral zone of membranelles; CA, cirral anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; LMC, left marginal cirri; OP, opisthe's oral primordium; POP, proter's oral primordium; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Fig. 7 in Description of a New Brackish Water Ciliate, Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 7. Phylogenetic tree inferred by ML and BI of SSU rRNA gene sequences. Numbers near branches denote ML bootstraps value/BI posterior probability value. '*' indicates topology that differ between ML and BI phylogenies. All branches are drawn to scale. The scale bar corresponds to 5 substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions. GenBank accession numbers are given for each species. Classification is mainly according to Lynn (2008).

Fig. 4 in Description of a New Brackish Water Ciliate, Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 4. Microphotographs of Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. from life (A–L). (A, C, D) Ventral views of different cells, showing variation of body shape, arrow shows cilia in AZM1. (B) Dorsal view showing inclusions, a small spur-like protrusion (arrow in B), and anterior membranelles (arrow in D). (E) Partially lateral view. (F) Anterior portion showing spur-like bulge (arrow) at anterior margin of body and AZM1. (G) Ventral view of posterior part showing AZM2, and small left marginal cirrus (arrow). (H) Ventral view of anterior part, showing frontal cirri. (I) Ventral view of posterior part, showing the fine rightmost transverse cirrus (arrow) and left marginal cirri. (J) Ventral view, showing two fine ventral cirri (arrows). (K) Depicting dorsal bristles. (L) Dorsal view, to show caudal cirri located at concave area and dorsal grooves (arrows). AZM1,2, anterior and proximal part of adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cirri; FC, frontal cirri; LMC, left marginal cirri; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Fig. 5 in Description of a New Brackish Water Ciliate, Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 5. Photomicrographs of Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. after protargol staining (A–I). (A–C, I) Ventral and dorsal views of specimens at interphase, showing ciliature and macronuclear nodules, arrow showing the small left marginal cirrus. (D, E) Anterior view, to show AZM1 and frontal cirri. (F) Arrows show two fine ventral cirri. (G, H) Depicting AZM2 and left marginal cirri. AZM1,2, anterior and proximal part of adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cirri; DK3, dorsal kinety 3; FC, frontal cirri; LMC, left marginal cirri; Ma, macronuclear nodule; PM, paroral membrane; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Fig. 3 in Description of a New Brackish Water Ciliate, Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 3. Morphogenesis of Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. after protargol staining (A–F). (A, B) Ventral and dorsal view of the same late divider, showing migration of new structures and the formation of spherical fused macronucleus. (C, D) Ventral and dorsal view of the same late divider, five new membranelles combine with six retained membranelles to form anterior part of adoral zone of membranelles in the proter, the macronucleus dividing once. (E, F) Ventral and dorsal view of the same daughter cell just after fusion, showing infraciliature and nuclear apparatus. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Fig. 2 in Description of a New Brackish Water Ciliate, Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 2. Morphogenesis of Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. after protargol staining (A–F). (A, B) Ventral and dorsal view of the same specimen, arrows in A and B show cirral anlagen and two caudal cirri in the rightmost dorsal kinety anlagen of both proter and opisthe, respectively, arrowheads in A and B mark left marginal anlagen and replication bands, respectively. (C) Ventral view of a middle divider, arrowheads mark the development of left marginal anlagen. (D) Ventral view of a middle divider, showing the formation of paroral membrane anlagen and the segmentation of cirral anlagen (arrows), dedifferentiation of the old paroral membrane. (E, F) Ventral and dorsal view of the same late divider, showing the formation of new membranelles and cirri and other dorsal kineties anlagen, arrows show de novo formation of a frontal cirrus beside new paroral membrane OP, opisthe's oral primordium; PMA, paroral membrane anlage; POP, proter's oral primordium. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Fig. 1. Uronychia xinjiangensis n in Description of a New Brackish Water Ciliate, Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 1. Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. in vivo (A) and after protargol staining (B–F). (A) Ventral view of a representative individual. (B, C) Ventral and dorsal view of the holotype specimen, showing the ciliature and nuclear apparatus. Frontal-midventral-transverse cirri which originate from the same anlage are connected by a broken line. (D) Ventral view of an early divider, showing the formation of cirral anlagen and OP. (E, F) Ventral and dorsal view of the same early divider, showing the development of cirral anlagen and OP as well the formation of proter's oral primodirum, left marginal anlagen (arrows in E) and replication bands (arrow in F) and dorsal kinety anlagen in the two rightmost old structures; arrowhead indicates short cirral anlage. AZM1,2, anterior and proximal part of adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CA, cirral anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; DK1-3, dorsal kineties 1–3; FC, frontal cirri; LMC, left marginal cirri; Ma, macronuclear nodule; OP, opisther's oral primodium; PM, paroral membrane; POP, proter's oral primordium; TC, transverse cirri; VC, ventral cirri. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Fig. 8 in New discoveries of the genus Thuricola Kent, 1881 (Ciliophora, Peritrichia, Vaginicolidae), with descriptions of three poorly known species from China

Fig. 8. Phylogenetic tree inferred from SSU rDNA sequences, revealing the phylogenetic positions of Thuricola folliculata, Thuricola kellicottiana and Thuricola obconica (red fonts). The two sequences marked by stars (KJ649621 and KU363269) are probably misidentified. Numbers near nodes denote Maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap values and Bayesian inference (BI) posterior probability, respectively. The scale bar indicates five substitutions per 100 nucleotides. Systematic classification follows Sun et al. (2012) and Gao et al. (2016b).

Fig. 6 in New discoveries of the genus Thuricola Kent, 1881 (Ciliophora, Peritrichia, Vaginicolidae), with descriptions of three poorly known species from China

Fig. 6. Morphology and ciliature of Thuricola folliculata. (A) Narrow side view of an individual with two zooids. (B) Narrow side view of an individual with single zooid. (C) Wide side view of an individual with two zooids. (D) Macronucleus in vivo. (E) Narrow side view of lorica. (F) Wide side view of lorica. (G) Detail of pellicle, to show the transverse striations and aboral trochal band. (H) Macronucleus after protargol staining. (I) Oral ciliature. (J) Detail of infundibular polykineties. (K) T. folliculata from Kent (1881). (L) Cothurnia regalis from Penard (1914) (synonym of T. folliculata). (M) Cothurnia crystallina from Penard (1922) (synonym of T. folliculata). (N) T. folliculata from Kahl (1935). (O) T. folliculata from Sommer (1951). (P) T. obliqua from Sommer (1951). (Q) T. folliculata from Liebmann (1962). (R) T. folliculata from Nusch (1970). (S) Ciliature of T. folliculata from Eperson (1982). (T) T. folliculata from Jiang et al. (1983). (U) T. folliculata from Shen and Gu (2016). EM1–2, epistomial membrane 1–2; G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; JM, junctional membrane; Ma, macronucleus; Po, polykinety; P1–3, infundibular polykineties 1–3; TB, trochal band; Val, valve. Scale bars = 100 μm.

Fig. 4 in New discoveries of the genus Thuricola Kent, 1881 (Ciliophora, Peritrichia, Vaginicolidae), with descriptions of three poorly known species from China

Fig. 4. Morphology and ciliature of Thuricola kellicottiana. (A) Narrow side view of an individual with two zooids. (B) Narrow side view of an individual with single zooid. (C) Wide side view of an individual with single zooid, to show macronucleus in vivo. (D) Narrow side view of lorica. (E) Wide side view of lorica. (F) Detail of pellicle, to show the transverse striations and aboral trochal band. (G) Macronucleus after protargol staining. (H) Model pattern of oral ciliature. (I) Oral ciliature. (J) T. innixa from Kellicottiana, 1884. (K) Thuricolopsis kellicottiana from Stokes, 1887. (L) Cothurnia castellensis from Penard, 1914. (M) T. amphora from Sommer, 1951. (N) T. kellicottiana from Bernerth, 1982. (O) T. kellicottiana from Nusch, 1970. (P) T. kellicottiana from Trueba, 1980. (Q) T. kellicottiana from Shen and Gu (2016). EM1–2, epistomial membrane 1–2; G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; JM, junctional membrane; Ma, macronucleus; Po, polykinety; P1–3, infundibular polykineties 1–3; Sp, spine; TB: trochal band; Val, valve. Scale bars = 100 μm.

Fig. 3 in New discoveries of the genus Thuricola Kent, 1881 (Ciliophora, Peritrichia, Vaginicolidae), with descriptions of three poorly known species from China

Fig. 3. Photomicrographs of Thuricola obconica from life (A–N) and after protargol staining (O–S). (A) Narrow side view of an individual with two zooids. (B) Narrow side view of an individual with single zooid. (C) Wide side view of an individual with two zooids. (D, E) Narrow side view of different individuals. (F–H) Narrow side view of different curved loricas. (I) Anterior portion of body, arrow marks contractile vacuole. (J) Posterior portion, arrowhead marks junctional membrane around the inner stalk. (K) Posterior portion, arrow marks the expanded lorica base, arrowheads mark the junctional membrane. (L) Wide side view of lorica, arrowhead marks the junctional membrane. (M) Narrow side view of anterior portion of lorica, arrow marks valve. (N) Detail of pellicle, arrowhead marks aboral trochal band. (O–Q) Ciliature of three specimens, arrow marks trochal band. (R) Oral ciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane 2. (S) Detail of infundibular polykineties 1–3. EM1, epistomial membrane 1; G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; Ma, macronucleus; P1–3, infundibular polykineties 1–3. Scale bars = 100 μm (A–H); 50 μm (O–Q).

Fig. 2 in New discoveries of the genus Thuricola Kent, 1881 (Ciliophora, Peritrichia, Vaginicolidae), with descriptions of three poorly known species from China

Fig. 2. Morphology and ciliature of Thuricola obconica. (A) Narrow side view of an individual with two zooids. (B) Narrow side view of an individual with single zooid. (C) Narrow side view of an individual with single zooid, to show macronucleus. (D) Wide side view of an individual with two zooids. (E) Wide side view of lorica. (F–H) Narrow side view of different curved lorica. (I) Base of lorica. (J) Detail of pellicle, to show the transverse striations and trochal band. (K) Model pattern of oral ciliature. (L) Macronucleus after protargol staining. (M) Oral ciliature. (N) Detail of infundibular polykineties. (O) T. obconica from Kahl (1933). (P) T. obconica from Kahl (1935). (Q) T. obconica from Bock (1952). (R) T. kamptostoma from Bock (1952) (synonym of T. obconica). (S) T. obconica from Biernacka (1963) (pos- sible misidentification). (T) T. obconica from Küsters (1974) (probably misidentified). (U) T. obconica from Shen & Gu (2016). EM1–2, epistomial membrane 1–2; G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; JM, junctional membrane; LB, lorica base; Ma, macronucleus; Po, polykinety; P1–3, infundibular polykineties 1–3; TB, trochal band; Val, valve. Scale bars = 100 μm (A, B, D); 50 μm (E–H, L, O–U).

Fig. 6 in Morphology of Three Aloricate Choreotrich ciliates, Including Description of a New Species Parastrombidinopsis costalis sp. n. (Ciliophora, Choreotrichia), and phylogeny of the genus Parastrombidinopsis

Fig. 6. Drawings and photomicrographs of Parastrombidinopsis minima from life (A, E–G) and after protargol staining (B–D, H–M). (A, F, G) Views of three individuals showing the body shape. (B, C) Ventral and dorsal views of the same specimen showing the ciliature. (D, H, I) Detail of collar membranelles; the arrows mark the ventral gap. (E) From Tsai et al. (2008). (J) Somatic ciliature. (K) An early divider; arrowhead marks the oral primordium. (L, M) Ventral and dorsal views of same specimen showing the ciliature. CM, collar membranelles; E, endoral membrane; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: 25 μm.

Fig. 7 in Morphology of Three Aloricate Choreotrich ciliates, Including Description of a New Species Parastrombidinopsis costalis sp. n. (Ciliophora, Choreotrichia), and phylogeny of the genus Parastrombidinopsis

Fig. 7. Bayesian-Inference tree inferred from SSU rRNA gene sequences, indicating the polygenetic positions of species of the genus Parastrombidinopsis. Numbers at the nodes represent support values in the following order: BI posterior probabilities and ML bootstrap values. Disagreements in topology between the BI and ML trees are indicated by a hyphen. Nodes that were well supported (1.00 BI; 100% ML) are represented by filled circles. Bar = 5 substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions. Species sequenced in the present study are shown in bold type.

Fig. 4 in Morphology of Three Aloricate Choreotrich ciliates, Including Description of a New Species Parastrombidinopsis costalis sp. n. (Ciliophora, Choreotrichia), and phylogeny of the genus Parastrombidinopsis

Fig. 4. Parastrombidinopsis pelagica (Fauré-Fremiet, 1924) comb. n. from life (A–D, F) and after protargol staining (E, G–I). (A, B) Ventral views of two individuals. (C) Swimming pattern. (D) Different individuals to show the variations in body shape. (E) Detail of oral membranelles. (F) From Fauré-Fremiet (1924). (G, H) Ventral and dorsal views of the same specimen showing the ciliature. (I) Lateral view of a specimen. CM, collar membranelles; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: 50 μm.

Fig. 5 in New discoveries of the genus Thuricola Kent, 1881 (Ciliophora, Peritrichia, Vaginicolidae), with descriptions of three poorly known species from China

Fig. 5. Photomicrographs of Thuricola kellicottiana in vivo (A–P) and after protargol staining (Q–T). (A–C) Narrow side view of individuals with two zooids (A, B) and single zooid (C). (D) Wide side view of a single zooid individual. (E–G) Narrow side views of different individuals, arrowheads mark contractile vacuoles. (H) Detail of pellicle, to show the transverse striations. (I) Narrow side view of lorica, arrowhead marks the valve spine. (J–L) Wide side view of lorica, arrows mark junctional membrane, arrowheads mark valve spine. (O) Narrow side view of anterior portion of lorica, arrows mark valves, arrowheads marks valve spine. (P) Posterior portion, arrows mark the bulge in the lorica, arrowhead marks junctional membrane around the inner stalk. (Q, R) Ciliature of two specimens, arrowhead marks trochal band. (S) Oral ciliature, arrow marks epistomial membrane 2. (T) Detail of infundibular polykinety 1–3, arrow marks epistomial membrane 2. G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; Ma, macronucleus; P1–3, infundibular polykineties 1–3. Scale bars = 100 μm.

Fig. 3 in Morphology of Three Aloricate Choreotrich ciliates, Including Description of a New Species Parastrombidinopsis costalis sp. n. (Ciliophora, Choreotrichia), and phylogeny of the genus Parastrombidinopsis

Fig. 3. Photomicrographs of Parastrombidinopsis costalis sp. n. from life (A–F, J) and after protargol staining (G–I, K–N), (A–E, G–J, L, M) from Zhuhai population, and (F, K, N) from Sanya population. (A–C) Ventral-left, ventral, left-lateral views of one individual, arrows mark the dorsal ridge. (D, E) Ventral-left, ventral-right views of one individual; arrows mark the dorsal ridge. (F) Ventral-right view of one individual, arrow marks the dorsal ridge. (G, H) Ventral and dorsal views of one specimen, showing the somatic ciliature. (I) Ventral view of oral ciliature; arrow marks buccal membranelle. (J) Bases of oral membranelles; arrow marks buccal membranelle. (L) An early divider; arrow marks the oral primordium. (M) Two macronuclei. (K, N) Ventral and dorsal views of one specimen, showing the somatic ciliature. CM, collar membranelles; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: 25 μm (A, D); 20 μm (F); 3 μm (J).

Fig. 2 in Morphology of Three Aloricate Choreotrich ciliates, Including Description of a New Species Parastrombidinopsis costalis sp. n. (Ciliophora, Choreotrichia), and phylogeny of the genus Parastrombidinopsis

Fig. 2. Parastrombidinopsis costalis sp. n. of Zhuhai population from life (A–D) and after protargol staining (E–G). (A, B) Ventral and left lateral views of representative individuals; arrows mark the dorsal ridges. (C) Apical view, showing collar membranelles and body shape; arrow marks the dorsal ridge. (D) Locomotion. (E) Oral ciliature. (F, G) Ventral and dorsal views of the same specimen. BM, buccal membranelle; CM, collar membranelles; E, endoral membrane; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: 25 μm.