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9,882 results for “Scale”
Dataset for article "Optimal Floquet State Engineering for Large Scale Atom Interferometers"
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Strong Lateral Variations of Small-Scale Crustal Scattering across the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Implications for Geodynamic Processes [Dataset]
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Ion-scale Characteristics of the Martian Magnetic Pile-up Boundary Layer
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Full-scale leaf images
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DATA for Evaluating Scale-Aware Boundary Layer Similarity Functions and Their Mechanisms in Tropical Cyclone Modeling Using Idealized Large-Eddy Simulations
<p>data.xlsx has the data to make Figs.1-4</p> <p> </p>
Grain-Scale Stress Heterogeneity in Concrete from In-Situ X-Ray Measurements
<p>All data in this repository is described in Data-Description_Zenodo.docx.</p> <p> </p>
WikiDBs - A Large-Scale Corpus Of Relational Databases From Wikidata
<p><a href="https://wikidbs.github.io/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">WikiDBs</a> is an open-source corpus of 100,000 relational databases. We aim to support research on tabular representation learning on multi-table data. The corpus is based on <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wikidata</a> and aims to follow certain characteristics of real-world databases.</p> <p>WikiDBs was published as a <a href="https://openreview.net/pdf?id=abXaOcvujs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">spotlight paper</a> at the Dataset & Benchmarks track at NeurIPS 2024.</p> <p>WikiDBs contains the database schemas, as well as table contents. The database tables are provided as CSV files, and each database schema as JSON. The 100,000 databases are available in five splits, containing 20k databases each. In total, around 165 GB of disk space are needed for the full corpus. We also provide a script to convert the databases into SQLite.</p>
3 PREHEALING: Design of concrete precast elements incorporating sustainable strategies for self-healing to increase their service life: Full-Scale Prototypes
<p>This project deals with the analysis of the performance of concrete with internal curing aggregates (IC), low clinker cementitious materials and steel fibres, to be used in real applications in the field of precast industry.</p> <div>This section includes the design and results of the four wall prototypes: two constructed with the 100C mix and two with the 60C25BA15MK-30CBA mix. The model shows the instrumentation used. The foundation of all walls was constructed with conventional concrete. Two curing conditions were established: a conventional curing by water spraying and an extreme curing, in which a continuous air flow was generated, with temperature and humidity controlled in both cases. The curing was maintained for 7 days. Inspections were conducted after formwork removal to assess crack formation.</div> <div> </div> <div>After 28 days, the walls were subjected to a controlled loading process to induce residual cracks of 150 ± 20 μm. During this process, the behaviour of the walls was monitored with the instrumentation installed during construction. Additionally, movements and cracking were monitored with LVDTs and LDS. Two LVDTs were used to monitor head movement of the wall during loading, and two LDS were used to monitor potential foundation sliding. For crack formation monitoring, four LVDTs and one LDS were placed on the tension face in the crack formation area: two on each section, S1 and S2, one on the central section of the wall, S0, and two at a lower height in intermediate sections.</div> <div> </div> <div>Finally, the entire loading and cracking process was monitored through a Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system. Data from the instrumentation fed into the BIM model.</div> <div> </div> <div>Attached:</div> <div> <ul> <li><strong>PH_IFC4_rev01.ifc:</strong> the resulting IFC model (as-built) after testing.</li> <li><strong>PH_BIMx_rev01.bimx</strong>: the model and shrinkage results of the four walls tested at 1, 3, 9, 14, and 28 days.</li> <li><strong>Cracking and sealing wall images.zip</strong>: Images, taken with a digital microscope, along the main crack in each wall. These images show the different stages of cracking and sealing after self-healing periods with tap water for 75 days, followed by carbonated water (rich in CO₂) for an additional 75 days.</li> </ul> </div>
Data for the paper 'A Novel Simulation Optimization Framework for Multi Scale Irrigation Water Distribution and Scheduling Considering Crop Growth Process' submitted to Water Resources Research, an AGU journal
<p>This data set contains the data for the paper 'A Novel Simulation Optimization Framework for Multi Scale Irrigation Water Distribution and Scheduling Considering Crop Growth Process' submitted to Water Resources Research, an AGU journal. <span>The settings and crop parameters are consist of maize</span><span><span>(</span></span><span><a title="Ran, 2018 #74" href="#_ENREF_44"><span>Ran et al., 2018</span></a></span><span>; </span><span><a title="Shirazi, 2021 #75" href="#_ENREF_48"><span>Shirazi et al., 2021</span></a></span><span>)</span><span></span><span>, flower</span><span><span>(</span></span><span><a title="Reyhaneh alsadat Mousavi Zadeh Mojarad, 2018 #83" href="#_ENREF_45"><span>Reyhaneh alsadat Mousavi Zadeh Mojarad, 2018</span></a></span><span>; </span><span><a title="Karimi Avargani, 2023 #80" href="#_ENREF_24"><span>Karimi Avargani et al., 2023</span></a></span><span>)</span><span></span><span> and wheat</span><span><span>(</span></span><span><a title="Iqbal, 2014 #76" href="#_ENREF_17"><span>Iqbal et al., 2014</span></a></span><span>; </span><span><a title="Huang, 2022 #79" href="#_ENREF_15"><span>Huang et al., 2022</span></a></span><span>; </span><span><a title="Lyu, 2022 #99" href="#_ENREF_38"><span>Lyu et al., 2022</span></a></span><span>; </span><span><a title="Karimi Avargani, 2023 #80" href="#_ENREF_24"><span>Karimi Avargani et al., 2023</span></a></span><span>)</span><span></span><span>,</span><span> which used for initializing AquaCrop-OS . </span></p>
Data from: Host behavior drives parasite genetics at multiple geographic scales: population genetics of the chewing louse, Thomomydoecus minor
Pocket gophers and their symbiotic chewing lice form a host–parasite assemblage known for a high degree of cophylogeny, thought to be driven by life history parameters of both host and parasite that make host switching difficult. However, little work to date has focused on determining whether these life histories actually impact louse populations at the very fine scale of louse infrapopulations (individuals on a single host) at the same or at nearby host localities. We used microsatellite and mtDNA sequence data to make comparisons of chewing-louse (Thomomydoecus minor) population subdivision over time and over geographic space where there are different potential amounts of host interaction surrounding a zone of contact between two hybridizing pocket-gopher subspecies. We found that chewing lice had high levels of population isolation consistent with a paucity of horizontal transmission even at the very fine geographic scale of a single alfalfa field. We also found marked genetic discontinuity in louse populations corresponding with host subspecies and little, if any, admixture in the louse genetic groups even though the lice are closely related. The correlation of louse infrapopulation differentiation with host interaction at multiple scales, including across a discontinuity in pocket-gopher habitat, suggests that host behaviour is the primary driver of parasite genetics. This observation makes sense in light of the life histories of both chewing lice and pocket gophers and provides a powerful explanation for the well-documented pattern of parallel cladogenesis in pocket gophers and chewing lice.
Data from: Community functional trait composition at the continental scale: the effects of non-ecological processes
Ecological communities and their response to environmental gradients are increasingly being described by measures of trait composition at the community level – the trait-based approach. Whether ecological or non-ecological processes influence trait composition between communities has been debated. Understanding the processes that influence trait composition is important for reconstructing paleoenvironmental conditions from fossil deposits and for understanding changes in community functionality through time. Here, we assess the influence of ecological and non-ecological processes on the distribution of traits within North American mammals. We found that non-ecological processes including historical contingency, spatial autocorrelation, and evolutionary history do not influence trait composition; however, the variance in trait composition is highly explained by climate gradients. Our results suggest that habitat breadth, terrestriality, diet breadth, and reproductive traits are strong candidates as proxies for measuring functional aspects of environments in the past and present.
Data from: A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians
The extant amphibians are one of the most diverse radiations of terrestrial vertebrates (>6800 species). Despite much recent focus on their conservation, diversification, and systematics, no previous phylogeny for the group has contained more than 522 species. However, numerous studies with limited taxon sampling have generated large amounts of partially overlapping sequence data for many species. Here, we combine these data and produce a novel estimate of extant amphibian phylogeny, containing 2871 species (40% of the known extant species) from 432 genera (85% of the 500 currently recognized extant genera). Each sampled species contains up to 12,712 bp from 12 genes (three mitochondrial, nine nuclear), with an average of 2563 bp per species. This data set provides strong support for many groups recognized in previous studies, but it also suggests non-monophyly for several currently recognized families, particularly in hyloid frogs (e.g., Ceratophryidae, Cycloramphidae, Leptodactylidae, Strabomantidae). To correct these and other problems, we provide a revised classification of extant amphibians for taxa traditionally delimited at the family and subfamily levels. This new taxonomy includes several families not recognized in current classifications (e.g., Alsodidae, Batrachylidae, Rhinodermatidae, Odontophrynidae, Telmatobiidae), but which are strongly supported and important for avoiding non-monophyly of current families. Finally, this study provides further evidence that the supermatrix approach provides an effective strategy for inferring large-scale phylogenies using the combined results of previous studies, despite many taxa having extensive missing data.
Data from: Assessing the effect of time-scaling methods on phylogeny-based analyses in the fossil record
Phylogeny-based approaches can be used to infer diversification dynamics and the rate and pattern of trait change. Applying these analyses to fossil data often requires time-scaling a cladogram of morphotaxon relationships. Although several time-scaling methods have been developed for this purpose, the incomplete sampling of the fossil record can distort the apparent timing of branching. It is unclear how well different time-scaling methods reconstruct the true temporal relationships or how any such inaccuracy could affect tree-based evolutionary analyses. I developed process-based simulations of the fossil record that allow the comparison of approximated time-scaled trees to true time-scaled trees. I used this simulation framework to test the effect of time-scaling methods on the fidelity of several commonly applied tree-based analyses, across a range of simulation conditions. When the fidelity of time-scaling methods differed, the stochastic "cal3" time-scaling method with ancestral assignment produced preferable results. Estimating rates and models of continuous trait evolution was particularly sensitive to bias from scenarios that forced the insertion of many short branch lengths, a bias that is not solved by any of the considered time-scaling methods in all scenarios. The cal3 method of time-scaling can be recommended as the preferred time-scaling method among those tested, but caution must be exercised because tree-based analyses are prone to easily overlooked biases.
Data from: Pollinator body size mediates the scale at which land use drives crop pollination services
1. Ecosystem services to agriculture, such as pollination, rely on natural areas adjacent to farmland to support organisms that provide services. Native insect pollinators depend on natural or semi-natural land surrounding farms for nesting and alternative foraging resources. Despite interest in conserving pollinators through habitat restoration, the scale at which land use affects pollinators and thus crop pollination services is not well understood. 2. We measured abundance of native, wild bee pollinators and the pollination services they provided to highbush blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum L. crops at 16 sites that varied in the proportion of surrounding agricultural land cover at both the field scale (300 m radius) and the landscape scale (1500 m radius). We designed our study such that agricultural land cover at the field scale was uncorrelated with agricultural cover at the landscape scale across sites. We used model selection to determine which spatial scale better predicted aggregate bee abundance, abundance of large versus small bees, and crop pollination services. 3. We found that, overall, bees responded more strongly to farm-scale than to landscape-scale land cover, but the scale at which land cover had the strongest effect varied by bee body size. Large bees showed a negative response to increasing agricultural cover at both scales, but were most strongly affected by the landscape scale. Small bees were negatively affected by agricultural land cover but only at the farm scale, while they had a small positive response to agricultural cover at the landscape scale. 4. Aggregate pollination services from native bees were more strongly influenced by local agricultural cover, due to the combined effects of both large and small bees responding at that scale. 5. Synthesis and applications. Bee abundance and pollination services were strongly determined by farm-scale agricultural cover, suggesting that farm-scale set-asides may provide significant benefits to pollination services. Further, we found that pollinators respond differently to land use depending on body size, but all groups of bees benefit from decreasing agricultural cover at the farm scale. Therefore, small-scale modifications to habitat can have significant impacts on both pollinator abundance and pollination services to crop plants.
Data from: Genome-scale phylogenetic analysis finds extensive gene transfer among fungi
Although the role of lateral gene transfer is well recognized in the evolution of bacteria, it is generally assumed that it has had less influence among eukaryotes. To explore this hypothesis, we compare the dynamics of genome evolution in two groups of organisms: cyanobacteria and fungi. Ancestral genomes are inferred in both clades using two types of methods: first, Count, a gene tree unaware method that models gene duplications, gains and losses to explain the observed numbers of genes present in a genome; second, ALE, a more recent gene tree-aware method that reconciles gene trees with a species tree using a model of gene duplication, loss and transfer. We compare their merits and their ability to quantify the role of transfers, and assess the impact of taxonomic sampling on their inferences. We present what we believe is compelling evidence that gene transfer plays a significant role in the evolution of fungi.
Data from: The role of fish life histories in allometrically scaled food-web dynamics
1. Body size determines key ecological and evolutionary processes of organisms. Therefore, organisms undergo extensive shifts in resources, competitors and predators as they grow in body size. While empirical and theoretical evidence show that these size-dependent ontogenetic shifts vastly influence the structure and dynamics of populations, theory on how those ontogenetic shifts affect the structure and dynamics of ecological networks is still virtually absent. 2. Here, we expand the Allometric Trophic Network (ATN) theory in the context of aquatic food webs to incorporate size-structure in the population dynamics of fish species. We do this by modifying a food web generating algorithm, the niche model, to produce food webs where different fish life-history stages are described as separate nodes which are connected through growth and reproduction. Then, we apply a bioenergetic model that uses the food webs and the body sizes generated by our niche model to evaluate the effect of incorporating life-history structure into food web dynamics. 3. We show that the larger the body size of a fish species respective to the body size of its preys, the higher the biomass attained by the fish species and the greater the ecosystem stability. We also find that the larger the asymptotic body size attained by fish species the larger the total ecosystem biomass, a result that holds true or both the largest fish in the ecosystem and each fish species in the ecosystem. 4. This work provides an expanded ATN theory that generates food webs with life-history structure for chosen species. Our work offers a systematic approach for disentangling the effects of increasing life-history complexity in food-wed models.
Data from: Broad-scale genetic diversity of Cannabis for forensic applications
Cannabis (hemp and marijuana) is an iconic yet controversial crop. On the one hand, it represents a growing market for pharmaceutical and agricultural sectors. On the other hand, plants synthesizing the psychoactive THC produce the most widespread illicit drug in the world. Yet, the difficulty to reliably distinguish between Cannabis varieties based on morphological or biochemical criteria impedes the development of promising industrial programs and hinders the fight against narcotrafficking. Genetics offers an appropriate alternative to characterize drug vs. non-drug Cannabis. However, forensic applications require rapid and affordable genotyping of informative and reliable molecular markers for which a broad-scale reference database, representing both intra- and inter-variety variation, is available. Here we provide such a resource for Cannabis, by genotyping 13 microsatellite loci (STRs) in 1 324 samples selected specifically for fibre (24 hemp varieties) and drug (15 marijuana varieties) production. We showed that these loci are sufficient to capture most of the genome-wide diversity patterns recently revealed by NGS data. We recovered strong genetic structure between marijuana and hemp and demonstrated that anonymous samples can be confidently assigned to either plant types. Fibres appear genetically homogeneous whereas drugs show low (often clonal) diversity within varieties, but very high genetic differentiation between them, likely resulting from breeding practices. Based on an additional test dataset including samples from 41 local police seizures, we showed that the genetic signature of marijuana cultivars could be used to trace crime scene evidence. To date, our study provides the most comprehensive genetic resource for Cannabis forensics worldwide.
FIGURE 2 in Three new species of armoured scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha Diaspididae) from Iran
FIGURE 2. Adult female of Diaspis quercus Moghaddam sp. n.
FIGURE 1 in Three new species of armoured scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha Diaspididae) from Iran
FIGURE 1. Adult female of Cryptoparlatoreopsis kermanensis Moghaddam sp. n.
FIGURE 3 in Three new species of armoured scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha Diaspididae) from Iran
FIGURE 3. Adult female of Hemiberlesia uramanica Moghaddam sp. n.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.