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Data from: A new tetraradial olivooid (Medusozoa) from the Lower Cambrian (Stage 2) Yanjiahe Formation, South China
<p><em>Octapyrgites elongatus n. gen. n. sp.</em>, a relatively rare, tetraradial olivooid (Cnidaria, Medusozoa), is described from Bed 5 of the Yanjiahe Formation (Cambrian Stage 2) near Yichang, China. Though similar to Olivooides and Quadrapyrgites from the Fortunian Stage in consisting of a partially corrugated (long.) periderm with a quadrate (transv.) apical portion and V-shaped apertural lobes, O. elongatus is substantially larger than other olivooids. The elongate apical region of O. elongatus is similar to four-sided Anaconularia anomala, though with a flat tip that may have been an adaption for a sessile mode of life. As in other olivooids, embryonic development in O. elongatus may have been direct. Lastly, the paucity of olivooids and the absence of pentaradial cnidarians and carinachitids in Cambrian Stage 2 indicate a marked decline in the disparity of cnidarians near the Fortunian/Cambrian Age 2 boundary, when by contrast bilaterians underwent rapid diversification.</p>
Data from: ALG11 – a new variable DNA marker for sponge phylogeny: comparison of phylogenetic performances with the 18S rDNA and the COI gene
Phylogenetic relationships within sponge classes are highly debated. The low phylogenetic signal observed with some current molecular data can be attributed to the use of few markers, usually slowly-evolving, such as the nuclear rDNA genes and the mitochondrial COI gene. In this study, we conducted a bioinformatics search for a new molecular marker. We sought a marker that (1) is likely to have no paralogs; (2) evolves under a fast evolutionary rate; (3) is part of a continuous exonic region; and (4) is flanked by conserved regions. Our search suggested the nuclear ALG11 as a potential suitable marker. We next demonstrated that this marker can indeed be used for solving phylogenetic relationships within sponges. Specifically, we successfully amplified the ALG11 gene from DNA samples of representatives from all four sponge classes as well as from several cnidarian classes. We also amplified the 18S rDNA and the COI gene for these species. Finally, we analyzed the phylogenetic performance of ALG11 to solve sponge relationships compared to and in combination with the nuclear 18S rDNA and the COI mtDNA genes. Interestingly, the ALG11 marker seems to be superior to the widely-used COI marker. Our work thus indicates that the ALG11 marker is a relevant marker which can complement and corroborate the phylogenetic inferences observed with nuclear ribosomal genes. This marker is also expected to contribute to resolving evolutionary relationships of other apparently slow-evolving animal phyla, such as cnidarians.
Data from: Inhibition behavior of mild steel by three new benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone derivatives in 0.5 M H2SO4: Experimental and computational study
Three new benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone derivatives namely benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (BST), 4-carboxyl benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (PBST) and 2-carboxyl benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (OCT) were synthesized and their inhibition effects on mild steel corrosion in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution were studied systematically using gravimetric and electrochemical measurements. Weight loss results revealed that PBST exhibited the highest inhibition efficiency of 96.6% among the investigated compounds when the concentration was 300 μM. The analysis of polarization curves indicated that the three benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone derivatives acted as mixed type inhibitors and PBST and OCT predominantly anodic. The adsorption process of all these benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone derivatives on Q235 steel surface in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution conformed to Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Scanning electron microscopy was conducted to show the presence of benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone derivatives on Q235 mild steel surface. The results of theoretical calculations were in good agreement with that of experimental measurements.
Data from: A new low-turbulence wind tunnel for animal and small vehicle flight experiments
Our understanding of animal flight benefits greatly from specialized wind tunnels designed for flying animals. Existing facilities can simulate laminar flow during straight, ascending and descending flight, as well as at different altitudes. However, the atmosphere in which animals fly is even more complex. Flow can be laminar and quiet at high altitudes but highly turbulent near the ground, and gusts can rapidly change wind speed. To study flight in both laminar and turbulent environments, a multi-purpose wind tunnel for studying animal and small vehicle flight was built at Stanford University. The tunnel is closed-circuit and can produce airspeeds up to 50 m s−1 in a rectangular test section that is 1.0 m wide, 0.82 m tall and 1.73 m long. Seamless honeycomb and screens in the airline together with a carefully designed contraction reduce centreline turbulence intensities to less than or equal to 0.030% at all operating speeds. A large diameter fan and specialized acoustic treatment allow the tunnel to operate at low noise levels of 76.4 dB at 20 m s−1. To simulate high turbulence, an active turbulence grid can increase turbulence intensities up to 45%. Finally, an open jet configuration enables stereo high-speed fluoroscopy for studying musculoskeletal control in turbulent flow.
Data from: New sporopollenin-based β-cyclodextrin functionalized magnetic hybrid adsorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from water samples.
A magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) procedure on the newly synthesized magnetic β-cyclodextrin functionalized with toluene diisocyanate (TDI) as a linker and was further modified with bio-polymeric spores of sporopollenin (MSp-TDI-βCD) was developed for the extraction of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) namely indoprofen (INP), ketoprofen (KTP), ibuprofen (IBP) and fenoprofen (FNP) from water samples prior to their HPLC-DAD determination. The newly synthesised MSp-TDI-βCD was comprehensibly characterized using FT-IR, XRD, SEM-EDX, BET and VSM analyses. The separation of selected NSAIDs on MSp-TDI-βCD from aqueous solution was simply achieved by applying an external magnetic field via a permanent magnet. The MSPE parameters affecting extraction performance i.e., sorbent dosage, sample volume, extraction and desorption time, type of organic eluent and volume and solution pH were investigated and optimized. The proposed method showed linear range between 0.5 - 500 ng/mL, low limit of detection at S/N = 3 (0.16 - 0.37 ng/mL) and limit of quantification at S/N = 10 (0.53 - 1.22 ng/mL). The interday (n = 15) and intraday (n = 5) precision for the proposed methods given by relative standard deviation (RSD%) in the range of 2.5 - 4.0 and 2.1 - 5.5 respectively. The extraction recoveries of NSAIDs from environmental samples (tap, drinking and river water) ranged from 92.5 - 123.6%, with satisfactory precision (RSD% less than 12.4%).
Data from: Song structure, not high-frequency song content, determines high-frequency auditory sensitivity in nine species of New World sparrows (Passeriformes: Emberizidae)
1. The evolution of vocal signals can be constrained by a host of factors including habitat effects on sound propagation, morphology of sound-producing structures, and phylogenetic relationships among species. Here, we asked whether auditory sensitivity over a broad range of frequencies correlates with the spectral content of conspecific vocalizations, or whether it is constrained by the overall structure of vocalizations, habitat effects on sound propagation, or relatedness among species. 2. We studied nine New World sparrows (Passeriformes: Emberizidae) including three open-habitat species, three scrub-like habitat species, and three forest species. For each habitat, one species had pure trilled songs, another had tonal songs, and another had complex songs with tones, trills, and amplitude-modulated buzzes. 3. As predicted by the acoustic adaptation hypothesis, song spectral properties (specifically frequency and entropy) had the highest values in open-habitat species and the lowest values in forest species. 4. Based on our results from song analyses, and the sender-receiver matching hypothesis, we predicted that open-habitat species would be more sensitive to high-frequency sounds compared to forest species. Contrary to this prediction, habitat and high-frequency song content had little effect on audiogram shape. Song type, however, had a strong effect, with species that produce complex songs showing higher sensitivity to high-frequency sounds than all other species. 5. Our results suggest that the use of song frequency by receivers depends on song structure and not necessarily on song spectral content. Therefore, our current understanding of how signal-processing mechanisms should match signal properties appears to be too simple. When thinking about the evolution of signal-processing mechanisms, the multidimensionality of signals, and how the different dimensions can interact, should be considered.
Data from: New species of Karydomys (Rodentia) from the Miocene of Chios Island (Greece) and phylogenetic relationships of this rare democricetodontine genus
Karydomys is a rare and little diversified democricetodontine, of which only six species are currently recognized. This group of rodents is first recorded in the early Miocene (MN3) in China and spread quickly thereafter to Kazakhstan and Greece (MN4). Karydomys reached south‐western and central Europe by early middle Miocene times (MN5), from where it became extinct shortly thereafter (MN6). A new species of Karydomys is here described from the Miocene Keramia Formation of Chios Island (north‐eastern Aegean Sea). Karydomys strati sp. nov. is characterized by the presence of a labial spur on the anterolophule, the lack of anterior protolophule on the M1 and by the presence of a double metalophule on the M2. A cladistics analysis involving all the species of Karydomys and some closely related species of Democricetodon and Cricetodon show that Karydomys split early into two different lineages, an 'eastern stock', which includes the central Asian (K. debruijni and K. dzerzhinskii) and Greek (K. symeonidisi, K. boskosi and K. strati) species, and a 'western lineage' comprising the western and central European species (K. wigharti and K. zapfei). The evolutionary stage of Karydomys strati suggests that the lowermost part of the Keramia Formation, usually attributed to the middle Miocene, is older than previously thought.
Data from: Molecular and morphological data reveal three new tribes within the Scirpo-Caricoid Clade (Cyperoideae, Cyperaceae)
The circumscription of the circumboreal tribe Scirpeae has been contentious since the earliest infrafamilial classifications of the Cyperaceae (>100 genera, ~5,500 species). Molecular phylogenetic studies place Scirpeae in a strongly supported clade with the enigmatic genus Khaosokia and tribes Cariceae, Dulichieae, and Sumatroscirpeae, a lineage comprising more than 40% of all Cyperaceae species. This lineage was previously known as the Cariceae-Dulicheae-Scirpeae ("CDS") clade. Here we informally characterise it as the "Scirpo-Caricoid Clade". Previous phylogenetic and phylogenomic studies of the Scirpo-Caricoid Clade have shown Scirpeae to be paraphyletic, forming four distinct lineages that are successive sisters to a Cariceae + Sumatroscirpeae clade, thus confirming decade old suspicions that the modern circumscription of Scirpeae is unnatural. Using a total-evidence phylogenetic analysis incorporating three plastid markers (matK, ndhF, rps16), two nuclear ribosomal markers (ETS-1f, ITS), and 64 morphological characters, this study confirms the paraphyly of Scirpeae, the isolated phylogenetic position of Khaosokia, and identifies morphological synapomorphies for seven monophyletic lineages that are here recognized as tribes. Our new classification places for the first time all genera of the Scirpo-Caricoid Clade into natural tribes that are identifiable using morphological and embryological characters. Three new tribes are proposed: Calliscirpeae trib. nov., Khaosokieae trib. nov. and Trichophoreae trib. nov. Diagnoses for all tribes of the Scirpo-Caricoid Clade, an identification key to all currently recognized Cyperaceae tribes, and identification keys for all genera of the Scirpo-Caricoid Clade are provided.
Data from: Mouse screen reveals multiple new genes underlying mouse and human hearing loss
Adult-onset hearing loss is very common but we know little about the underlying molecular pathogenesis, impeding development of therapies. We took a genetic approach to identify new molecules involved in hearing loss by screening a large cohort of newly-generated mouse mutants using a sensitive electrophysiological test, the auditory brainstem response. We review here the findings from this screen. Thirty-eight unexpected genes associated with raised thresholds were detected from our unbiased sample of 1,211 genes tested, suggesting extreme genetic heterogeneity. A wide range of auditory pathophysiologies was found, and some mutant lines showed normal development followed by deterioration of responses, revealing new molecular pathways involved in progressive hearing loss. Several of the genes were associated with the range of hearing thresholds in the human population and one, SPNS2, was involved in childhood deafness. The new pathways required for maintenance of hearing discovered by this screen present new therapeutic opportunities.
Data from: Genetic analysis identifies the missing parchment of New Zealand's founding document, The Treaty of Waitangi.
Genetic analyses provide a powerful tool with which to identify the biological components of historical objects. Te Tiriti o Waitangi | The Treaty of Waitangi is New Zealand's founding document, intended to be a partnership between the indigenous Māori and the British Crown. Here we focus on an archived piece of blank parchment that has been proposed to be the missing portion of the lower parchment of the Waitangi Sheet of the Treaty. However, its physical dimensions and characteristics are not consistent with this hypothesis. We perform genetic analyses on the parchment membranes of the Treaty, plus the blank piece of parchment. We find that all three parchments were made from ewes and that the blank parchment is highly likely to be a portion cut from the lower membrane of the Waitangi Sheet because they share identical whole mitochondrial genomes, including an unusual heteroplasmic site. We suggest that the differences in size and characteristics between the two pieces of parchment may have resulted from the Treaty's exposure to water in the early 20th century and the subsequent repair work, light exposure during exhibition or the later conservation treatments in the 1970s and 80s. The blank piece of parchment will be valuable for comparison tests to study the effects of earlier treatments and to monitor the effects of long-term display on the Treaty.
FIGURES 4-6 in Description of two new species of Rhamphus related to R. oxyacanthae (Curculionidae, Curculioninae, Rhamphini) from Italy based on a morphological study supported by molecular data
FIGURES 4-6. Dorsal habitus of (4) Rhamphus oxyacanthae; (5) R. hampsicora; (6) R. monzinii.
FIGURE 5 in New data on Albuca crispa (Hyacinthaceae, Ornithogaloideae), an erect-flowered Albuca from South Africa
FIGURE 5. Known distribution of Albuca crispa in South Africa, based on studied material.
FIGURE 4 in New data on Albuca crispa (Hyacinthaceae, Ornithogaloideae), an erect-flowered Albuca from South Africa
FIGURE 4. Cultivated plants of Albuca crispa from Aberdeen, South Africa (A.P.Dold s.n., GRA!).
FIGURE 1 in New data on Albuca crispa (Hyacinthaceae, Ornithogaloideae), an erect-flowered Albuca from South Africa
FIGURE 1. Holotype of Albuca crispa showing erect flowers (Bester 6220 NBG!).
FIGURE 3. Rhododendron baihuaense. A, Habitat. B, Leaves. C, Flowers. D in A new species of Rhododendron (Ericaceae) from the Gaoligong Mountains, Yunnan, China, supported by morphological and DNA barcoding data
FIGURE 3. Rhododendron baihuaense. A, Habitat. B, Leaves. C, Flowers. D, Fruits.
FIGURE 1 in New combinations in Asiatic Oxybasis (Amaranthaceae s.l.): evidence from morphological, carpological and molecular data
FIGURE 1. Lectotype of Chenopodium micranthum Trautv. (LE!).
FIGURE 4 in New data on the recently described Xiphion heracleanum (Iridaceae), endemic to Morocco
FIGURE 4. Bulb (left) and bulbil (right) of Xiphion heracleanum. Scale bar: 1 cm.
Figure 1 in Cladocera and Copepoda of Shokalsky Island: new data from northwest Siberia
Figure 1. Location of the sampled stations in inner water bodies on the map of Shokalsky Island.
FIG. 2 in A new edible yam (Dioscorea L.) species endemic to Mayotte, new data on D. comorensis R.Knuth and a key to the yams of the Comoro Archipelago
FIG. 2. — Vegetative and male reproductive morphology in Dioscorea mayottensis Wilkin: A, habit, showing the leaves and male inflorescences with alternate, regularly distributed cymules; B, a node, showing the stem, petiole and inflorescence base, an axillary bud, and the lateral nodal spines; C, a cymule of the male inflorescence, showing the two cymule bracts, floral bracts, three flowers at anthesis with long pedicels and the anthers at the torus mouth, and three in bud where the pedicels are still developing. The first flower of the cymule appears solitary because the first branch of the cymule is too short to see; D, a half-flower showing the torus shape, three tepals, the pistillode and the stamens with contorted to coiled filaments. Drawn from Mas 64 by Lucy Smith. Scale bar: A, 2.5 cm; B, C, 3 mm; D, 1 mm.
Figure 2 in The genus Grammostola Simon 1892 (Araneae: Theraphosidae): a new species from western Argentina, new synonymy and distributional data
Figure 2. Distribution map of Grammostola diminuta sp. nov.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.