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Text-fig. 24. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen with zona-aperturate pollen"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Dorsal view of elongated anther showing the broad connective and very narrow pollen sacs; b) Lateral view of elongated anther showing the broad dorsal and ventral surfaces of the connectives and very narrow pollen sacs; c) Apex of elongated anther showing dorsal and ventral surfaces and very narrow pollen sacs; d) Lateral view of narrow pollen sac showing in situ pollen; e) Detail of pollen grain showing the solid band of exine above the aperture (asterisk); f) Detail of pollen grain showing the solid band of exine above the aperture (asterisk); g) Detail of tectum showing heterobrochate reticulum with lumina of two different sizes supported by long columellae (arrows); h) Detail of pollen grain showing the aperture extending over the ends of the grain (asterisks); i) Detail of tectum showing heterobrochate reticulum with lumina of two different sizes supported by long columellae (arrows). Specimen, Catefica 49-S171527 (a–i). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (c), 20 Μm (d), 6 Μm (e, f, h), 3 Μm (g), 1.5 Μm (i). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 24. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen with zona-aperturate pollen"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Dorsal view of elongated anther showing the broad connective and very narrow pollen sacs; b) Lateral view of elongated anther showing the broad dorsal and ventral surfaces of the connectives and very narrow pollen sacs; c) Apex of elongated anther showing dorsal and ventral surfaces and very narrow pollen sacs; d) Lateral view of narrow pollen sac showing in situ pollen; e) Detail of pollen grain showing the solid band of exine above the aperture (asterisk); f) Detail of pollen grain showing the solid band of exine above the aperture (asterisk); g) Detail of tectum showing heterobrochate reticulum with lumina of two different sizes supported by long columellae (arrows); h) Detail of pollen grain showing the aperture extending over the ends of the grain (asterisks); i) Detail of tectum showing heterobrochate reticulum with lumina of two different sizes supported by long columellae (arrows). Specimen, Catefica 49-S171527 (a–i). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (c), 20 Μm (d), 6 Μm (e, f, h), 3 Μm (g), 1.5 Μm (i).

Text-fig. 29. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen grains of cf. Endressistemon sp. 1 (a, b), cf. Endressistemon sp. 2 (c, d) and cf. Endressistemon sp. 3 (e–g); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Two adhering stamens, each with a long, pointed extension of the connective; b) Monocolpate, reticulate pollen in situ in stamen from stamen pair in (a); c) Fragment of stamen with prominent apical extension of the connective; d) Reticulate, apparently monocolpate, pollen in situ in stamen fragment in (c); e) Stamen with basifixed anther, perhaps sessile, and with prominent, wing-like apical extensions of the connective; note the dehisced thecae with the anther wall curved back; f, g) Monocolpate, reticulate pollen in situ in stamen in (e). Specimens, Catefica 49-S107780 (a, b), Catefica 49-S107784 (c, d), Catefica 49-S107781 (e–g). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, c, e), 6 Μm (b, d, f, g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 29. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen grains of cf. Endressistemon sp. 1 (a, b), cf. Endressistemon sp. 2 (c, d) and cf. Endressistemon sp. 3 (e–g); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Two adhering stamens, each with a long, pointed extension of the connective; b) Monocolpate, reticulate pollen in situ in stamen from stamen pair in (a); c) Fragment of stamen with prominent apical extension of the connective; d) Reticulate, apparently monocolpate, pollen in situ in stamen fragment in (c); e) Stamen with basifixed anther, perhaps sessile, and with prominent, wing-like apical extensions of the connective; note the dehisced thecae with the anther wall curved back; f, g) Monocolpate, reticulate pollen in situ in stamen in (e). Specimens, Catefica 49-S107780 (a, b), Catefica 49-S107784 (c, d), Catefica 49-S107781 (e–g). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, c, e), 6 Μm (b, d, f, g).

Text-fig. 28. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen of Endressistemon cateficensis gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Staminal structure with two lateral stamens and one median structure seen in ventral and dorsal view (orientation unknown) showing that each stamen has a prominent apical extension and two pairs of pollen sacs separated by a narrow connective; both stamens are borne on a common base together with the median structure and their anthers are sessile on the common stalk; note the apical projection of the median structure (asterisk) between the two stamens and the ribs over probable vascular bundles that extend from the common base into the apical projections of both stamens and the median structure (arrows); c) Staminal structure showing two stamens with prominent apical projections and median axis-like structure between the two stamens (arrow); d) Staminal structure showing two stamens with prominent apical projections borne on a common base; e) Staminal structure in (a) and (b), from the same orientation as (b), showing the ribs over probable vascular bundles (yellow) that extend into the apical projections; f) Detail of staminal structure in (a) and (b) showing the fused or strongly adhering apical projections of the two lateral stamens and the median structure (asterisk); g) Monocolpate, reticulate pollen grains from the pollen sacs of stamen in (d). Specimens, Catefica 49-S107778 (holotype, a, b, e, f), Catefica 49-S107769 (c), Catefica 49-S107751 (d, g). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a–d), 300 Μm (e), 100 Μm (f), 6 Μm (g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 28. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen of Endressistemon cateficensis gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Staminal structure with two lateral stamens and one median structure seen in ventral and dorsal view (orientation unknown) showing that each stamen has a prominent apical extension and two pairs of pollen sacs separated by a narrow connective; both stamens are borne on a common base together with the median structure and their anthers are sessile on the common stalk; note the apical projection of the median structure (asterisk) between the two stamens and the ribs over probable vascular bundles that extend from the common base into the apical projections of both stamens and the median structure (arrows); c) Staminal structure showing two stamens with prominent apical projections and median axis-like structure between the two stamens (arrow); d) Staminal structure showing two stamens with prominent apical projections borne on a common base; e) Staminal structure in (a) and (b), from the same orientation as (b), showing the ribs over probable vascular bundles (yellow) that extend into the apical projections; f) Detail of staminal structure in (a) and (b) showing the fused or strongly adhering apical projections of the two lateral stamens and the median structure (asterisk); g) Monocolpate, reticulate pollen grains from the pollen sacs of stamen in (d). Specimens, Catefica 49-S107778 (holotype, a, b, e, f), Catefica 49-S107769 (c), Catefica 49-S107751 (d, g). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a–d), 300 Μm (e), 100 Μm (f), 6 Μm (g).

Text-fig. 8. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of staminate inflorescences and pollen of Proencistemon portugallicus gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Staminate inflorescences composed of numerous tetrasporangiate stamens; each stamen lacks a filament and there is no clear indication of other floral organs; note apparently paired arrangement of stamens in (b) (asterisks); c) Pollen in situ in anther from specimen in (a) showing poorly defined trichotomocolpate aperture and semitectate-reticulate tectum; d) Detail of pollen from specimen in (a) showing narrow muri with beaded surface ornamentation; e) Distal and proximal views of pollen in situ in an anther fragment; f) Orbicules attached to surface of in situ pollen from anther fragment. Specimens, Catefica M282-P0341 (holotype, a, c, d), Catefica 150-S174257 (b), Catefica 50-S170393 (e, f). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, b), 6 Μm (c, e), 1.5 Μm (d, f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 8. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of staminate inflorescences and pollen of Proencistemon portugallicus gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Staminate inflorescences composed of numerous tetrasporangiate stamens; each stamen lacks a filament and there is no clear indication of other floral organs; note apparently paired arrangement of stamens in (b) (asterisks); c) Pollen in situ in anther from specimen in (a) showing poorly defined trichotomocolpate aperture and semitectate-reticulate tectum; d) Detail of pollen from specimen in (a) showing narrow muri with beaded surface ornamentation; e) Distal and proximal views of pollen in situ in an anther fragment; f) Orbicules attached to surface of in situ pollen from anther fragment. Specimens, Catefica M282-P0341 (holotype, a, c, d), Catefica 150-S174257 (b), Catefica 50-S170393 (e, f). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, b), 6 Μm (c, e), 1.5 Μm (d, f).

Text-fig. 9. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen of Proencistemon portugallicus gen. et sp. nov. (a–g) and Proencistemon sp. (h–j); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of stamen whorl from staminate inflorescence showing almost sessile anthers; note short bracts at the base of the stamen whorl (arrow) and apparent paired arrangement of the stamens; b) Fragment of stamen whorl showing almost sessile anthers and apparent paired arrangement of the stamens; c) Pollen in situ from stamen whorl in (b) showing poorly defined trichotomocolpate aperture and semitectate-reticulate tectum; d–g) Distal views of pollen in situ from pollen clump showing poorly defined trichotomocolpate aperture, semitectate-reticulate tectum (d–f), and fractured pollen wall with long, scattered columellae supporting narrow muri (g); h) Fragment of staminate inflorescence with narrow, almost sessile, stamens; i, j) Pollen from fragment of staminate inflorescence in (h) showing poorly defined trichotomocolpate aperture (i), semitectate-reticulate tectum (i, j) and long, scattered columellae supporting narrow muri (j). Specimens, Catefica 49-S266015 (a), Catefica 342-S122086 (b, c), Catefica 50-S170394 (d–g), Catefica 49-S107783 (h–j). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, b, h), 6 Μm (c–f, i), 1.5 Μm (g, j). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 9. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen of Proencistemon portugallicus gen. et sp. nov. (a–g) and Proencistemon sp. (h–j); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of stamen whorl from staminate inflorescence showing almost sessile anthers; note short bracts at the base of the stamen whorl (arrow) and apparent paired arrangement of the stamens; b) Fragment of stamen whorl showing almost sessile anthers and apparent paired arrangement of the stamens; c) Pollen in situ from stamen whorl in (b) showing poorly defined trichotomocolpate aperture and semitectate-reticulate tectum; d–g) Distal views of pollen in situ from pollen clump showing poorly defined trichotomocolpate aperture, semitectate-reticulate tectum (d–f), and fractured pollen wall with long, scattered columellae supporting narrow muri (g); h) Fragment of staminate inflorescence with narrow, almost sessile, stamens; i, j) Pollen from fragment of staminate inflorescence in (h) showing poorly defined trichotomocolpate aperture (i), semitectate-reticulate tectum (i, j) and long, scattered columellae supporting narrow muri (j). Specimens, Catefica 49-S266015 (a), Catefica 342-S122086 (b, c), Catefica 50-S170394 (d–g), Catefica 49-S107783 (h–j). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, b, h), 6 Μm (c–f, i), 1.5 Μm (g, j).

Text-fig. 52. The distribution of aperture and tectum types among the 34 different kinds of angiosperm pollen encountered in the Catefica mesofossil flora. in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 52. The distribution of aperture and tectum types among the 34 different kinds of angiosperm pollen encountered in the Catefica mesofossil flora.

Figs 18–20 in New chironomid flies in Early Cretaceous Lebanese amber (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Figs 18–20. Cretadiamesa arieli gen. et sp. n., male, holotype 365: (18) general habitus, scale bar = 0.5 mm; (19) wing, scale bar = 0.3 mm; (20) details of male genitalia, scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Figs 15–17 in New chironomid flies in Early Cretaceous Lebanese amber (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Figs 15–17. Libanodiamesa deploegi gen. et sp. n., holotype 66: (15) general habitus; (16) forewing; (17) details of forewing venation. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figs 1–3 in New chironomid flies in Early Cretaceous Lebanese amber (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Figs 1–3. Libanopelopia cretacica gen. et sp. n., holotype HAR 2: (1) details of general habitus; (2) wing; (3) general habitus. Scale bars = 1 mm in Figs 1, 3 and 0.5 mm in Fig. 2.

Fig. 9 in New chironomid flies in Early Cretaceous Lebanese amber (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Fig. 9. Lebanorthocladius furcatus gen. et sp. n., holotype 5B, general habitus, scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figs 4–6 in New chironomid flies in Early Cretaceous Lebanese amber (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Figs 4–6. Cretapelopia salomea gen. et sp. n., holotype 309: (4) details of general habitus, scale bar = 1 mm; (5) wing, scale bar = 0.5 mm; (6) male genitalia, scale bar = 0.2 mm.

Figure 9 in Cranial osteology and palaeobiology of the Early Cretaceous bird Jeholornis prima (Aves: Jeholornithiformes)

Figure 9. Scleral ring measurements of Jeholornis STM 3-8. Reassembled three-dimensional cranial model of Jeholornis STM 3-8 used for measurements, following Hu et al. (2022). Scale bar: 5 mm. Abbreviations: EXT, scleral ring outer diameter; INT, scleral ring inner diameter; OL, orbital length.

Figure 8 in Cranial osteology and palaeobiology of the Early Cretaceous bird Jeholornis prima (Aves: Jeholornithiformes)

Figure 8. Three-dimensional snapshots of mandibular elements of Jeholornis STM 3-8: lateral (A) and medial (B) views of the left mandible; lateral (C), medial (D) and dorsal (E) views of the left dentary; medial view of the left dentary with maxillary teeth (F); lateral (G), medial (H) and dorsal (I) views of the left surangular; lateral (J) and medial (K) views of the right splenial; lateral (L) and medial (M) views of the angular. Scale bar: 5 mm. Arrows indicate the rostral direction. Abbreviations: cnp, coronoid process; dt, dentary teeth; lct, lateral condyle; mct, medial condyle; mf, mandibular fenestra; mfs, mandibular fossa; mp, medial process; mt, maxillary teeth; pra, prearticular; rcd, rostral concavity of dentary; rt, replacement tooth; rtp, retroarticular process.

Figure 7 in Cranial osteology and palaeobiology of the Early Cretaceous bird Jeholornis prima (Aves: Jeholornithiformes)

Figure 7. Photograph and reidentified cranial elements of Jeholornis palmapenis. Scale bar: 5 mm. Revised from O'Connor et al. (2012). Abbreviations: pt, palatine; qj, quadratojugal.

Figure 6 in Cranial osteology and palaeobiology of the Early Cretaceous bird Jeholornis prima (Aves: Jeholornithiformes)

Figure 6. Comparisons of postorbital and palatal complex in Aves. Taxa without the postorbital present indicate that this element has been entirely reduced and fused to the frontal to be the postorbital process in these taxa. Dashed lines indicate uncertain structures. Scale bar: 5 mm only for the postorbitals.

Figure 5 in Cranial osteology and palaeobiology of the Early Cretaceous bird Jeholornis prima (Aves: Jeholornithiformes)

Figure 5. Three-dimensional snapshots of the palatal elements and scleral ring of Jeholornis STM 3-8: ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of the vomer; medial (C) and lateral (D) views of the right pterygoid; ventral (E) and dorsal (F) views of the right palatine; left view of the scleral ring (G) and the scleral bone (H). Scale bar: 5 mm. Arrows indicate the rostral direction. Labels for articular facets are in red. Abbreviations: a.m, maxilla articulation; a.pa, palatine articulation; a.psr, parasphenoid rostrum articulation; a.pt, pterygoid articulation; a.v, vomer articulation; cp, choanal process; mpa, maxillary process of palatine; op, overplate; par, palatine ramus of pterygoid; pgw, pterygoid wing; pj, jugal process of palatine; pmr, premaxillary ramus of vomer; ptr, pterygoid ramus of vomer; qur, quadrate ramus of pterygoid.

Figure 4 in Cranial osteology and palaeobiology of the Early Cretaceous bird Jeholornis prima (Aves: Jeholornithiformes)

Figure 4. Three-dimensional snapshots of the quadrate and skull roof of Jeholornis STM 3-8: lateral (A), medial (B) and caudal (C) views of the right quadrate; dorsal (D) and ventral (E) views of the frontals; dorsal (F), ventral (G) and caudal (H) views of the braincase. Scale bar: 5 mm. Arrows indicate the rostral direction. Labels for articular facets are in red. Dashed lines indicate broken margins. Abbreviations: a.n, nasal articulation; a.pa, parietal articulation; bsr, basisphenoid recess; cup, cultriform process; lc, lateral condyle of quadrate; mc, medial condyle of quadrate; nc, nuchal crest; oc, occipital condyle; op, orbital process of quadrate; om, obital margin; otp, otic process of quadrate; prp, paroccipital process; sr, supraorbital rim; stf, supratemporal fossa. Labels of neurocranial elements are not abbreviated.

Figure 3 in Cranial osteology and palaeobiology of the Early Cretaceous bird Jeholornis prima (Aves: Jeholornithiformes)

Figure 3. Three-dimensional snapshots of lateral and dorsal cranial elements of Jeholornis STM 3-8: dorsal lateral (A) and ventromedial (B) views of the left nasal; dorsal views of the right (C) and left (D) preorbital ossification; lateral (E) and medial (F) views of the left quadratojugal; lateral (G) and medial (H) views of the left jugal; lateral (I), laterocaudal (J) and medial (K) views of the left postorbital; lateral (L) and medial (M) views of the right squamosal. Scale bar: 5 mm. Arrows indicate the rostral direction. Labels for articular facets are in red. Dashed lines indicate broken margins. Abbreviations: a.m, maxilla articulation; a.po, postorbital articulation; a.q, quadrate articulation; a.qj, quadratojugal articulation; a.s, squamosal articulation; fpo, frontal process of postorbital; jpo, jugal process of postorbital; jpq, jugal process of quadratojugal; mpj, maxillary process of jugal; mpn, maxillary process of nasal; ocj, oval concavity of jugal; poj, postorbital process of jugal; pos, postorbital process of squamosal; ppn, premaxillary process of nasal; qjp, quadratojugal process of jugal; qjs, quadratojugal process of squamosal; spo, squamosal process of postorbital; spq, squamosal process of quadratojugal.

Figure 2 in Cranial osteology and palaeobiology of the Early Cretaceous bird Jeholornis prima (Aves: Jeholornithiformes)

Figure 2. Three-dimensional snapshots of rostral cranial elements of Jeholornis STM 3-8: lateral (A) and medial (B) views of the articulated left premaxilla, maxilla and lacrimal; lateral view (C), lateral line drawing (D), dorsal view (E) and ventral view (F) of the fused premaxillae; lateral (G), caudolateral (H) and medial (I) views of the right lacrimal; lateral view (J), lateral line drawing (K) and medial view (L) of the left maxilla. Scale bar: 5 mm. Arrows indicate the rostral direction. Labels for articular facets are in red. Abbreviations: a.j, jugal articulation; a.l, lacrimal articulation; a.m, maxilla articulation; a.n, nasal articulation; aof, antorbital fenestra; a.p, premaxilla articulation; a.pt, palatine articulation; apm, ascending process of maxilla; cdr; caudodorsal ramus of lacrimal; fpp, frontal process of premaxilla; jpm, jugal process of maxilla; ld, lateral depression of maxilla to receive the maxillary process of premaxilla; lf, lacrimal foramen; mf?, potential maxillary fenestra; mpp, maxillary process of premaxilla; mt, maxillary teeth; nf, nutrient foramina; pam, palatal process of maxilla; ppm, premaxillary process of maxilla; ppp, palatal process of premaxilla; rdr, rostrodorsal ramus of lacrimal; vr, ventral ramus of lacrimal.

Figure 1 in Cranial osteology and palaeobiology of the Early Cretaceous bird Jeholornis prima (Aves: Jeholornithiformes)

Figure 1. Photograph (A), left view of the three-dimensionally reconstructed skull (B) and lateral (C) and ventral (D) views of the two-dimensional cranial reconstruction of Jeholornis STM 3-8 (following Hu et al., 2022). Scale bars: 5 mm. Abbreviations: an, angular; br, braincase; de, dentary; ep, ectopterygoid; fr, frontal; ju, jugal; la, lacrimal; ma, maxilla; na, nasal; pa, palatine; pre, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pro, preorbital ossification; pt, pterygoid; qj, quadratojugal; qu, quadrate; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; sr, scleral ring; su, suangular; v, vomer. Dashed lines indicate the elements not preserved but suspected to exist.