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FIGURES 2–6. Nesolinoceras ornatipennis. 2–5, Female holotype. 2, Lateral view. 3 in Generic redefinition and a new species of Nesolinoceras Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae)

FIGURES 2–6. Nesolinoceras ornatipennis. 2–5, Female holotype. 2, Lateral view. 3, Head in frontal view. 4, Wings. 5, Dorsal view. 6, Male holotype of N. espini.

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FIGURE 1. Nesolinoceras ornatipennis. A female drilling a in Generic redefinition and a new species of Nesolinoceras Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae)

FIGURE 1. Nesolinoceras ornatipennis. A female drilling a tree branch in Varahicacos Ecological Reserve, Cuba. Photo by Max Padt, used with permission; first published online (https://www.flickr.com/photos/ maxman2402).

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FIGURES 1–8. Generic features. 1–2, Melanocryptus delos. 3, M in Revision of Melanocryptus Cameron (Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae), with description of seven new species

FIGURES 1–8. Generic features. 1–2, Melanocryptus delos. 3, M. aurantius, apex of antenna. 4–5, M. niger, antennae, ventral, showing the felt stripe. 6, M. aurantius, mandibles and clypeus. 7, M. delos, clypeus, dorsolateral. 8, Unidentified cryptine: note that clypeal tooth is structurally different from that of Melanocryptus.

Text-fig. 5. The generic composition of the rodent faunas on the family and subfamily level. The black line sets apart subfamilies of the Muridae (right side) from other rodents (left). The proportion of murid genera increases over time. in Generically Speaking, A Survey On Neogene Rodent Diversity At The Genus Level In The Now Database

Text-fig. 5. The generic composition of the rodent faunas on the family and subfamily level. The black line sets apart subfamilies of the Muridae (right side) from other rodents (left). The proportion of murid genera increases over time.

Text-fig. 2. The relation between number of genera and localities in MN 5 of central Europe (CE) and the Iberian Peninsula (IB). a. Localities ordered from highest to lowest number of taxa; the distribution is more equitable in the Iberian Peninsula. b. Genera ordered from most common to rarest; the distribution of genera is more equitable in central Europe. The low number of common genera is an artefact of incomplete faunal lists (see text). in Generically Speaking, A Survey On Neogene Rodent Diversity At The Genus Level In The Now Database

Text-fig. 2. The relation between number of genera and localities in MN 5 of central Europe (CE) and the Iberian Peninsula (IB). a. Localities ordered from highest to lowest number of taxa; the distribution is more equitable in the Iberian Peninsula. b. Genera ordered from most common to rarest; the distribution of genera is more equitable in central Europe. The low number of common genera is an artefact of incomplete faunal lists (see text).

Text-fig. 4. Neogene generic diversity in rodents for the three study areas separately and combined. in Generically Speaking, A Survey On Neogene Rodent Diversity At The Genus Level In The Now Database

Text-fig. 4. Neogene generic diversity in rodents for the three study areas separately and combined.

Text-fig. 3. MN 12 localities in the NOW database (The NOW Community 2019). Note that the unit is not represented in major parts of Europe. in Generically Speaking, A Survey On Neogene Rodent Diversity At The Genus Level In The Now Database

Text-fig. 3. MN 12 localities in the NOW database (The NOW Community 2019). Note that the unit is not represented in major parts of Europe.

Text-fig. 1. Result of cumulative random counting of MN 5 localities in central Europe and the Iberian Peninsula. Ten simulations were run for each area. a. Results of the count including the average in bold, showing the clearly lower diversity in IB. b. The average lines standardized, showing similar patterns in the two areas. Note that in the simulation around thirty localities were needed to capture 80 % of the regional diversity. in Generically Speaking, A Survey On Neogene Rodent Diversity At The Genus Level In The Now Database

Text-fig. 1. Result of cumulative random counting of MN 5 localities in central Europe and the Iberian Peninsula. Ten simulations were run for each area. a. Results of the count including the average in bold, showing the clearly lower diversity in IB. b. The average lines standardized, showing similar patterns in the two areas. Note that in the simulation around thirty localities were needed to capture 80 % of the regional diversity.

Fig. 40 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 40. Boaedon fuliginosus (Boie), sphenoid bone from AMNH R-11996, ×8.7. A. Ventral (external) side. B. Dorsal (intracranial) side. Abbreviations: aac, anterior orifice of abducens canal (opening into Vidian canal); aoVc, anterior orifice of Vidian canal for the conjoined VII palatine and V4 levator bulbi nerves; imc, intermuscular crest, between deep and superficial heads of the protractor pterygoideus; pac, posterior orifice of abducens canal; poVc, posterior orifice of Vidian canal, shared by carotid artery and VII palatine; pvc, pituitary vein canal, also for entry of V4 levator bulbi into the cavum epiptericum; sfs, feebly developed suborbital flange, which barely extends lateral to the sphenoid-parietal contact and is medial to the retractor vomeris; tr, pit for trabecular cartilage; Vc, Vidian canal, an unroofed grove containing the joined VII palatine and V4 levator bulbi (retractor pterygoideus or mammalian deep petrosal) nerves, which together form a Vidian nerve, sensu stricto.

Fig. 38 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 38. Relationships of lateral levator bulbi (lbl) and medial levator bulbi (lbm) muscles to the Vidian nerve (vn) in some elethinophidian snakes: A. Acrochordus granulatus (AMNH R-14185); B. Tropidophis melanurus (AMNH R-82878); C. Loxocemus bicolor (AMNH R-99151); D. Ungaliophis continentalis (AMNH R-93813); E. Anilius scytale (AMNH R-54986); F. Python molurus (AMNH R- 3224); G. Calabaria reinhardtii (AMNH R-11718); H. Nerodia cyclopion (Carolina Biological Supply Co.). Other abbreviations: lp, levator pterygoideus; pp, protractor pterygoideus; pq, protractor quadrati.

Fig. 37 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 37. Diagrams of the braincase, with parietal bone attached, showing the pathways of trigeminal and facial nerve branches. A. Ctenosaura, a generalized lizard (after Oelrich, 1956, and a specimen from Carolina Biological Supply Co.). B. An alethinophidian snake (simplified and composite, but essentially as in Python). Abbreviations: bp, basipterygoid process; cr, communicating ramus between levator bulbi nerves and palatine ramus of the facial nerve; lbm, levator bulbi muscle (retractor arcus palatini and retractor vomeris muscles in snake); PA, parietal bone; vn, Vidian nerve in strict sense of mammalian anatomy, formed from conjoined palatine ramus of facial nerve and levator bulbi (deep petrosal) nerve; V1, deep ophthalmic ramus of trigeminal nerve; V2, maxillary ramus of trigeminal nerve; V3, mandibular ramus of trigeminal nerve; V41b, levator bulbi nerve (probably homologous to the mammalian deep petrosal nerve); V41p, levator pterygoideus nerve; V4pp, protractor pterygoideus nerve; VIIh, hyomandibular ramus of facial nerve; VIIp, palatine ramus of facial nerve (homologous to the greater superficial petrosal nerve of mammals).

Fig. 36 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 36. Xenodon rabdocephalus (Wied, 1824). Left. One of two unnumbered folio plates showing ''Coluber rabdocephalus'' in the Abbildungen zur Naturgeschichte Brasiliens (Wied, 1827 [1822–1831], Lief. 10). Right. Same specimen, now AMNH R-3609, lectotype by present designation. This specimen suffered some decomposition in the past, with the body becoming very soft and breaking completely in two parts (arrows show place of break). Telling points of resemblance between painting and specimen are numbered: 1. Longitudinal white line on neck, terminating Y-shaped at first dorsal crossband; 2–6. Anterior and posterior pale edges of dorsal crossbands, showing both resemblances and minor copying errors; asterisk (*) denotes the undivided anal plate. The resemblance between the painting and specimen is very close, allowing for the inevitable accumulated copying errors (i.e., Wied's original pen-and-ink watercolor was copied from life and it in turn was copied by an artist for the published plate).

Fig. 35 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 35. One of two unnumbered folio plates labeled ''Coluber rabdocephalus'' in the Abbildungen zur Naturgeschichte Brasiliens by Wied (1827 [1822–1831], Lief. 10). The specimen portrayed is no longer extant; it would be a syntype by modern standards.

Fig. 27. A, B in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 27. A, B. Hemipenis of Enulius flavitorques in sulcate and asulcate view. Left organ of AMNH R- 107406, measuring 6.5 mm from base to crown between apical projections, which are about 2.5 mm long. C. Hemipenis of ''Enuliophis'' sclateri, roughly ×6.3. From McCranie and Villa (1993: fig. 1, ''organ 10.6 mm'').

Fig. 31 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 31. Xenodon rabdocephalus, sensu lato. Living specimens from widely separated parts of its geographic range. A. A juvenile from eastern Panama (Darién, Río Jaque´, 1.5 km above Río Imamadó, 50 m; AMNH R-113392; tentatively assigned to X. angustirostris W. Peters; compare juvenile in figure 30B from western Colombia). B. An adult from Venezuela (Tapirapeco Expedition base camp, 150 m, upper Río Mavaca, Amazonas; AMNH R-134207. Not assigned to species; X. ''rabdocephalus'' barely enters Venezuela.) Photographs by C.W. Myers.

Fig. 20 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 20. Hemipenis of Xenodon suspectus Cope; left retracted organ of AMNH R-52175 (see fig. 32). The basal half of the organ and the left lobe were opened midventrally, essentially along (and destroying) the sulcus spermaticus. Inset: Greatly enlarged terminus of left lobe, showing an apical cluster of narrow spines.

Fig. 12 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 12. Maxillary dentition of Eutrachelophis steinbachi (Boulenger). Right maxilla of AMNH R- 125695, in lateral and ventral view. Arrangement of tooth sockets shows a slight lateral offset of the last tooth behind the diastema; the offset is more pronounced in most other ''xenodontines,'' although a few genera have the posterior maxillary teeth arranged in a straight line configuration.

Fig. 9 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 9. Uneverted hemipenis of Eutrachelophis steinbachi (Boulenger); right organ of AMNH R-125695, opened by midventral incision, ×5. Abbreviation: STB, smooth terminal basin.

Fig. 6 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 6. Eutrachelophis steinbachi (Boulenger). The paralectotype (BMNH 1946.1.21.63), a juvenile male shown 1.6× life size.

Fig. 19 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 19. Everted hemipenis of Xenodon rabdocephalus, sensu lato, in sulcate view. Right organ of AMNH R-81935, manually everted (terminus of right lobe burst), from central Panama. Inset: Greatly enlarged terminus of left lobe, showing nude tip lacking an apical disc. The name Xenodon angustirostris W. Peters, 1864, is resurrected herein for populations of X. ''rabdocephalus'' characterized by this kind of hemipenis (compare hemipenis with apical disc in fig. 18).