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Fig. 1 in Kinkonychelys, A New Side-Necked Turtle (Pelomedusoides: Bothremydidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

Fig. 1. Outcrop map of Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene strata in the Mahajanga Basin of northwestern Madagascar indicating the Lac Kinkony, Masiakakoho, and Berivotra Study Areas from which specimens of Kinkonychelys were collected in the Maevarano Formation. [L. Nash, del.]

Fig. 7 in Kinkonychelys, A New Side-Necked Turtle (Pelomedusoides: Bothremydidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

Fig. 7. Kinkonychelys sp. FMNH PR 2446, partial braincase in ventrolateral view to show structures in fossa pterygoidea. Anterior toward top of page. A, photograph; B, line drawing. [J. Sharkey, del.]

Fig. 3. Kinkonychelys rogersi, n in Kinkonychelys, A New Side-Necked Turtle (Pelomedusoides: Bothremydidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

Fig. 3. Kinkonychelys rogersi, n. gen. et sp. UA 9748, holotype skull. A, Dorsal; B, ventral; C, right lateral; D, anterior; E, left lateral; F, posterior. Key to Fig. 2. [C. Li, del.]

Fig. 2. Kinkonychelys rogersi, n in Kinkonychelys, A New Side-Necked Turtle (Pelomedusoides: Bothremydidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

Fig. 2. Kinkonychelys rogersi, n. gen. et sp. UA 9748, holotype skull. A, Dorsal; B, ventral; C, right lateral; D, anterior; E, left lateral; F, posterior. [C. Li, del.]

Fig. 9 in Kinkonychelys, A New Side-Necked Turtle (Pelomedusoides: Bothremydidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

Fig. 9. Cladogram of bothremydids showing position of Kinkonychelys resulting from a PAUP analysis when entered into the character list of Gaffney et al. (2006).

Fig. 6 in Kinkonychelys, A New Side-Necked Turtle (Pelomedusoides: Bothremydidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

Fig. 6. Kinkonychelys sp. FMNH PR 2446, partial braincase. A, Dorsal; B, ventral; C, posterior; D, anterior; E, medial; F, lateral. Key to Fig. 5. [C. Facella, J. Sharkey, del.]

Fig. 5 in Kinkonychelys, A New Side-Necked Turtle (Pelomedusoides: Bothremydidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

Fig. 5. Kinkonychelys sp. FMNH PR 2446, partial braincase. A, Dorsal; B, ventral; C, posterior; D, anterior; E, medial; F, lateral. [I. Zalmout, del.]

FIG. 14 in A new genus of Late Cretaceous angel shark (Elasmobranchii; Squatinidae), with comments on squatinid phylogeny

FIG. 14. An undescribed Early Jurassic batomorph skeleton from Holzmaden (SMNS 52666): A, general view of the specimen in dorsal view; white rectangle indicates region shown in B (scale bar = 10 cm); B, detail of cranio-vertebral articulation, showing the existence of an occipital hemicentrum and a short synarcual with four unreduced anterior vertebral centra. In all modern batoids, the occipital hemicentrum and the anteriormost centra within the synarcual are absent and the cranio-vertebral joint is formed entirely by fused dorsal and ventral arcualia of the vertebral column (synarcual cartilage). Thus, reduction or absence of the anterior spool in the first free centrum of squatiniforms is probably independent of the condition in batomorphs.

FIG. 10. ALMNH 2792-B in A new genus of Late Cretaceous angel shark (Elasmobranchii; Squatinidae), with comments on squatinid phylogeny

FIG. 10. ALMNH 2792-B, three views of ceratohyal referred here to Cretasquatina americana. Anterior to right in A and C, to left in B. Again, note the extremely coarse texture of tesserae.

FIG. 7. ALMNH 2792-A in A new genus of Late Cretaceous angel shark (Elasmobranchii; Squatinidae), with comments on squatinid phylogeny

FIG. 7. ALMNH 2792-A, almost complete left palatoquadrate, referred here to Cretasquatina americana: A, lateral view, anterior to left; B, mesial view, anterior to right; C, dorsal view, anterior to left; D, ventral view, anterior to left. Note extremely large cartilage tesserae (some with zigzag intertesseral contacts), especially in the center of the lateral surface of the palatoquadrate main bar in A.

FIG. 6. Squatina nebulosa, AMNH 258172 in A new genus of Late Cretaceous angel shark (Elasmobranchii; Squatinidae), with comments on squatinid phylogeny

FIG. 6. Squatina nebulosa, AMNH 258172. Views of the cranium and anterior part of vertebral column, imaged from tomographic scan by C. Crawford: A, ventral view of first six vertebral centra and associated basiventrals, anterior to top; B, anterior view of first vertebral element; C, dorsal view of A; D, posterior view of cranium; E, ventral view of cranium and vertebral centra (anterior to left); F, dorsal view of same. Upper scale bar for A–D; lower scale bar for E and F only.

FIG. 4. Cretasquatina americana. Holotype, ALMNH 2792-C in A new genus of Late Cretaceous angel shark (Elasmobranchii; Squatinidae), with comments on squatinid phylogeny

FIG. 4. Cretasquatina americana. Holotype, ALMNH 2792-C, computerized tomography images of slices through first vertebra: A, horizontal section through middle of centrum just above median process; B, slightly higher horizontal section clipping anterior part of spinal canal; C, midsagittal section through vertebral centrum. Note the extremely large size of individual tesserae, especially rows of "voussoir" tesserae along margins between adjacent surfaces.

FIG. 9 in A new genus of Late Cretaceous angel shark (Elasmobranchii; Squatinidae), with comments on squatinid phylogeny

FIG. 9. Head skeleton of modern Squatina nebulosa, AMNH 258172 (juvenile female 405 mm TL), images from scanned specimen segmented by C. Crawford: A, cranium, jaws and ceratohyals in dorsal view, anterior to top; B, same in ventral view; C, same in lateral view, left side, anterior to left; D, left palatoquadrate in lateral view, anterior to left; E, same in mesial view, anterior to right; F, same in dorsal view, anterior to left; G, same in ventral view, anterior to left; H, left ceratohyal in lateral view; I, same in mesial view.

FIG. 2 in A new genus of Late Cretaceous angel shark (Elasmobranchii; Squatinidae), with comments on squatinid phylogeny

FIG. 2. Cretasquatina americana, gen. nov., sp. nov. Holotype, ALMNH 2792-C, six associated vertebrae forming the anterior vertebral complex: A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, anterior views of centra 1–6; D, posterior views of centra 1–6.

FIG. 13 in A new genus of Late Cretaceous angel shark (Elasmobranchii; Squatinidae), with comments on squatinid phylogeny

FIG. 13. Strict consensus of two equally parsimonious trees, inferred from PAUP*. Numbers at nodes are bootstrap support values. Cretasquatina is inferred to lie on the squatinid stem above Pseudorhina. Cretascyllium is resolved in this analysis as the closest extinct taxon to modern Squatina.

FIG. 5 in A new genus of Late Cretaceous angel shark (Elasmobranchii; Squatinidae), with comments on squatinid phylogeny

FIG. 5. AMNH FF 22425, Late Cretaceous, Ramanessin Brook, NJ; isolated first vertebra referred to Cretasquatina: A, anterior view; B, posterior view; C, dorsal view; D, ventral view. The centrum is visible posteriorly but does not emerge onto the anterior surface of the element. Large paired concavities of the cranial-vertebral articulation are present anteriorly. Note also the large size of cartilage tesserae covering surfaces of the arcualia and cotyli (compare with figs. 3, 4).

FIG. 1. Locality and stratigraphic information. A in A new genus of Late Cretaceous angel shark (Elasmobranchii; Squatinidae), with comments on squatinid phylogeny

FIG. 1. Locality and stratigraphic information. A, location of Alabama within continental United States (no scale); B, location of Dallas County within Alabama (no scale); C, location (starred) of Harrell Station Paleontological Station (HSPS); D, general view of the HSPS site; E, Upper Cretaceous geologic section for western Alabama showing the approximate exposure level at HSPS (arrow).

FIG. 3. Cretasquatina americana. Holotype, ALMNH 2792-C in A new genus of Late Cretaceous angel shark (Elasmobranchii; Squatinidae), with comments on squatinid phylogeny

FIG. 3. Cretasquatina americana. Holotype, ALMNH 2792-C, first vertebra: A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Note large size of individual tesserae.

FIG. 8 in A new genus of Late Cretaceous angel shark (Elasmobranchii; Squatinidae), with comments on squatinid phylogeny

FIG. 8. Additional palatoquadrates referred here to Cretasquatina americana: A–C, ALMNH 1040-A, almost complete right palatoquadrate approximately 143 mm long. A, lateral view, anterior to right; B, mesial view, anterior to left; C, dorsal view, anterior to left; D, E, ALMNH 1040-B, anterior part of left palatoquadrate matching 1040-A in size and representing its antimere (the two were collected together).

FIG. 12 in A new genus of Late Cretaceous angel shark (Elasmobranchii; Squatinidae), with comments on squatinid phylogeny

FIG. 12. Comparison of palatoquadrate proportions in four different squatinids, all in lateral view, anterior to left. See text for discussion. A, ALMNH 2792-A (see fig. 6), referred here to Cretasquatina americana; B, modern Squatina nebulosa, AMNH 258172 (see fig. 9); C, Pseudorhina acanthoderma (adapted after Vaz and Carvalho, 2013; fig.6); D, Cretascyllium cranei (adapted from a photograph of the holotype specimen, Booth Museum BNB 007329/007330, courtesy of C.J. Underwood).