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6,569 results for “Long-term”
Long-term study shows that increasing body size in response to warmer summers is associated with a higher mortality risk in a long-lived bat species
<p>Change in body size is one of the universal responses to global warming, with most species becoming smaller. While small size in most species corresponds to low individual fitness, small species typically show high population growth rates in cross-species comparisons. It is unclear, there- fore, how climate-induced changes in body size ultimately affect population persistence. Unravelling the relationship between body size, ambient temperature and individual survival is especially important for the conservation of endangered long-lived mammals such as bats. Using an individual-based 24-year dataset from four free-ranging Bechstein'sbat colonies (Myotis bechsteinii), we show for the first time a link between warmer summer temperatures, larger body sizes and increased mortality risk. Our data reveal a crucial time window in June–July, when juveniles grow to larger body sizes in warmer conditions. Body size is also affected by colony size, with larger colonies raising larger offspring. At the same time, larger bats have higher mortality risks throughout their lives. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the link between warmer weather and body size as a fitness-relevant trait for predicting species-specific extinction risks as consequences of global warming.</p>
Coastal squeeze on temperate reefs: long-term shifts in salinity, water quality, and oyster-associated communities
<p>Foundation species such as mangroves, saltmarshes, kelps, seagrasses, and oysters thrive within suitable environmental envelopes as narrow ribbons along the land-sea margin. Therefore, these habitat-forming species and resident fauna are sensitive to modified environmental gradients. For oysters, many estuaries impacted by sea-level rise, channelization, and municipal infrastructure are experiencing saltwater intrusion and water-quality degradation that may alter reef distributions, functions, and services. To explore decadal-scale oyster-reef community patterns across a temperate estuary in response to environmental change, we resampled reefs in the Newport River Estuary (NRE) during 2013-2015 that were previously studied during 1955-1956. We also coalesced historical NRE reef distribution (1880s-2015), salinity (1913-2015), and water-quality driven shellfish closure boundary (1970s-2015) data to document environmental trends that could influence reef ecology and service delivery. Over the last 60-120 years, the entire NRE has shifted toward higher salinities. Consequently, oyster-reef communities have become less distinct across the estuary, manifest by 20-27% lower species turnover and decreased faunal richness among NRE reefs in the 2010s relative to the 1950s. During the 2010s, NRE oyster-reef communities tended to cluster around a euhaline, intertidal-reef type more so than during the 1950s. This followed from faunal expansions farther up-estuary and biological degradation of subtidal reefs as NRE conditions became more marine and favorable for aggressive, reef-destroying taxa. In addition to these biological shifts, the area of suitable bottom on which subtidal-reefs persist (ultimately regulated by up-estuary intrusion of marine waters) and support human harvest (driven by water quality, eroding from up-estuary) has decreased by >75% since the natural history of NRE reefs was first explored. This "coastal squeeze" on harvestable subtidal oysters (reduced from a 4.5-km to a 0.75-km envelope along the NRE's main axis) will likely have consequences regarding the economic incentives for future oyster conservation, as well as the suite of services delivered by remaining shellfish reefs (e.g., biodiversity maintenance, seafood supply). More broadly, these findings exemplify how "squeeze" may be a pervasive concern for biogenic habitats along terrestrial or marine ecotones during an era of intense global change.</p>
Supporting Documents for "The DESC Catchments: Long-term Monitoring of Inland Precambrian Shield Catchment Streamflow and Water Chemistry in Central Ontario, Canada"
<p>Supporting documents for "<strong>The DESC Catchments: Long-term Monitoring of Inland Precambrian Shield Catchment Streamflow and Water Chemistry in Central Ontario, Canada" </strong> that are otherwise not readily accessible. These include historical government reports and relevant laboratory method descriptions from the Ontario Ministry of Environment (Canada). Reports List includes a listing of the 14 documents.</p>
Data supporting "Can Long-Term Experiments Predict Real Field N and P Balance and System Sustainability? Results from Maize, Winter Wheat, and Soybean Trials Using Mineral and Organic Fertilisers"
<p>Data supporting "Can Long-Term Experiments Predict Real Field N and P Balance and System Sustainability? Results from Maize, Winter Wheat, and Soybean Trials Using Mineral and Organic Fertilisers" by Piccoli et al. (2021) Agronomy 2021, 11, 1472. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081472</p>
Large-scale fungal strain sequencing unravels the molecular diversity in mating loci maintained by long-term balancing selection
<p><span>Balancing selection, an evolutionary force that retains genetic diversity, has been detected in multiple genes and organisms, such as the sexual mating loci in fungi. However, to quantify the strength of balancing selection and define the mating-related genes require a large number of strains. In tetrapolar basidiomycete fungi, sexual type is determined by two unlinked loci, <em>MATA </em>and <em>MATB</em>. Genes in both loci define mating type identity, control successful mating and completion of the life cycle. These loci are usually highly diverse. Previous studies have speculated, based on culture crosses, that species of the non-model genus <em>Trichaptum </em>(Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) possess a tetrapolar mating system, with multiple alleles. Here, we sequenced a hundred and eighty strains of three <em>Trichaptum </em>species. We characterized the chromosomal location of <em>MATA </em>and <em>MATB</em>, the molecular structure of <em>MAT </em>regions and their allelic richness. The sequencing effort was sufficient to molecularly characterize multiple <em>MAT </em>alleles segregating before the speciation event of <em>Trichaptum </em>species. Analyses suggested that long-term balancing selection has generated trans-species polymorphisms. Mating sequences were classified in different allelic classes based on an amino acid identity (AAI) threshold supported by phylogenetics. 17,550 mating types were predicted based on the allelic classes. <em>In vitro </em>crosses allowed us to support the degree of allelic divergence needed for successful mating. Even with the high amount of divergence, key amino acids in functional domains are conserved. We conclude that the genetic diversity of mating loci in <em>Trichaptum </em>is due to long-term balancing selection, with limited recombination and duplication activity. The large number of sequenced strains highlighted the importance of sequencing multiple individuals from different species to detect the mating-related genes, the mechanisms generating diversity and the evolutionary forces maintaining them.</span></p>
Dataset for "Long-term implications of reduced gas imports on the decarbonization of the European energy system"
<p>A dataset containing results for the paper "Long-term implications of reduced gas imports on the decarbonization of the European energy system". See also the associated Github repository: https://github.com/TimToernes/Reduced-gas-imports </p>
Reconstructed, Long-Term Meteorological Forcing and Mass Balance over Glaciers in High Mountain Asia
<p>%%%% Reconstructed_WRF_Forcing_HMA.mat %%%%%%%%<br> A reconstructed, long-term data series of meteorological data for three glaciers in distinct regions of High Mountain Asia. The meteorological forcing consists of hourly Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) data bias-corrected by high elevation, off-glacier automatic weather station (AWS) data. The variables of the forcing data consist of 2m air temperature ('T' °C), relative humidity ('RH' %), air pressure ('PRESS' hPa), incoming shortwave ('SWIN' Wm-2) and longwave ('LWIN' Wm-2) radiation, precipitation ('PP', mm hr) and wind speed ('FF' m s-1). The period of the timeseries ranges from January 1981 to December 2019. <br> <br> Data are available for the following glaciers (bias-corrected to the given coordinates / elevation of the off-glacier AWS)<br> Yala Glacier, Nepal (28.237°N 85.619°E, 5090 m a.s.l.) - 'AWS Yala Basecamp' (AWS Data available on the ICIMOD RDS)<br> Parlung Glacier Number 4 (29.245°N 96.928°E, 4600 m a.s.l.) - 'AWS4600' (Contact author Wei Yang for AWS data requests)</p> <p>Mugagangqiong Glacier (32.234°N, 87.485°E, 5850 m a.s.l.) - 'AWS5850' (Contact author Wei Yang for AWS data requests)</p> <p> </p> <p>Data are stored as matlab tables in .mat files. Data were created using Matlab version 2020b. </p> <p> </p> <p>%%%% Reconstructed_Mass_Balance_HMA.mat %%%%%%%%<br> <br> Reconstructed cumulative mass balances for the aforementioned glaciers (values in m w.e.)</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Historical surveys reveal a long-term decline in muskrat populations
<p>The muskrat (<i>Ondatra zibethicus</i>) is an iconic species in Canada, valued for both its fur and its integral role in wetland ecosystems, and widely regarded for its perseverance. However, the resilience of this semi-aquatic mammal seems to be in question now as increasing evidence points to widespread population declines. Recent analyses of harvest data across North America suggest a reduction in their numbers, but this has not been widely corroborated by population surveys. In this study we replicated historic muskrat house count surveys at two large Great Lakes coastal wetlands and present confirmation that declines in muskrat harvest correspond to actual declines in muskrat abundance. At the Point Pelee National Park marsh and the Matchedash Bay-Gray Marsh wetland we found that mean muskrat house counts declined by 93% and 91% respectively between historic surveys 40-50 years ago and contemporary surveys over the past seven years. The factors responsible for these dramatic declines remain unclear but there may be a relationship with changes in the habitat quality of these wetlands that have occurred over the same time frame. Not only is the loss of muskrats an issue for the resulting loss of the wetland ecosystem services they provide, but it may be an indication of broader marsh ecosystem degradation. As such, a scarcity of muskrats should be considered a red flag for the state of biodiversity in our wetlands. Continued surveys and ongoing research are needed to shed more light on the current status of muskrat populations and their marsh habitats across their native range.</p>
Long-term resilience of primary sex ratios in a species with temperature dependent sex determination after decades of climate warming
<p><span>Species with environmental sex determination (ESD) have persisted through deep time, despite massive environmental perturbation in the geological record. Understanding how species with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), a type of ESD, persist through climate change is particularly timely given the current climate crisis, as highly biased sex ratios and extinction are predicted. Since 1982, we have studied primary sex ratios of a reptile with TSD (<em>Chelydra serpentina</em></span><span>). Primary sex ratios remained unchanged over time, despite warming in the environment. Resilience of the primary sex ratio occurred via a portfolio effect, realized through remarkable intra-annual variation in nest-level sex ratios, leading to a relatively consistent mean annual sex ratio. Intra-annual variation in nest-level sex ratios was related to variation in egg burial depth coupled with large clutch sizes, creating thermal gradients in the nest, and promoting mixed-sex clutches. Further, both locally and globally, sustained increases in nighttime air temperature contribute more to warming than increases in daily maximum temperature, but development rate was affected more strongly by maximum daily air temperature, conferring additional resilience to overall warming. Our study suggests that some TSD species may be resilient to warming and provides an example of how ESD may persist under environmental change.</span><span><br></span></p>
Long-term minnow community data from the Bayou Pierre, Mississippi
<p>Long-term community monitoring is becoming an important tool for ecological studies. Historical data are present in a variety of sources but often require considerable effort to extract, filter, and verify prior to analyses. In this dataset we document minnow (sensu lato, Cyprinidae + Leuciscidae) communities in the Bayou Pierre, Mississippi. We include filtered community data from twelve localities and three time periods (1974-75, 1985-89, 2019-20) derived from a mixture of literature, museum collections, and contemporary collecting efforts. All collections were made using comparable methodologies. We also include an additional 29 contemporary collections which do not have historical representation but which cover the majority of the watershed. We further include a trait database coded from literature values which captures both reproductive and ecological traits for the species in these data. These data were used in preparation of a manuscript examining long-term taxonomic, ecological, and functional change within the minnows in the Bayou Pierre, and they are part of a broader research effort to study the effects of fluvial geomorphic evolution on aquatic ecosystems.</p>
Re-assessment of the climatic controls on the carbon and water fluxes of a boreal aspen forest over 1996-2016: changing sensitivity to long-term climatic conditions
<p>Recent evidence suggests that the relationships between climate and boreal tree growth are generally non-stationary; however, it remains uncertain whether the relationships between climate and carbon (C) fluxes of boreal forests are stationary or have changed over recent decades. In this study, we used continuous eddy-covariance and microclimate data over 21 years (1996-2016) from a 100-year-old trembling aspen stand in central Saskatchewan, Canada to assess the relationships between climate and ecosystem C and water fluxes. Over the study period, the most striking climatic event was a severe, 3-year drought (2001-2003). Gross ecosystem production (GEP) showed larger interannual variability than ecosystem respiration (<em>R</em><sub>e</sub>) over 1996-2016, but <em>R</em><sub>e</sub> was the dominant component contributing to the interannual variation in net ecosystem production (NEP) during post-drought years. The inter-annual variations in evapotranspiration (ET) and C fluxes were primarily driven by temperature and secondarily by water availability. Two-factor linear models combining precipitation and temperature performed well in explaining the inter-annual variation in C and water fluxes (<em>R</em><sup>2</sup>>0.5). The temperature dependence of all three C fluxes (NEP, GEP and <em>R</em><sub>e</sub>) declined over 1996-2015 (<em>p</em><0.05), and as a result, the phenological controls on annual NEP weakened. The decreasing temperature sensitivity of the C fluxes over 1996-2015 may reflect changes in forest structure, related to the over-maturity of the aspen stand at 100-years of age and exacerbated by high tree mortality following the severe 2001-2003 drought. These results may provide an early warning signal of driver shift or even an abrupt status shift of aspen forest dynamics. They may also imply a universal weakening in the relationship between temperature and GEP as forests become over-mature, associated with the structural and compositional changes that accompany forest ageing.</p>
Stress axis programming generates long-term effects on cognitive abilities in a cooperative breeder
<p><span>The ability to flexibly adjust behaviour to social and non-social challenges is important for successfully navigating variable environments. Social competence, i.e., adaptive behavioural flexibility in the social domain, allows individuals to optimize their expression of social behaviour. Behavioural flexibility outside the social domain aids in coping with ecological challenges. However, it is unknown if social and non-social behavioural flexibility share common underlying cognitive mechanisms. Support for such shared mechanism would be provided if the same neural mechanisms in the brain affected social and non-social behavioural flexibility similarly. We used individuals of the cooperatively-breeding fish <em>Neolamprologus pulcher</em> that had undergone early-life programming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis by exposure to (i) cortisol, (ii) the glucocorticoid-receptor antagonist mifepristone or (iii) control treatments, and where effects of stress-axis programming on social flexibility occurred. One year after the treatments, adults learned a colour-discrimination task, and subsequently, a reversal-learning task testing for behavioural flexibility. Early-life mifepristone treatment only marginally affected learning performance, whereas cortisol treatment significantly reduced behavioural flexibility. Thus, early-life cortisol treatment reduced both social and non-social behavioural flexibility, suggesting a shared cognitive basis of behavioural flexibility. Further our findings imply that early-life stress programming affects the ability of organisms to flexibly cope with environmental stressors.</span></p>
Landscape conservation as a strategy for recovering biodiversity: lessons from a long-term program of pasture restoration in the southern Atlantic Forest
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span>Although ecological restoration has entered the global agenda to reverse different anthropogenic disturbances, we still know little about how this solution interacts with other conservation strategies, to avoid the progressive loss of species and ecosystem services. </span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span>Here we evaluate one of the pioneering restoration programs in the southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest, where the combination of conservation and restoration efforts have been carried out for 20 years. Specifically, we tested how landscape characteristics, restoration strategies <span class="msoDel"> </span>and environmental characteristics affect the results of the restoration of pastures. </span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span>We established 65 circular plots (total 4.0 ha) along restoration areas (3-10 years) and sampled trees and shrubs composing the canopy (DBH <u>></u> 5cm) and understory (DBH< 5cm, height > 1.3m). We analyzed the landscape metrics (proportion of old-growth forests in 200 m, 500m and 1000m buffers around each plot; and area and distance of the nearest-neighboring old-growth forests). We explored the multiple effects of landscape, restoration strategy (reforestation, natural regeneration) and environmental variables (soil, pasture grass types) on the species composition and multiple diversity metrics of restoration areas. </span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span>The species composition was very similar among restoration ages and restoration strategies. We found positive and strong effects of old-growth forest (200 m buffer) proportion on the species richness and Shannon diversity (canopy and understory), aboveground biomass (canopy) and functional diversity (understory) of restoration areas. The restoration strategies affected forest structure, and, in general, the reforestation strategy increased aboveground biomass, Shannon, functional and phylogenetic diversities (in canopy), and percentage of endemic species and biomass (understory), when compared to natural regeneration. </span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span>The 20 year-experience in the southern Atlantic Forest showed that programs focused on landscape conservation associated with a mixture of restoration strategies (i.e. natural regeneration in larger areas and active restoration in more disturbed sites)<span class="msoDel"> </span>, can be an efficient strategy to ensure biodiversity and ecosystem services in tropical landscapes.</span></p> <p><span>Synthesis and applications</span><span>: To manage degraded tropical lands and achieve global targets for biodiversity and ecosystem services, it is necessary to first ensure the conservation of natural remnants and then use multiple restoration strategies in less resilient areas.</span></p>
Long-term observation of the end-of- treatment sludge quality from a Parisian WWTP treating wastewater from 6.5 M inhabitants
<p>Wastewater contains a wide range of biological and chemical markers related to human activity. The collection and analysis of these markers in the effluents (wastewater and sludge) allow to qualify the public health of the population and to evaluate the impact of the chemicals used in daily life on the environment.</p> <p> </p> <p>In line with these studies, the Innovation Department of SIAAP and its scientific partners (ISA and LEESU) has created an Observatory of the city with the objectives of:</p> <p>• Monitoring the long-term dynamics of known and/or potential pollutants according to French regulations.</p> <p>• Contributing to studies aimed at a better understanding of anthropogenic activities.</p> <p>• Structuring and centralizing data (wastewater and end-of-treatment sludge), ensuring their storage for 10 years.</p> <p>• Providing technical and scientific knowledge by publishing every two years the data generated by the Observatory of the city via the open platform Zenodo.</p> <p>Regarding the end-of-treatment sludge, the Seine Aval (SAV) plant has been chosen as a strategic location, since the catchment area corresponds to the Parisian west catchment (6.5 million inhabitants). Data on the sludge micropollution (in metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – PAHs and polychlorinated biphenyls – PCBs) are available since 1980 and are provided in the present datasets.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Long-term nitrogen fertilization alters arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community phylogenetic structure in plant roots across fine spatial scales
<p><span>Purpose:</span><span> Nitrogen deposition due to human activities is known to have a substantial impact on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community in plant roots. However, the influence of elevated nitrogen on the phylogenetic structure of AMF across fine spatial scales, as well as the mechanisms behind such alterations, are remained poorly understood. </span></p> <p><span>Results:</span><span> Nitrogen addition significantly increased the phylogenetic alpha diversity (diversity within a plot) and the 'within-treatment' phylogenetic beta diversity (dissimilarity among replicate plots) of AMF communities, which resulted in an increased 'within-treatment' phylogenetic gamma diversity (overall diversity among all the replicate plots within a treatment). These changes were caused by the relative abundance decline of a dominant genus (</span><span>Glomus</span><span>) and an increase in non-dominant genera. Mechanically, nitrogen addition affected phylogenetic alpha diversity mainly by influencing soil properties. Likewise, the increased 'within-treatment' dissimilarity of plant community composition and changes in soil properties caused by nitrogen addition and plot distance contributed to an increase in within-treatment phylogenetic beta diversity. </span></p> <p><span>Conclusions:</span><span> We conclude that deterministic environmental filtering (both abiotic and biotic) and dispersal limitation effect played critical roles in AMF community assembly under global change scenarios. Insightfully, this study provides a mechanistic understanding of the response of AMF to nitrogen addition across fine scales.</span></p>
Long-term (2003-2020) hourly 0.25° global PM2.5 dataset (DeepCAMS) Part-1: 2003-2011
<p>This is part-I (2003-2011) of our DeepCAMS.</p> <p>Part-II can be found at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6969598</p> <p>Usage: The raw data -- (scaling factor: 0.1) --> the true PM2.5 concentration</p> <p>Paper title: Generating a Long-term (2003-2020) hourly 0.25° global PM2.5 dataset via spatiotemporal downscaling of CAMS with deep learning (DeepCAMS)</p> <p>Paper doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157747">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157747</a></p> <p>If you find our work helpful, please cite it, thank you very much!</p>
Improving citizen science data for long-term monitoring of plant species
<p>In 2012, a new volunteer-based recording scheme for vascular plants was launched in the Netherlands. Its purpose is to track the changes in the number of occupied 1-km grid cells for as many native plant species as possible between survey rounds of 8 years. We did not prescribe a strict field protocol to minimize variation in observer effort, but instead chose to statistically correct for this variation with occupancy models. These models require replicated visits to a grid cell per season, which was implemented by having two independent observers survey grid cells and record all plant species observed. Now that a first survey round has ended (2012–2019), we evaluate our approach, i.e. we tested whether the scheme has the potential to produce proper trend estimates. The number of occupied grid cells in the first round was estimated per species, using an occupancy model with day of year, visit duration and observer experience as covariates for detection. The detection probability, which was 0.43 on average, strongly depended on visit duration and day of year. It was possible to estimate the number of occupied grid cells quite precisely for several hundreds of species, such that the statistical power is expected to be high enough to detect changes of 10% between survey rounds. For rare species, however, the power to detect changes is expected to be quite low. We conclude that the approach works well, but further improvements are suggested.</p>
Archive data supporting the results in the paper: Increase in carbon input by enhanced fine root turnover in a long-term warmed forest soil
<p>This is the archive data supporting the results in the paper: Increase in carbon input by enhanced fine root turnover in a long-term warmed forest soil; submitted to the Journal Science of the Total Environment.</p>
Combined U-series and in situ U-Pb dating of fault-related carbonates for reconstructing a long-term history of fault activity in response to SE Tibetan Plateau brittle deformation
<p>Table S1. Analytical conditions for LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating</p> <p>Table S2. Analytical conditions for LA-ICP-MS elemental mapping</p> <p>Table S3.<em> In situ </em>calcite LA-ICAPMS U-Pb dating data</p>
Long-term proliferation of large annual thistles in dry Mediterranean rangelands
<p><strong>Data set 1</strong>: 2005-2018, climate, treatments, total plot biomass, <em>Carthamus</em> <em>glaucus </em>cover & biomas, <em>Scolymus maculatus </em>cover & biomass</p> <p><strong>Data set 2</strong>: 2019, treatments, <em>Carthamus glaucus </em>biomas, <em>Scolymus maculatus </em>biomass</p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.