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FIGURES 13–18 in Towards a robust systematic baseline of Neotropical fish tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae): amended diagnoses of two genera from the redtail catfish, Phractocephalus hemioliopterus

FIGURES 13–18. LINe DRAWINgS Of Ephedrocephalus microcephalus DIeSINg, 1850 fROM Phractocephalus hemioliopterus. 13. PRegRAVID PROgLOTTID, DORSAL VIeW (MHNG-PLAT-22009). NOTe: ONLY THe LATeRALMOST VITeLLINe fOLLICLeS IN THe ANTIPORAL AND POSTPORAL SIDeS ARe RePReSeNTeD, bUT THeY OCCUPY THe eNTIRe VeNTRAL SURfACe. 14–16. CROSS-SeCTIONS AT LeVeL Of MIDDLe PART Of PROgLOTTID, CIRRUS-SAC AND OVARY, ReSPeCTIVeLY (MHNG-PLAT-21910). 17. TeRMINAL geNITALIA, DORSAL VIeW (MHNG-PLAT- 22009). 18. EggS IN DISTILLeD WATeR (MHNG-PLAT-21851). Abbreviations: CC—CHROMOPHILIC CeLLS; CI—CIRRUS; CS—CIRRUS-SAC; DO—DORSAL OSMORegULATORY CANAL; eD—ejACULATORY DUCT; eM—eMbRYOPHORe; gA—geNITAL ATRIUM; LM—INTeRNAL LONgITUDINAL MUSCULATURe; LN—LONgITUDINAL NeRVe; Mg—MeHLIS' gLAND; OD—OVIDUCT; ON—ONCOSPHeRe; OV—OVARY; ST—SUbTegUMeNTAL MUSCLe fIbeRS; SU—SUbTegUMeNTAL CeLLS; Te—TeSTeS; Tg—TegUMeNT; UT—UTeRUS; V—VACUOLe; VA—VAS DefeReNS; VC—VAgINAL CANAL; VI—VITeLLINe fOLLICLeS; VO—VeNTRAL OSMORegULATORY CANAL; VS—VAgINAL SPHINCTeR.

FIGURE 29 in Towards a robust systematic baseline of Neotropical fish tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae): amended diagnoses of two genera from the redtail catfish, Phractocephalus hemioliopterus

FIGURE 29. LINe DRAWINg Of Zygobothrium megacephalum DIeSINg, 1850 fROM Phractocephalus hemioliopterus. SAgITTAL SeCTION Of THe SCOLeX, SHOWINg THe POWeRfUL CIRCULAR MUSCULATURe IN THe ANTeRIOR PART Of SUCKeRS, USeD AS A SPHINCTeR fOR THe HOLDfAST SYSTeM (MHNG-PLAT-21847). Abbreviations: CM—CIRCULAR MUSCULATURe; LM—INTeRNAL LONgITUDINAL MUSCULATURe; OC—OSMORegULATORY CANAL.

FIGURES 19–28 in Towards a robust systematic baseline of Neotropical fish tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae): amended diagnoses of two genera from the redtail catfish, Phractocephalus hemioliopterus

FIGURES 19–28. SCANNINg eLeCTRON MICROgRAPHS Of Zygobothrium megacephalum DIeSINg, 1850 (MHNG-PLAT-85239) fROM Phractocephalus hemioliopterus. 19. SCOLeX, ANTeRO-DORSOVeNTRAL VIeW. 20. SCOLeX, APICAL VIeW. 21. SCOLeX, LATeRAL VIeW. 22. DeTAIL Of THe SURfACe Of A MATURe PROgLOTTID. NOTe: THe LACINIATION PATTeRN ON THe PROgLOTTID SURfACeS. 23–28. MICROTRICHeS ON THe APeX Of THe SCOLeX, bRIDge-LIKe TISSUe, eXTeRNAL RIM Of SUCKeRS, beTWeeN SUCKeRS, STRObILA AND SURfACe Of LACINIATION, ReSPeCTIVeLY. NOTe: SMALL bLACK NUMbeRS CORReSPOND TO THe fIgUReS SHOWINg HIgHeR MAgNIfICATION IMAgeS Of THeSe SURfACeS.

FIGURES 1–9 in Towards a robust systematic baseline of Neotropical fish tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae): amended diagnoses of two genera from the redtail catfish, Phractocephalus hemioliopterus

FIGURES 1–9. SCANNINg eLeCTRON MICROgRAPHS Of Ephedrocephalus microcephalus DIeSINg, 1850 (MHNG-PLAT-28296) fROM Phractocephalus hemioliopterus. 1. SCOLeX, LATeRAL VIeW, SHOWINg THe DeePLY WRINKLeD MeTASCOLeX. 2. DeTAIL Of THe SUCKeRS, APICAL VIeW. 3. SCOLeX, APICAL VIeW. 4–9. MICROTRICHeS ON THe APeX Of SCOLeX, eXTeRNAL AND INTeRNAL RIM Of SUCKeRS, SURfACe beTWeeN SUCKeRS, MeTASCOLeX AND STRObILA, ReSPeCTIVeLY. NOTe: SMALL bLACK NUMbeRS CORReSPOND TO THe fIgUReS SHOWINg HIgHeR MAgNIfICATION IMAgeS Of THeSe SURfACeS.

FIGURES 38, 39 in Towards a robust systematic baseline of Neotropical fish tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae): amended diagnoses of two genera from the redtail catfish, Phractocephalus hemioliopterus

FIGURES 38, 39. LINe DRAWINgS Of eggS Of Cangatiella PAVANeLLI & DOS SANTOS, 1991 IN DISTILLeD WATeR. 38. Cangatiella arandasi PAVANeLLI & DOS SANTOS, 1991 (MHNG-PLAT-34751) fROM Trachelyopterus galeatus. 39. Cangatiella macdonaghi (SZIDAT & SORIA, 1951) (MHNG-PLAT-30269) fROM Odontesthes hatcheri. Abbreviations: eM—eMbRYOPHORe; Oe—OUTeR eNVeLOPe; ON—ONCOSPHeRe; PP—POLAR PROjeCTIONS; V—VACUOLe.

FIGURES 34–37 in Towards a robust systematic baseline of Neotropical fish tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae): amended diagnoses of two genera from the redtail catfish, Phractocephalus hemioliopterus

FIGURES 34–37. LINe DRAWINgS Of Zygobothrium megacephalum DIeSINg, 1850 fROM Phractocephalus hemioliopterus. 34, 35. CROSS-SeCTIONS AT THe LeVeL Of THe ANTeRIOR AND POSTeRIOR PART Of THe TeRMINAL geNITALIA, ReSPeCTIVeLY. 36. TeRMINAL geNITALIA, VeNTRAL VIeW (MHNG-PLAT-18317). NOTe THe SMALL SPINeS (SPINITRICHeS) ON THe CIRRUS. 37. EggS IN DISTILLeD WATeR (MHNG- PLAT-85239). Abbreviations: AC—ARMeD CIRRUS; CC—CHROMOPHILIC CeLLS; DP—DIgITATe PROjeCTIONS; DO—DORSAL OSMORegULATORY CANAL; eD—ejACULATORY DUCT; eM—eMbRYOPHORe; LA—LACINIATIONS; LM—INTeRNAL LONgITUDINAL MUSCULATURe; Oe—OUTeR eNVeLOPe; ON—ONCOSPHeRe; V—VACUOLe; VA—VAS DefeReNS; VI—VITeLLINe fOLLICLeS; VO—VeNTRAL OSMORegULATORY CANAL; VS—VAgINAL SPHINCTeR.

FIGURE 133 in Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae)

FIGURE 133. Phylogenetic trees showing the most recent result concerning the subfamily Diapheromerinae based on molecular data. Both trees are simplified with root lengths and support values ignored and showing only the section that includes the taxa of the subfamily Diapheromerinae. Names of taxa are updated and corrected according to the taxonomic changes conducted in the present study. Trees were generated with iTool v6 (https://itol.embl.de) based on the original files in newick format. Cladomorformia tax. n. is highlighted in green with the arrow indicating the corresponding node. The genus Calynda is marked by an orange star because it is here included in Cladomorformia based on morphological traits, which is in contradiction to the here shown molecular results. A. according to Bank & Bradler (2022, additional file 2, File S1), modified (Remarks: *Paraphanocles sp. (Trinidad) is apparently misidentified and not a member of Paraphanocles (= Phanocles); **Paraclynda picta (Bruinner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) and Paracalynda utilaensis Zompro, 2001 are undoubtedly congeneric, thus the result postulated in the tree is implausible); B. according to Forni et al. (2022, Supplementary figure 1), modified (Remark: ***Alienobostra remiformis (Rehn, 1904) appears twice in the tree with the position as sister to Phantasca quadrilobata (Chopard, 1911) implausible; "Bacteriformia" is split into three different lineages, which is in contradiction to the tree of Bank & Bradler (2022) shown in A, which in this aspect is considered more relieable and plausible).

FIGURE 132 in Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae)

FIGURE 132. Habitats: A. Brazil, Est. Rio de Janeiro, Serra da Mantiqueira, Itatiaia National Park, ca. 600 m: Atlantic rainforest (Cladomorphus phyllinus, Globocrania culmus and Globocrania tabida); B. Brazil, Est. Rio de Janeiro, Serra da Mantiqueira, Itatiaia National Park, ca. 600 m: Atlantic rainforest (Cladomorphus phyllinus, Globocrania culmus and Globocrania tabida); C. Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas Monteverde, ca. 1500 m: Cloud forest (Calynda bicuspis, Phanocles costaricensis and Trychopeplus laciniatus); D. Costa Rica, Prov. Alajuela Parque Nacional Bosque del Niño, 1100 m: Cloud forest (Calynda coronata and Phanocles costaricensis); E. Costa Rica, Prov. Alajuela, El Rodeo Experimental Forest, 900 m: Montane secondary rainforest (Alienobostra remiformis and Phancles spectabilis); F. Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Osa Peninsula, Corcovado National Park: Coastal lowland rainforest (Calynda coronata, Phanocles spectabilis and Jeremiodes costaricensis).

FIGURE 131 in Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae)

FIGURE 131. Habitats: A. Ecuador, El Cajas National Park, near Río Mazan, ca. 3100 m: Moist and cloudy dwarf forest (Andeocalynda decorata and Andeocalynda tenuis); B. Panamá, Valle de Antón, La Mesa, ca. 900 m: Moist montane rain forest (Phanocles ploiaria, Phanocles maximus sp. n., Parotocrania panamae sp. n., Spinocloidea panamaense n. sp. and Trychopeplus laciniatus); C. Panamá, Volcán Barú, near Bouquete, ca. 1600 m: Cloud forest (Calynda bicuspis); D. Ecuador, Est. Quito Mashpi Forest Reserve, 800-1000 m: Moist Chocó cloud forest (Phanocles ecuadoricus and Phanocloidea schulthessi); E. Ecuador, Est. Quito Mashpi Forest Reserve, 800-1000 m: Moist Chocó cloud forest (Phanocles ecuadoricus and Phanocloidea schulthessi); F. Ecuador, Est. Quito, Mashpi Forest Reserve, 800-1000 m: Moist Chocó cloud forest showing vegetation along track (Phanocles ecuadoricus and Phanocloidea schulthessi).

FIGURE 130 in Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae)

FIGURE 130. Habitats: A. Mexico, border between Oaxaca and Chiapas: Dry bushy slopes (Phanocles horni) [© Paolo Fontana]; B. Peru, Dept. Huanuco, Panguana showing the first author with colleagues of ZSMC in the background in 2004: Primary Amazon lowland rainforest, 240 m (Phanocles virgulatus and Parotocrania curvata sp. n.); C. Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Osa Peninsula, Corcovado National Park: Coastal lowland rainforest (Calynda coronata, Phanocles spectabilis and Jeremiodes costaricensis); D. Panamá, Canal Zone, Parque Nacional Soberanía, "Camino de Plantación" near Gamboa: Primary and secondary lowland rainforest (Phanocles ploiaria, Parotocrania panamae sp. n. and Spinocloidea panamaense sp. n.); E. French Guiana, road near Matoury: Secondary growth with numerous pioneer plants along roadside in area of lowland rainforest (Phanocloidea muricata); F. French Guiana, Piste de Kaw: Primary lowland rainforest (Phanocloidea muricata, Phanocloidea procera and Cranidium gibbosum).

FIGURE 129 in Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae)

FIGURE 129. Live insects of Cranidium gibbosum (Burmsiter, 1838) captive reared from French Guiana: A. Head and thoprax of ♀ in dorsal view; B. Habitus of ♀; C. Habitus of ♂; D. ♂, closeup of head and thorax.

FIGURE 128. Live insects. A in Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae)

FIGURE 128. Live insects. A. Phanocloidea pallidenotata (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀ at Montagne de Cheavaux, French Guiana (© Stepháne Brulé); B. Phanocloidea pallidenotata (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♂ at Montagne de Cheavaux, French Guiana (© Stepháne Brulé); C. Phanocles vosseleri (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀ at Tikal, Guatemala (© Mieke Duytschaever); D. Mating couple of Phanocloidea incompta (Rehn, 1904) at Volcann Tenorio, Costa Rica (© Gernot Kunz).

FIGURE 127 in Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae)

FIGURE 127. Live insects of Phanocloidea schulthessi (Redtenbacher, 1908) at Mashpi Forest Reserve, Est. Quito, Ecuador, ca. 1000 m: A. ♀ green colour form; B. Closeup of head of ♀ specimen shown in A.; C. Habitus of ♂; D. ♂, closeup of head and thorax of ♂ specimen shown in C.

FIGURE 126 in Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae)

FIGURE 126. Live insects: A. Globocrania gen. n. culmus (Bates, 1865) ♂ at Itatiaia National Park, Est. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; B. Closeup of head and prothorax of same specimen as in figure A; C. Phanocloidea venezuelica sp. n. ♀ PT, closeup of head, pro- and mesothorax; D. Phanocloidea venezuelica sp. n. ♀ PT, specimen with white maculations on dorsal body surface.

FIGURE 123 in Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae)

FIGURE 123. Live insects of Trychopoeplus laciniatus (Westwood, 1874) captive reared from Monteverde, Costa Rica (© Bruno Kneubühler): A. ♂; B. Closeup of head of ♀; C. Closeop of terminalia of ♀ showing an egg that is held by the elongated gonapophyses and gonoplacs.

FIGURE 125 in Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae)

FIGURE 125. Live insects of Globocrania gen. n. tabida (Redtenbacher, 1908): A. ♀ brown colour form at Itatiaia National Park, Est. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; B. Closeup of metathorax of same specimen as in figure A; C. ♀ green colour form at Itatiaia National Park, Est. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (© Pedro Alvaro)

FIGURE 124 in Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae)

FIGURE 124. Live insects of Trychopelus thaumasius Hebard,1924 (© Andreas Kay): A. ♀ on a mossy branch at Finca Palmonte, Baños, Ecuador showing the striking camouflage in ist natural habitat; B. ♀ on a mossy tree trunk at Volcan Sumaco, Prov. Napo, Ecuador; C. Closeup of head in lateral view, same specimen as in figure B; D. Immature ♀ at Finca Palmonte, Baños, Ecuador.

FIGURE 122 in Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae)

FIGURE 122. Live insects of Trychopoeplus laciniatus (Westwood, 1874): A. ♀ at Monteverde, Costa Rica (© Andres Molines); B. ♀ feeding on Prosthechea campilostalix at Monteverde 1530 m, Costa Rica (© Kenji Nishida); C. ♀ nymph at Cordillera Talamanca 750 m, Costa Rica (© Chien C. Lee).

FIGURE 119 in Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae)

FIGURE 119. Live insects of Phanocles horni (Redtenbacher, 1908): A. Closeup of head and thorax of ♀ near border between Oaxaca and Chiapas, SW-Mexico (© Paolo Fontana); B. Head and thorax of captive raered ♀ with strongly developed and brightly coloured thoracic armature; C. Head and thorax of captive raered ♀ with moderately developed thoracic armature; D. Mating couple.

FIGURE 101 in Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae)

FIGURE 101. Maps showing the known distributions of the genera A. Alienobostra Zompro, 2001, B. Andeocalynda Hennemann & Conle, 2020, C. Aplopocranidium Zompro, 2004, D. Bostriana Hennemann, Conle & Valero, 2021, E. Calynda Stål, 1875 and F. Cladomorphus Gray, 1835.