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Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper image data for Niwot Ridge LTER collected on 2011-05-07

This LTER Remote Sensing spatial raster dataset consists of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper image data for Niwot Ridge LTER, on 2011-05-07 (17:33:05.0040880Z). Data were collected by Landsat 5, row 032, path 034. Cloud cover was 14.33 percent. These are reference data from the USGS EROS archive, not data generated by Niwot Ridge LTER. This product was created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and contains Landsat data files in Geographic Tagged Image-File Format (GeoTIFF). NASA Landsat Program, 2009, Landsat TM LT50340322011127PAC01, LPGS_12.1.2, USGS, Sioux Falls, 2012-11-01T13:27:18Z.

Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper image data for Niwot Ridge LTER collected on 2011-06-08

This LTER Remote Sensing spatial raster dataset consists of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper image data for Niwot Ridge LTER, on 2011-06-08 (17:32:52.8620250Z). Data were collected by Landsat 5, row 032, path 034. Cloud cover was 0.61 percent. These are reference data from the USGS EROS archive, not data generated by Niwot Ridge LTER. This product was created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and contains Landsat data files in Geographic Tagged Image-File Format (GeoTIFF). NASA Landsat Program, 2009, Landsat TM LT50340322011159PAC01, LPGS_12.1.2, USGS, Sioux Falls, 2012-11-01T13:30:02Z.

Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper image data for Niwot Ridge LTER collected on 2011-06-24

This LTER Remote Sensing spatial raster dataset consists of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper image data for Niwot Ridge LTER, on 2011-06-24 (17:32:45.0870250Z). Data were collected by Landsat 5, row 032, path 034. Cloud cover was 19.58 percent. These are reference data from the USGS EROS archive, not data generated by Niwot Ridge LTER. This product was created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and contains Landsat data files in Geographic Tagged Image-File Format (GeoTIFF). NASA Landsat Program, 2009, Landsat TM LT50340322011175PAC01, LPGS_12.1.2, USGS, Sioux Falls, 2012-11-01T13:29:54Z.

Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper image data for Niwot Ridge LTER collected on 2011-08-11

This LTER Remote Sensing spatial raster dataset consists of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper image data for Niwot Ridge LTER, on 2011-08-11 (17:32:21.4010880Z). Data were collected by Landsat 5, row 032, path 034. Cloud cover was 17.65 percent. These are reference data from the USGS EROS archive, not data generated by Niwot Ridge LTER. This product was created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and contains Landsat data files in Geographic Tagged Image-File Format (GeoTIFF). NASA Landsat Program, 2009, Landsat TM LT50340322011223PAC01, LPGS_12.1.2, USGS, Sioux Falls, 2012-11-01T13:29:56Z.

Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper image data for Niwot Ridge LTER collected on 2011-08-27

This LTER Remote Sensing spatial raster dataset consists of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper image data for Niwot Ridge LTER, on 2011-08-27 (17:32:12.8950060Z). Data were collected by Landsat 5, row 032, path 034. Cloud cover was 8.82 percent. These are reference data from the USGS EROS archive, not data generated by Niwot Ridge LTER. This product was created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and contains Landsat data files in Geographic Tagged Image-File Format (GeoTIFF). NASA Landsat Program, 2009, Landsat TM LT50340322011239PAC01, LPGS_12.1.2, USGS, Sioux Falls, 2012-11-01T13:29:52Z.

Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper image data for Niwot Ridge LTER collected on 2011-09-28

This LTER Remote Sensing spatial raster dataset consists of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper image data for Niwot Ridge LTER, on 2011-09-28 (17:31:44.0960880Z). Data were collected by Landsat 5, row 032, path 034. Cloud cover was 3.59 percent. These are reference data from the USGS EROS archive, not data generated by Niwot Ridge LTER. This product was created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and contains Landsat data files in Geographic Tagged Image-File Format (GeoTIFF). NASA Landsat Program, 2009, Landsat TM LT50340322011271PAC01, LPGS_12.1.2, USGS, Sioux Falls, 2012-11-01T13:23:25Z.

Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper image data for Niwot Ridge LTER collected on 2011-10-14

This LTER Remote Sensing spatial raster dataset consists of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper image data for Niwot Ridge LTER, on 2011-10-14 (17:31:30.3080630Z). Data were collected by Landsat 5, row 032, path 034. Cloud cover was 22.62 percent. These are reference data from the USGS EROS archive, not data generated by Niwot Ridge LTER. This product was created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and contains Landsat data files in Geographic Tagged Image-File Format (GeoTIFF). NASA Landsat Program, 2009, Landsat TM LT50340322011287PAC01, LPGS_12.1.2, USGS, Sioux Falls, 2012-11-01T13:23:33Z.

Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper image data for Niwot Ridge LTER collected on 2011-10-30

This LTER Remote Sensing spatial raster dataset consists of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper image data for Niwot Ridge LTER, on 2011-10-30 (17:31:19.5350750Z). Data were collected by Landsat 5, row 032, path 034. Cloud cover was 4.92 percent. These are reference data from the USGS EROS archive, not data generated by Niwot Ridge LTER. This product was created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and contains Landsat data files in Geographic Tagged Image-File Format (GeoTIFF). NASA Landsat Program, 2009, Landsat TM LT50340322011303PAC01, LPGS_12.1.2, USGS, Sioux Falls, 2012-11-01T13:29:27Z.

DRAPP02 Orthophotography from 2002, Niwot Ridge LTER Project Area, Colorado

An orthoimage is remotely sensed image data in which displacement of features in the image caused by terrain relief and sensor orientation has been mathematically removed. Orthoimagery combines the image characteristics of a photograph with the geometric qualities of a map. For this dataset, 1-foot nominal pixel resolution natural color aerial photography was contracted by USGS for the greater Denver metropolitan area with supplemental areas of interest added by the Denver Regional Council of Governments (DRCOG). Digital orthimages were obtained through a cooperative agreement between the USGS and DRCOG. Orthoimages were created by contrator in the state plane coordinate system for DRCOG. Reprojection to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection was done by contractor for USGS. The USGS resampled UTM orthoimages to a 0.3-meter pixel resolution 1500 X 1500-meter ground coverage footprint. There is no image overlap between adjacent files. The naming convention is based on the U.S. National Grid (USNG), taking the coordinates of the SW corner of the orthoimage. NOTE: This EML metadata file does not contain important geospatial data processing information. Before using any NWT LTER geospatial data read the arcgis metadata XML file in either ISO or FGDC compliant format, using ArcGIS software (ArcCatalog > description), or by viewing the .xml file provided with the geospatial dataset.

Integrated Terrain Unit Map (ITUM) for Niwot Saddle, Niwot Ridge LTER Project Area, Colorado

A 350 x 500 m integrated terrain unit map (ITUM) was produced at 1:500 scale inside the 350 x 500 m saddle grid, and the 1:500 digital elevation model (DEM). Vegetation was mapped using Komarkova's (1979) classification system (Braun-Blanquet) units. All map units were mapped to 1/8-inch minimum map-polygon-size resolution. The map is part of the Saddle grid geographic information system (GIS). Many GIS projects use an approach in which existing mapped information is digitized into the GIS database directly from the original sources. The maps may have different map scale, map-unit resolutions, dates of data collection, and classification systems. When these different sources are combined in a GIS, artifacts may arise due to boundary mismatches and scale incompatibility (Dangermond and Harnden 1990). Integrated geobotanical mapping can minimize many of these problems. This method simultaneously maps vegetation and other terrain features that are interpreted on a common air-photo base (Everett et al. 1978, Walker et al. 1980). We use the term geobotany in its traditional European sense to refer to the study of plant communities and their relationships to geology, landforms, and soils (Braun-Blanquet 1932). Terrain geomorphic boundaries are used to guide the delineation on aerial photographs of most major vegetation boundaries similiar to the landscape-guided vegetation mapping approach developed in Europe (Zonneveld 1988) and the integrated terrain unit mapping approach developed by the Environmental System Research Institute in Redlands, CA (Dangermond and Harnden 1990). Additional information concerning the Niwot Ridge LTER GIS can be found in Walker et al. (1993). [1]Braun-Blanquet, J. 1932. Plant sociology: The study of plant communities. New York: McGraw-Hill, 439 pp. [2]Everett, K.R., P.J. Webber, D.A. Walker, R.J. Parkinson, and J. Brown. 1978. A geoecological mapping scheme for Alaskan coastal tundra. Third International Conference on Permafrost, 10-13 July 19

Polygon Shapefile Outlining Extent of the "NWT" Project Area, Niwot Ridge LTER Project Area, Colorado

This vector shapefile is a polygon shapefile outlining the extent of the "NWT" project area, for the Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project. The shapefile also covers the Green Lakes Valley portion of the Boulder Creek Critical Zone Observatory (CZO). Other datasets available in this series includes orthorectified aerial photograph mosaics (for 1953, 1972, 1985, approximately 1990, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006 and 2008), digital elevation models (DEM's), and accessory map layers. Together, the DEM's and imagery will be of interest to students, research scientists, and others for observation and analysis of natural features and ecosystems. NOTE: This EML metadata file does not contain important geospatial data processing information. Before using any NWT LTER geospatial data read the arcgis metadata XML file in either ISO or FGDC compliant format, using ArcGIS software (ArcCatalog > description), or by viewing the .xml file provided with the geospatial dataset.

Martinelli Snowfield Grid Points, Niwot Ridge LTER Project Area, Colorado

A point coverage for the Martinelli grid. NOTE: This EML metadata file does not contain important geospatial data processing information. Before using any NWT LTER geospatial data read the arcgis metadata XML file in either ISO or FGDC compliant format, using ArcGIS software (ArcCatalog > description), or by viewing the .xml file provided with the geospatial dataset.

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Mammal Species Commonly Present at Niwot Ridge LTER

Patterns of biodiversity, such as the increase toward the tropics and the peaked curve during ecological succession, are fundamental phenomena for ecology. Such patterns have multiple, interacting causes, but temperature emerges as a dominant factor across organisms from microbes to trees and mammals, and across terrestrial, marine, and freshwater environments. However, there is little consensus on the underlying mechanisms, even as global temperatures increase and the need to predict their effects becomes more pressing. The purpose of this project is to generate and test theory for how temperature impacts biodiversity through its effect on biochemical processes and metabolic rate. A combination of standardized surveys in the field and controlled experiments in the field and laboratory measure diversity of three taxa -- trees, invertebrates, and microbes -- and key biogeochemical processes of decomposition in seven forests distributed along a geographic gradient of increasing temperature from cold temperate to warm tropical. This list of mammal species at Niwot Ridge LTER, Colorado, was retrieved from: http://culter.colorado.edu/NWT/site_info/flora_and_fauna.html (10/30/2013) and http://www.colorado.edu/mrs/mammal (3/25/2014), as part of a macrosystems biodiversity and latitude project supported by the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement DEB#1065836.

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Niwot Ridge LTER Precipitation Measured at C-1 Meteorological Station 1952-2012

Patterns of biodiversity, such as the increase toward the tropics and the peaked curve during ecological succession, are fundamental phenomena for ecology. Such patterns have multiple, interacting causes, but temperature emerges as a dominant factor across organisms from microbes to trees and mammals, and across terrestrial, marine, and freshwater environments. However, there is little consensus on the underlying mechanisms, even as global temperatures increase and the need to predict their effects becomes more pressing. The purpose of this project is to generate and test theory for how temperature impacts biodiversity through its effect on biochemical processes and metabolic rate. A combination of standardized surveys in the field and controlled experiments in the field and laboratory measure diversity of three taxa -- trees, invertebrates, and microbes -- and key biogeochemical processes of decomposition in seven forests distributed along a geographic gradient of increasing temperature from cold temperate to warm tropical. This daily precipitation data from Niwot Ridge LTER site, 1952-2012, recorded at C-1 Meteorological Station, was retrieved from the CLIMDB/HYDRODB data base at http://www.fsl.orst.edu/climhy/ as part of a macrosystems biodiversity and latitude project supported by the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement DEB#1065836.

Ward USGS Quadrangle Geologic Map, Niwot Ridge LTER Project Area, Colorado

Geologic data digitized from 1:24,000 USGS Ward, CO quad. NOTE: This EML metadata file does not contain important geospatial data processing information. Before using any NWT LTER geospatial data read the arcgis metadata XML file in either ISO or FGDC compliant format, using ArcGIS software (ArcCatalog > description), or by viewing the .xml file provided with the geospatial dataset.

Hydrology Grid for Green Lakes Valley, Niwot Ridge LTER Project Area, Colorado

Streams and lakes were digitzed from the USGS 1:24000 quadrangles covering the Indian Peaks area. The data were originally rectified to the 30 m USGS DEM, then re-rectified to the WGS84 datum using 10 ground control points (all on shorelines of water bodies) and resampled to 10 m resolution. The RMS error of the rectification was 1.15 m. The coding for the hydrographic data is listed below. NOTE: This EML metadata file does not contain important geospatial data processing information. Before using any NWT LTER geospatial data read the arcgis metadata XML file in either ISO or FGDC compliant format, using ArcGIS software (ArcCatalog > description), or by viewing the .xml file provided with the geospatial dataset.

Integrated Terrain Unit Map (ITUM) for Martinelli Slope, Niwot Ridge LTER Project Area, Colorado

A 300 x 600 m integrated terrain unit map (ITUM) was produced at 1:500 scale inside the 350 x 650 m Martinelli grid, and the 1:500 digital elevation model (DEM). Vegetation was mapped using Komarkova's (1979) classification system (Braun-Blanquet) units. All map units were mapped to 1/8-inch minimum map-polygon-size resolution. The map is part of the Martinelli grid geographic information system (GIS). Many GIS projects use an approach in which existing mapped information is digitized into the GIS database directly from the original sources. The maps may have different map scale, map-unit resolutions, dates of data collection, and classification systems. When these different sources are combined in a GIS, artifacts may arise due to boundary mismatches and scale incompatibility (Dangermond and Harnden 1990). Integrated geobotanical mapping can minimize many of these problems. This method simultaneously maps vegetation and other terrain features that are interpreted on a common air-photo base (Everett et al. 1978, Walker et al. 1980). We use the term geobotany in its traditional European sense to refer to the study of plant communities and their relationships to geology, landforms, and soils (Braun-Blanquet 1932). Terrain geomorphic boundaries are used to guide the delineation on aerial photographs of most major vegetation boundaries similiar to the landscape-guided vegetation mapping approach developed in Europe (Zonneveld 1988) and the integrated terrain unit mapping approach developed by the Environmental System Research Institute in Redlands, CA (Dangermond and Harnden 1990). Additional information concerning the Niwot Ridge LTER GIS can be found in Walker et al. (1993). [1]Braun-Blanquet, J. 1932. Plant sociology: The study of plant communities. New York: McGraw-Hill, 439 pp. [2]Everett, K.R., P.J. Webber, D.A. Walker, R.J. Parkinson, and J. Brown. 1978. A geoecological mapping scheme for Alaskan coastal tundra. Third International Conference on Permafrost, 10-13

DRG-24k, Niwot Ridge LTER Project Area, Colorado

A digital raster graphic (DRG) is a scanned image of a U.S.Geological Survey (USGS) topographic map. The scanned image includes all map collar information. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of Earth. The DRG can be used to collect, review, and revise other digital data especially digital line graphs (DLG). When the DRG is combined with other digital products, such as digital orthophoto quadrangles (DOQ) or digital elevation models (DEM), the resulting image provides additional visual information for the extraction and revision of base cartographic information. The USGS is producing DRGs of the 1:24,000-, 1:25,000-, 1:63,360-(Alaska), 1:100,000-, and 1:250,000-scale topographic map series. NOTE: This EML metadata file does not contain important geospatial data processing information. Before using any NWT LTER geospatial data read the arcgis metadata XML file in either ISO or FGDC compliant format, using ArcGIS software (ArcCatalog > description), or by viewing the .xml file provided with the geospatial dataset.

DRG-100k, Niwot Ridge LTER Project Area, Colorado

1997 Snow Survey for Green Lakes Valley, Niwot Ridge LTER, Colorado

Yearly snow surveys were conducted in the Green Lakes Valley in the City of Boulder Watershed at the estimated peak of snowpack in late spring. Over a period of several days, surveying teams (1 to several people) traversed valley slopes measuring snow depth with avalanche probes. Locations of each depth measurement were recorded as waypoints in Garmin hand-held GPS units (eTrex Legend and eTrex Legend H models). Snow depths were recorded on standardized field sheets along with dates, recorder names, waypoint numbers, and comments. GPS locations were downloaded as text files from Garmin units using Topo! software, specifying NAD83 for surveys conducted after 2009. Download files contained waypoint number, latitude, longitude, date, and elevation. Each file was imported into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and snow depths corresponding to waypoints were entered manually from field sheets. Shapefiles were constructed in ArcInfo/ArcGIS from dbf files generated either directly from Excel spreadsheets (before 2008) or after importing into Microsoft Access and then exporting as dbfs. All shapefiles are provided in a UTM zone 13 projection and NAD83 horizontal datum. NOTE: This EML metadata file does not contain important geospatial data processing information. Before using any NWT LTER geospatial data read the arcgis metadata XML file in either ISO or FGDC compliant format, using ArcGIS software (ArcCatalog > description), or by viewing the .xml file provided with the geospatial dataset.