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1,709 results for “Reflectivity”
Figure 6 in Integrative insect taxonomy based on morphology, mitochondrial DNA, and hyperspectral reflectance profiling
Figure 6. Neighbour-joining (NJ) tree (Kimura two-parameter, K2P) for 37 sequences of combined cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S. The node support: bootstrap NJ (K2P)/NJ (Tamura three-parameter, T3P)/minimum evolution (ME) (K2P). Bootstrap values of less than 50 are not displayed.
Figure 5 in Integrative insect taxonomy based on morphology, mitochondrial DNA, and hyperspectral reflectance profiling
Figure 5. Neighbour-joining tree (Kimura two-parameter, K2P) for 39 barcode cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences. The node support: bootstrap neighbour-joining (NJ) (K2P)/NJ (Tamura three-parameter, T3P)/minimum evolution (ME) (K2P). Bootstrap values of less than 50 are not displayed.
Figure 4 in Integrative insect taxonomy based on morphology, mitochondrial DNA, and hyperspectral reflectance profiling
Figure 4. Male: A–H, Bundera heichiana Li & Wang, 1991; I–P, Bundera emeiana Li & Wang, 1994. A, I, habitus, dorsal view; B, J, habitus, lateral view; C, K, head, dorsal view; D, L, face; E, M, pygofer, lateral view; F, N, aedeagal, lateral view; G, O, aedeagal, ventral view; H, P, connective and style, ventral view.
Figure 3 in Integrative insect taxonomy based on morphology, mitochondrial DNA, and hyperspectral reflectance profiling
Figure 3. Male: A–H, Bundera pellucida Li & Wang, 2001; I–P, Bundera sp. 4; Q–X, Bundera sp. 3. A, I, Q, habitus, dorsal view; B, J, R, habitus, lateral view; C, K, S, head, dorsal view; D, L, T, face; E, M, U, pygofer, lateral view; F, N, V, aedeagal, lateral view; G, O, W, aedeagal, ventral view; H, P, X, connective and style, ventral view.
Figure 1 in Integrative insect taxonomy based on morphology, mitochondrial DNA, and hyperspectral reflectance profiling
Figure 1. Average reflectance profiles and dorsal habitus of the seven species included in this study.
Figure 6 in Size and shape interspecific divergence patterns partly reflect phylogeny in an Onthophagus species-complex (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Figure 6. Paramere, epipharynx, and head allometries. White triangles: Onthophagus similis; white circles: Onthophagus opacicollis; black circles: Onthophagus fracticornis. The centroid size of each landmark configuration (Fig. 1) is used as an estimate of the size of each structure. Interspecific comparisons of slope and intercept are given in Table 4.
Figure 5 in Size and shape interspecific divergence patterns partly reflect phylogeny in an Onthophagus species-complex (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Figure 5. Intraspecific and interspecific shape differences of the paramere, epipharynx, and head. Circles: Onthophagus fracticornis; triangles: Onthophagus similis; diamonds: Onthophagus opacicollis; black symbols: major morphs; white symbols: minor morphs. For each structure, the deformation grids showing shape modifications described by the first two canonical variates are reported.
Figure 4 in Size and shape interspecific divergence patterns partly reflect phylogeny in an Onthophagus species-complex (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Figure 4. Horn length-body size scaling relations. White triangles: Onthophagus similis; white circles: Onthophagus opacicollis; black circles: Onthophagus fracticornis. For each species, the horn static allometry was computed by fitting to the horn length-body size data a four-parameter sigmoidal regression in the form a⋅ xb
Figure 2 in Size and shape interspecific divergence patterns partly reflect phylogeny in an Onthophagus species-complex (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Figure 2. Neighbor-joining (left) and maximum parsimony (right) consensus trees of mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) sequences. Bootstrap values higher than 70% are shown on internal nodes. OF, Onthophagus fracticornis; OO, Onthophagus opacicollis; OS, Onthophagus similis. Specimens belonging to Onthophagus vacca and Onthophagus nuchicornis European populations were used as an outgroup (indicated as Palaeonthophagus spp. in the trees, courtesy of Dirk Ahrens).
Figure 3. The 50 in Size and shape interspecific divergence patterns partly reflect phylogeny in an Onthophagus species-complex (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Figure 3. The 50% majority rule consensus phylogenetic tree from the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MrBayes) analysis of mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1). Sequences with posterior probabilities P> 70% for internal node are shown. OF, Onthophagus fracticornis; OO, Onthophagus opacicollis; OS, Onthophagus similis. Specimens belonging to Onthophagus vacca and Onthophagus nuchicornis European populations were used as an outgroup (indicated as Palaeonthophagus spp. in the trees, courtesy of Dirk Ahrens).
Data from: Reinvestigation of the type specimen of Ginkgophyllum grasseti Saporta 1875 using Reflectance Transforming Imaging
<p>Reflectance Transforming Imaging (RTI) produces photographs in which the angle of the light can be changed at will, allowing to investigate remotely minute details of the 3D structure of sub-planar objects. Here we apply this technique to the type specimen of <i>Gingkophyllum grasseti</i>, a vegetative shoot with putative ginkgophyte affinities from the early Permian of Lodève (France). <i>Gingkophyllum grasseti</i>, the type species of the corresponding genus, was originally described by Saporta in 1875 and has never been illustrated other than by drawings representing only portions of the shoot. Using RTI, we describe and illustrate the specimen and discuss some key features, such as the arrangement of the leaves on the shoot or the presence of abundant secretory structures. Through a historical account, we show how the lack of illustration led to confusions about the morphology of <i>Ginkgophyllum </i>and we discuss the importance of reinvestigating type specimens of Paleozoic ginkgophyte taxa in order to clarify their taxonomy and better understand their evolutionary history. The sharing of RTI files is one example of approaches that can be further developed to improve remote access to specimens.</p>
Phytochemistry reflects different evolutionary history in traditional classes versus specialized structural motifs
<p>Foundational hypotheses addressing plant-insect codiversification and plant defense theory typically assume a macroevolutionary pattern whereby closely related plants have similar chemical profiles. However, numerous studies have documented variation in the degree of phytochemical trait lability, raising the possibility that phytochemical evolution is more nuanced than initially assumed. We utilize proton nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H NMR) data, chemical classification, and double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) to resolve evolutionary relationships and characterize the evolution of secondary chemistry in the Neotropical plant clade Radula (<i>Piper</i>;<i> </i>Piperaceae). Sequencing data substantially improved phylogenetic resolution relative to past studies, and spectroscopic characterization revealed the presence of 35 metabolite classes. Metabolite classes displayed phylogenetic signal, whereas the crude <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectra featured little evidence of phylogenetic signal in multivariate tests of chemical resonances. Evolutionary correlations were detected in two pairs of compound classes (flavonoids with chalcones; <i>p</i>-alkenyl phenols with kavalactones), where the gain or loss of a class was dependent on the other's state. Overall, the evolution of secondary chemistry in Radula is characterized by strong phylogenetic signal of traditional compound classes and weak phylogenetic signal of specialized chemical motifs, consistent with both classic evolutionary hypotheses and recent examinations of phytochemical evolution in young lineages.</p>
Calibration data for reflection bridge using SR 844 lock-in amplifier
<p>Calibration data for reflection brigde using SR 844 lock-in amplifier</p>
Divergent sexual signals reflect costs of local parasites
<p>Many closely related populations are distinguished by variation in sexual signals and this variation is hypothesized to play an important role in reproductive isolation and speciation. Within populations, there is considerable evidence that sexual signals provide information about the incidence and severity of parasite infections, but it remains unclear if variation in parasite communities across space could play a role in initiating or maintaining sexual trait divergence. To test for variation in parasite-associated selection, we compared three barn swallow subspecies with divergent sexual signals. We found that parasite community structure and host tolerance to ecologically similar parasites varied between subspecies. Across subspecies we also found that different parasites were costly in terms of male survival and reproductive success. For each subspecies, the preferred sexual signal(s) were associated with the most costly local parasite(s), indicating that divergent signals are providing relevant information to females about local parasite communities. Across subspecies, the same traits were often associated with different parasites, indicating that parasite-sexual signal links are quite flexible and may evolve relatively quickly. This study provides evidence for 1) variation in parasite communities and 2) different parasite-sexual signal links among three closely related subspecies with divergent sexual signal traits, suggesting that parasites may play an important role in initiating and/or maintaining the divergence of sexual signals among these closely related, yet geographically isolated populations.</p>
Long-term changes in flowering synchrony reflect climatic changes across an elevational gradient
<p>These are the data with the accompanying R code used in the article "Long-term changes in flowering synchrony reflect climatic changes across an elevational gradient", by Fisogni A, de Manincor N, Bertelsen CD, and Rafferty NE.</p> <p>We provide the raw data on flowering phenology, temperature and precipitation data in the study area, and overlap estimates used to evaluate temporal changes within and between elevations and their relationship with changing climatic variables.</p> <p>Data are .txt files with tab separated values.</p> <p>The raw dataset was created by C. David Bertelsen from field observations performed from 1984 to 2019 along a fixed transect in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, USA.</p>
Dataset for "Co-alignment of Laboratory and In-Situ Reflectance Spectra of Chang'e-5 Lunar Soil"
<p>This dataset provides the reflectance data measured in the laboratory for the <45-μm, 45-355-μm fractions, and bulk soil sample, respectively.</p>
Supplementary material 4 from: Konopleva ES, Bolotov IN, Vikhrev IV, Inkhavilay K, Gofarov MYu, Kondakov AV, Tomilova AA, Chapurina YE, Van Do T, Pfeiffer JM, Lopes-Lima M, Bogan AE (2023) A freshwater mussel species reflects a Miocene stream capture between the Mekong Basin and East Asian rivers. Zoosystematics and Evolution 99(1): 29-43. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.99.90784
Figure S1. Fossil-calibrated Unionidae tree, including the genus Cristaria, based on the complete data set of mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences (five partitions: three codons of COI + 16S rRNA + 28S rRNA)
Supplementary material 1 from: Konopleva ES, Bolotov IN, Vikhrev IV, Inkhavilay K, Gofarov MYu, Kondakov AV, Tomilova AA, Chapurina YE, Van Do T, Pfeiffer JM, Lopes-Lima M, Bogan AE (2023) A freshwater mussel species reflects a Miocene stream capture between the Mekong Basin and East Asian rivers. Zoosystematics and Evolution 99(1): 29-43. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.99.90784
List of sequences used in this study, including species names, localities, voucher numbers, and GenBank accession numbers
Dataset used in the paper: "Can clay mimic the high reflectivity of briny water below the Martian SPLD?"
<p>Data saved as Matlab files regarding:</p> <p>the measurements of complex permittivity of a wet sample of STX1B clay as a function of temperature at 4 MHz applying fast and slow cooling and heating cycles;</p> <p>the measeurement of the complex permittiivity as a function of frequency at a fixed temperature (220K) for a dry sample of STX1B clay;</p> <p>the measeurement of the complex permittiivity as a function of frequency at a fixed temperature (230K) for a wet sample of STX1B clay;</p> <p>Detailed description of the data can be found in the Readme.txt</p> <p> </p>
The influence of ultraviolet reflectance differs between conspicuous aposematic signals in neotropical butterflies and poison frogs
<p>Warning signals are often characterized by highly contrasting, distinctive and memorable colors. Both chromatic (hue) and achromatic (brightness) contrast contribute to signal efficacy, making longwave colored signals (red and yellow) that generate both chromatic and achromatic contrast common. Shortwave colors (blue and ultraviolet) do not contribute to luminance perception, yet are also common in warning signals. The presence of UV aposematic signals is paradoxical as UV perception is not universal, and evidence for its utility is at best mixed. We used visual modeling to quantify how UV affects signal contrast in aposematic butterflies and frogs. We found that UV only appreciably affected visual contrast in the butterflies. As the butterflies, but not the frogs, have UV-sensitive vision these results support the notion that UV reflectance is associated with intraspecific communication, but appears to be non-functional in frogs. Consequently, we should be careful when assigning a selection-based benefit from UV reflectance.</p>
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