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FIGURE 8 in Two new Salamanders of the genus Onychodactylus from Eastern Honshu, Japan (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae)

FIGURE 8. Relationships between SVL and relative length of tail (RTAL) in larvae of the four species of Onychodactylus; shaded triangles: O. intermedius sp. nov., RTAL=0.88 SVL+62.97, r² = 0.5418; open circles: O. japonicus, RTAL=0.59 SVL+72.36, r² = 0.7341; shaded squares: O. nipponoborealis, RTAL=0.66 SVL+66.04, r²=0.6126; closed inverse triangles: O. tsukubaensis, RTAL=0.19 SVL+74.91, r²=0.1045.

FIGURE 6 in Two new Salamanders of the genus Onychodactylus from Eastern Honshu, Japan (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae)

FIGURE 6. Open mouth of holotype of O. intermedius sp. nov. (A: KUHE 47455) and O. fuscus sp. nov. (B: KUHE 48284) showing the shape of vomerine tooth series. Scale bars indicate 1 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Two new Salamanders of the genus Onychodactylus from Eastern Honshu, Japan (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae)

FIGURE 4. Dorsal and ventral views of male holotype (A and B; KUHE 47455, SVL=61.0 mm) and a female paratype (C and D; KUHE 47460, SVL=60.8 mm) of O. intermedius sp. nov. Scale bar indicates 10 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Two new Salamanders of the genus Onychodactylus from Eastern Honshu, Japan (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae)

FIGURE 2. The ML trees based on 1141 bp of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, showing entire shape of the ML tree (A), detail of Subclade II-A (B), and detail of Clade III (C). Values at nodes indicate supports of 1000 bootstrap replicates. Numbers in parenthesis indicate population numbers shown in Appendix 3.

FIGURE 3 in Two new Salamanders of the genus Onychodactylus from Eastern Honshu, Japan (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae)

FIGURE 3. Results of STRUCTURE analysis based on the six microsatellite loci. (A) Estimated mean lnL and Delta K values for each number of cluster (K). (B) Barplots showing estimated ancestries of each individual when K = 2 and 3. Boxes above barplots indicate mitochondrial clades to which each specimen belongs. For population numbers, refer to Appendix 3.

FIGURE 1 in Two new Salamanders of the genus Onychodactylus from Eastern Honshu, Japan (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae)

FIGURE 1. Map of eastern Honshu showing sampling sites of Onychodactylus intermedius sp. nov. (triangles), O. fuscus sp. nov. (diamonds), O. japonicus (circles), O. nipponoborealis (squares) and O. tsukubaensis (inverse triangle) used in this study. Larger symbols indicate localities used for both genetic and morphological analyses, whereas smaller symbols indicate localities used for only genetic analysis. Shaded symbols indicate type localities of the new species described in this study. Broken lines indicate putative species boundaries of O. intermedius sp. nov. and two parapatric species. For population numbers, refer to Appendix 3.

FIG. 6 in The Evolution of Courtship Behavior in Plethodontid Salamanders, Contrasting Patterns of Stasis and Diversification

FIG. 6.—The evolutionary origin and loss of key courtship traits in Rhŋacotriton and plethodontid genera. Character origins are shown with solid rectangles; character losses are shown with open rectangles: sff ¼ spermatophore deposition in front of the female, TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk, tpd ¼ transdermal pheromone delivery (tpd1 and tpd2), tbf ¼ turning back towards the female during TSW, tm ¼ tail massage during spermatophore pickup, opd ¼ olfactory pheromone delivery. The question marks on the Amphiuma and Hŋdromantes branches indicate that courtship behavior has not been adequately described. Dendrotriton is not shown on this tree but is the sister group to the Bolitoglossa-Pseudoeurŋcea lineage. The time of origin for each trait is bounded by the times at the ends of the branch on which it resides. Arrowhead pointing to the right indicates that the origin of traits on that branch precedes the date for the right end of the branch. Time-calibrated phylogeny based on Shen et al. (2016), using an independent-rate model (clock ¼ 2). Time scale shown in millions of years.

FIG. 4 in The Evolution of Courtship Behavior in Plethodontid Salamanders, Contrasting Patterns of Stasis and Diversification

FIG. 4.—Courtship in Desmognathus organi. (a) During bite and seize (bas) the male (foreground) holds the female̕s tail base in his jaws. The female holds her chin on the male̕s tail base in an apparent attempt to elicit tail-straddling walk. (b) During spermatophore deposition (SD), the male (right) aligns his hind limbs perpendicular to his body (align). Position of spermatophore indicated with ^. The female holds her chin over his undulating tail base in TSW position. (c) The male has moved forward after SD and has helped positioned the female over the spermatophore. The female has now departed from the spermatophore (base visible above the ^), while the male continues to arch his tail and extend on his hind limbs (extend).

FIG. 5 in The Evolution of Courtship Behavior in Plethodontid Salamanders, Contrasting Patterns of Stasis and Diversification

FIG. 5.—Olfactory pheromone delivery during turning back to the female (tbf) in Plethodon shermani (from Arnold 1976). (1) The dotted arrow shows the path of the male̕s head as he turns back towards the female during tailstraddling walk (TSW). (2) The path of the male̕s head as he slaps his mental gland across the female̕s nares. (3) The solid arrow shows the path of the male̕s head as he returns to TSW position. A video of a similar sequence is cataloged in Appendix S2.

FIG. 8 in The Evolution of Courtship Behavior in Plethodontid Salamanders, Contrasting Patterns of Stasis and Diversification

FIG. 8.—The evolutionary origin and loss of key courtship traits in the genus Desmognathus. Character origins are shown with solid rectangles; losses are shown with open rectangles: tbf ¼ turning back towards the female, tpd ¼ transdermal pheromone delivery (tpd1 and tpd2), ps ¼ pulling and snapping, rfh ¼ rub female head, bas ¼ bite and seize, fm ¼ forelimb movement, and fs ¼ forelimb strokes. Small solid circle denotes branch of origin for adjacent trait box. The time of origin or loss for each trait is bounded by the times at the ends of the branch on which it resides. Time-calibrated phylogeny based on Kozak et al. (2009); time scale shown in millions of years.

FIG. 3 in The Evolution of Courtship Behavior in Plethodontid Salamanders, Contrasting Patterns of Stasis and Diversification

FIG. 3.—Transdermal pheromone delivery in Eurŋcea aeilderae during an underwater courtship (from Arnold 1977). (A) Ventral view of the male̕s mental gland (MG), also showing three premaxillary teeth protruding through his upper lip. (B) The male̕s head during pulling, showing the backward motion that he uses to abrade the female̕s epidermis. (C) The male̕s position during pulling. The female is shaded. This image is based on a video recording cataloged in Appendix S2.

FIG. 1 in The Evolution of Courtship Behavior in Plethodontid Salamanders, Contrasting Patterns of Stasis and Diversification

FIG. 1.—Modular analysis of courtship in Rhŋacotriton and plethodontids. Modules are labeled: AP ¼ approach, HC ¼ head contact, TSW ¼ tailstraddling walk, SD ¼ spermatophore deposition, and POS ¼ positioning. Courtship sequences flow from left to right (as indicated by large arrows) and from top to bottom within modules. Behaviors shown in the same color occur in the same temporal context. Behaviors shown with different shades of the same color occur in a predictable sequence; those in lighter shades occurring earlier than those shown in darker shades. See Fig. 2 for inventory of behavior by module and submodule.

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FIG. 3 in A Long-term Demographic Study of a Spotted Salamander (Ambŋstoma maculatum) Population in Central Ohio

FIG. 3.—Relationships between percent mass loss and number of days spent in Taylor–Ochs Pond, Ohio, for individually marked female (R2 ¼ 0.57, P ¼ 0.001; y ¼ 1.25x þ 6.76) and male (R2 ¼ 0.18, P ¼ 0.001, y ¼ 0.29x þ 3.39) Ambŋstoma maculatum sampled from 2005 to 2014.

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F. 1 in A Long-term Demographic Study of a Spotted Salamander (Ambŋstoma maculatum) Population in Central Ohio

F. 1.—Numbers of (a) breeding Ambŋstoma maculatum adults (R2 ¼ IG 0.46, P ¼ 0.03), (b) split by sex (females, R2 ¼ 0.02, P ¼ 0.67; males, R2 ¼ 0.68, P ¼ 0.003), and (c) counts of breeding females plotted alongside egg mass counts and numbers of emerging juveniles from 2005 to 2014 in Taylor–Ochs Pond, Ohio. Numbers near the bottom of (b) reflect sex ratios (male:female), and numbers near the bottom of (c) reflect recruitment rates (emerging juveniles per breeding female) for each year. Significant negative linear relationships of overall breeding adults (a) and breeding males (b) over time are represented by the equations y ¼ 46.1x þ 93246.0 and y ¼ 41.6x þ 84148.9, respectively.

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FIG. 2 in A Long-term Demographic Study of a Spotted Salamander (Ambŋstoma maculatum) Population in Central Ohio

FIG. 2.—Mean values (±1 SE) for mass (a) and snout–vent length (SVL, b) of inbound female and male Ambŋstoma maculatum sampled from 2005 to 2014 in Taylor–Ochs Pond, Ohio. See Table 3 for the sample size contributing to each depicted value. In all years, for both body-size indicators, females were larger than males (P <0.05). For simplicity, only differences among years (sexes combined) are reflected by different letter(s) above each pair of bars.

FIG. 4 in Salamander Movement Propensity Resists Effects of Supraseasonal Drought

FIG. 4. Estimates of mean growth rate of Desmognathus fuscus before, during, and after the supraseasonal drought, sampled from November 2005 to November 2010 in a first-order stream in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. Pre-drought conditions included samples from November 2005 to July 2007, drought conditions occurred from August 2007 to August 2008, while post-drought occurred from September 2008 to November 2010. Error bars are 61 SE.

FIG. 3 in Salamander Movement Propensity Resists Effects of Supraseasonal Drought

FIG. 3. Estimates of survival of Desmognathus fuscus between movers (black bars) and stayers (white bars) sampled from November 2005 to November 2010 in a first-order stream in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. Pre-drought conditions included samples from November 2005 to July 2007, drought conditions occurred from August 2007 to August 2008, while post-drought occurred from September 2008 to November 2010. Error bars are 61 SE.

FIG. 2 in Salamander Movement Propensity Resists Effects of Supraseasonal Drought

FIG. 2. Monthly number of movements of adult Desmognathus fuscus from November 2005 to November 2010 in a Piedmont stream in North Carolina. The vertical lines represent the beginning and end of the supraseasonal drought that occurred from August 2007 to August 2008.

FIG. 1 in Salamander Movement Propensity Resists Effects of Supraseasonal Drought

FIG. 1. Movement frequency distribution of the distance traveled in meters (m) by adult Desmognathus fuscus from (A) entire sampling period (i.e., November 2005 to November 2010), (B) pre-drought period (i.e., November 2005 to July 2007), (C) drought period (i.e., August 2007 to August 2008), and (D) post-drought period (i.e., September 2008 to November 2010) either upstream or downstream in a Piedmont stream in North Carolina.