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Fig. 10 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 10 Skeletal morphology of Ischnocnema henselii at TS11–12. a Skull dorsal and lateral views. b Hyobranchial apparatus, ventral view. Inset: detail of the palatoquadrate cartilage, showing a primordium of the squamosal. c Vertebral column, dorsal view. d Pectoral girdle, ventral view. e Pelvic girdle, lateral view. f Forelimb, dorsal view. g Hind limb,

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Fig. 3 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 3 Cranial skeleton of Oreobates barituensis at TS15. a Skull in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views. b Hyobranchial apparatus, ventral view. c Detail of the rostral region, dorsal view. d Detail of the caudal portion of the pterygoid process, dorsal view. Skull ossifications present

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Fig. 11 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 11 Cranial skeleton of Ischnocnema henselii at hatching. Dorsal, ventral, lateral, and frontal views. Abbreviations: as, angulosplenial; d, dentary; eo, exoccipital; fp, frontoparietal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; np, neopalatine; pm, premaxilla; po, prootic; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; qj, quadratojugal; sm, septomaxilla; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Scale bar = 1 mm

FIG. 5 in Improving Vertebrate Skeleton Images: Fluorescence and the Non-Permanent Mounting of Cleared-and-Stained Specimens

FIG. 5. Cleared-and-stained, glycerine-gelatin embedded gill arches (with right upper gill arches removed) of Trachinotus carolinus (KUI 20087) under white light from (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, and (C) lateral view highlighting the value of fixing the specimen in position, so it can be imaged from multiple angles. The arrow highlights the third hypobranchial process. Scale bar is equal to 5 mm.

FIG. 3 in Improving Vertebrate Skeleton Images: Fluorescence and the Non-Permanent Mounting of Cleared-and-Stained Specimens

FIG. 3. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists logo recreated by embedding cleared-and-stained specimens of Hippocampus erectus (KUI 5107; left) and Anolis sp. (KUH uncat.; right) in a glycerinegelatin matrix and imaging under fluorescence. The ASIH crest was added digitally.

FIG. 2 in Improving Vertebrate Skeleton Images: Fluorescence and the Non-Permanent Mounting of Cleared-and-Stained Specimens

FIG. 2. Comparisons under different lighting regimes of a cleared-andstained specimen of Bathymaster signatus (SIO 93-174; A, C, E, and G) and a fossilized specimen of †Tanaocrossus kalliokoskii (UMNH VP 22905; B, D, F, and H). The specimens are shown under (A–B) white lighting, (C–D) red fluorescence, and (E–F) green fluorescence. For the specimen of Bathymaster, these lighting regimes allow researchers to explore the relationship between soft-tissue and bony canals. This exploration is exemplified in the combined image (G) where the red fluorescent image is placed in the R channel and the green fluorescent image is placed in the G channel to combine these two images. For the specimen of †Tanaocrossus, these lighting regimes highlight the fluorescent fossil material relative to the non-fluorescent matrix (D, F). The images taken under white and fluorescent lighting can then be combined to illustrate the (H) fossilized material with the matrix removed by using the black areas of the fluorescent images as a mask to remove the matrix from the white light image. Scale bar is equal to 5 mm. Abbreviation: pt ¼ pterotic.

FIG. 1 in Improving Vertebrate Skeleton Images: Fluorescence and the Non-Permanent Mounting of Cleared-and-Stained Specimens

FIG. 1. Comparisons of cleared-andstained fishes under white and fluorescent lighting. Dorsal view of the head of Porichthys notatus (KUI 18136) under (A) white and (B) fluorescent lighting highlighting the separation (arrows) of the ascending process of the premaxilla from the remainder of the bone. A magnified version of the separation is provided in the inset. Lateral view of Lyopsetta exilis (KUI 28289) under (C) white and (D) fluorescent lighting illustrating the value of fluorescence for ''amplifying'' lightly alizarin-redstained bone. Lateral view of the head of Neomerinthe hemingwayi (AMNH 83911) under (E) white and (F) fluorescent lighting demonstrating the value of fluorescence for quickly recognizing skeletal-element limits. Scale bar is equal to 5 mm. Abbreviations: l ¼ lachrymal, le ¼ lateral extrascapular, q ¼ quadrate, 2 ¼ second circumorbital bone, and 3 ¼ third circumorbital bone.

FIG. 4 in Improving Vertebrate Skeleton Images: Fluorescence and the Non-Permanent Mounting of Cleared-and-Stained Specimens

FIG. 4. Cleared-and-stained specimen of Eumicrotremus orbis (SIO 94- 208) under white light (upper) and fluorescent light (lower). This specimen was embedded in a glycerine-gelatin matrix with the tail bent and mouth open to pose the specimen for a rostral view, which would be otherwise challenging due to the flaccidity of the specimen. Scale bar is equal to 5 mm.

FIGURE 24 in A New Species Of Baurusuchus (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) From The Upper Cretaceous Of Brazil, With The First Complete Postcranial Skeleton Described For The Family Baurusuchidae

FIGURE 24: Manus and pes of Baurusuchus albertoi. A, manus in dorsal view, with metacarpals; B, manus in lateral view; C, pes in dorsal view; D, pes in lateral view. Abbreviations: f, foramen; icd, M. interossei circular depression; mc, metacarpal; mt, metatarsal; ph, phalanx; ung, ungual phalanx. Scale bar = 1 cm.

FIGURE 23 in A New Species Of Baurusuchus (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) From The Upper Cretaceous Of Brazil, With The First Complete Postcranial Skeleton Described For The Family Baurusuchidae

FIGURE 23: Carpal region. A, pisiform of Baurusuchus albertoi in medial view; B, pisiform of Caiman crocodylus (MZSP 2063) in medial view; C, distal carpal of Baurusuchus albertoi in distal view; D, distal carpal of Baurusuchus albertoi in ventral view; E, reconstitution of the carpal area of B. albertoi in anterior view. Abbreviations: alr, anterior longitudinal ridge of radiale; cap, condylar area of pisiform; dc, distal carpal; p, pisiform; r, radiale; u, ulnare; uap, ulnare anterior projection. Arrows point in anterior direction. Scale bar = 1 cm.

FIGURE 22 in A New Species Of Baurusuchus (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) From The Upper Cretaceous Of Brazil, With The First Complete Postcranial Skeleton Described For The Family Baurusuchidae

FIGURE 22: Radiale (left) and ulnare (right) of Baurusuchus albertoi. Radiale: A, anterior view; B, lateral view; C, posterior view; D, medial view. Ulnare: E, anterior view; F, lateral view; G, posterior view; H, medial view. Abbreviations: alr, anterior longitudinal ridge; rca, radius contact area; uap, ulnare anterior projection; uca, ulna contact area. Scale bar = 1 cm.

FIGURE 28 in A New Species Of Baurusuchus (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) From The Upper Cretaceous Of Brazil, With The First Complete Postcranial Skeleton Described For The Family Baurusuchidae

FIGURE 28: Proximal tarsals of Baurusuchus albertoi, with the astragalus in anterodorsal view and the calcaneum in anteroventral view. Abbreviations: a, astragalus; ald, astragalus laterodorsal process; apl, astragalus peg-like projection; at, astragalus trochlea; c, calcaneum; cs, calcaneum socket; ct, calcaneum tuber; ctp, calcaneum tongue process; f, foramen associated to perforating artery; fdtc, fourth distal tarsal contact; mac, metatarsals-astragalus contact; tac, tibia-astragalus contact. Arrow points in lateral direction. Scale bar = 1 cm.

FIGURE 27 in A New Species Of Baurusuchus (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) From The Upper Cretaceous Of Brazil, With The First Complete Postcranial Skeleton Described For The Family Baurusuchidae

FIGURE 27: Right fibula of Baurusuchus albertoi in lateral view. Abbreviations: tif, "tuberositas" to M. iliofibularis insertion. Scale bar = 1 cm.

FIGURE 25 in A New Species Of Baurusuchus (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) From The Upper Cretaceous Of Brazil, With The First Complete Postcranial Skeleton Described For The Family Baurusuchidae

FIGURE 25: Right femur of Baurusuchus albertoi, from left to right, in posterior, lateral, anterior and medial views. Abbreviations: 4tr, fourth trocanther; cif, crest for M. ileo-femoralis attachment; cmc, cranium-medial crest; f, foramen; lc, lateral condyle; lt, largest trocanther; mc, medial condyle; sfmti, surface to M. femoro-tibialis internus attachment; spifi, surface to M. pubo-ischio-femoralis internus. Scale bar = 1 cm.

FIGURE 20 in A New Species Of Baurusuchus (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) From The Upper Cretaceous Of Brazil, With The First Complete Postcranial Skeleton Described For The Family Baurusuchidae

FIGURE 20: Right ulna of Baurusuchus albertoi in lateral view (left) and anterior view (right). Abbreviations: ale, anterolateral expansion; alr, anterolateral protuberance that contacts the radius; ti, triceps insertion area. Scale bar = 1 cm.

FIGURE 18 in A New Species Of Baurusuchus (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) From The Upper Cretaceous Of Brazil, With The First Complete Postcranial Skeleton Described For The Family Baurusuchidae

FIGURE 18: Right scapula of Baurusuchus albertoi in anterior view (left), left scapula in lateral view (middle) and right scapula in lateral view (right). Abbreviations: gs, glenoid surface; pc, posterior concavity; sc, shallow crest. Scale bar = 1 cm.

FIGURE 15 in A New Species Of Baurusuchus (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) From The Upper Cretaceous Of Brazil, With The First Complete Postcranial Skeleton Described For The Family Baurusuchidae

FIGURE 15: 11th caudal vertebra and chevron of Baurusuchus albertoi. A, 11th caudal vertebra in dorsal view; B, chevrons from 12th (left) and 15th (right) caudal vertebrae in anterior view. Abbreviations: ns, neural spine; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process; tpt, transverse process thickness; vc, vertebral centrum.

FIGURE 16 in A New Species Of Baurusuchus (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) From The Upper Cretaceous Of Brazil, With The First Complete Postcranial Skeleton Described For The Family Baurusuchidae

FIGURE 16: Ribs of Baurusuchus albertoi. From left do right above: left ribs from third and fourth vertebrae. From left to right below: left rib from eighth dorsal vertebrae, left rib from fifth dorsal vertebra, left rib from seventh dorsal vertebra, right rib from ninth dorsal vertebra, and left rib from tenth dorsal vertebra. Abbreviations: apcr, anterior process of cervical ribs; c, capitular area; t, tubercular area. Scale bar = 1 cm.

FIGURE 17 in A New Species Of Baurusuchus (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) From The Upper Cretaceous Of Brazil, With The First Complete Postcranial Skeleton Described For The Family Baurusuchidae

FIGURE 17: Right coracoid of Baurusuchus albertoi in lateral view. Abbreviations: cf, big coracoid foramen; gs, glenoid surface; pg, posterior groove; pvp, posteroventral process. Scale bar = 1 cm.

FIGURE 14 in A New Species Of Baurusuchus (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) From The Upper Cretaceous Of Brazil, With The First Complete Postcranial Skeleton Described For The Family Baurusuchidae

FIGURE 14: 24th to 35th caudal vertebrae of Baurusuchus albertoi in right lateral view (above, with chevrons) and in posterior view (below). Abbreviations: ch, chevron; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process; vc, vertebral centrum; vk, ventral keel for chevron attachment. Roman numerals indicate the number of the vertebral count. Scale bar = 1 cm.