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3,136 results for “Terrestrialization”
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A drained nutrient-poor peatland forest in boreal Sweden constitutes a net carbon sink after integrating terrestrial and aquatic fluxes
<div>In this study, we estimated the net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) from a nutrient‐poor drained peatland forest and an adjacent natural mire in northern Sweden by integrating terrestrial carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) fluxes with aquatic losses of dissolved organic C (DOC) and inorganic C based on eddy covariance and stream discharge measurements, respectively, over two hydrological years. Each variable presented was measured during each experimental period in sites.</div>
Spatial partitioning of terrestrial precipitation and corresponding dataset agreement
<p>The study of the water cycle at planetary scale is crucial for our understanding of large-scale climatic processes. However, very little is known about how terrestrial precipitation is distributed across different environments. In this study, we address this gap by employing a 17-dataset ensemble to provide, for the first time, precipitation estimates over a suite of land cover types, biomes, elevation zones, and precipitation intensity classes. We estimate annual terrestrial precipitation at approximately 114,000 ± 9,400 km3, with about 70% falling over tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. Our results highlight substantial inconsistencies, mainly, over the arid and the mountainous areas. To quantify the overall discrepancies, we utilize the concept of dataset agreement and then explore the pairwise relationships among the datasets in terms of "genealogy", concurrency, and distance. The resulting uncertainty-based partitioning demonstrates how precipitation is distributed over a wide range of environments and improves our understanding on how their conditions influence observational fidelity.</p>
HIDRA simulations and post-processing scripts for JGR: SP manuscript: characterization of N+ abundances in the terrestrial polar wind using the multiscale atmosphere-geospace environment
<div> <div> <div> <p>The High-latitude Ionosphere Dynamics for Research Applications (HIDRA) model is part of the Multiscale Atmosphere-Geospace Environment (MAGE) model under development by the Center for Geospace Storms (CGS) NASA DRIVE Science Center. This study employs HIDRA to simulate upflows of H+, He+, O+, and N+ ions, with a particular focus on the relative N+ concentrations, production and loss mechanisms, and thermal upflow drivers as functions of season, solar activity, and magnetospheric convection. The simulation results demonstrate that N+ densities typically exceed He+ densities, N+ densities are typically ∼ 10% O+ densities, and N+ concentrations at quiet-time are approximately 50-100% of N+ concentrations during storm-time. Furthermore, the N+ and O+ upflow fluxes show similar trends with variations in magnetospheric driving. The inclusion of ion-neutral chemical reactions involving metastable atoms is shown to have significant effects on N+ production rates. With this metastable chemistry included, the simulated ion density profiles compare favorably with satellite measurements from Atmosphere Explorer C (AE-C) and Orbiting Geophysical Observatory 6 (OGO-6).</p> </div> </div> </div>
Terrestrial water storage data based on the generalized three-cornered hat fusion method
<ul> <li>The dataset combines three GRACE Mascon products (CSR, JPL and GSFC) using the generalized three-cornered hat method (GTCH) to generate, referred to as TWS_GTCH. The dataset spans from 2003 to 2022, with a spatial resolution of 0.5 degrees and a temporal resolution of monthly.</li> <li>We deduct 2004-2009 means from the three GRACE terrestrial water storage (TWS) Mascon products to ensure that they have the same reference period. To enhance the reliability of the results and eliminate differences between datasets, we employ the GTCH method to calculate the root mean square error (rmse) of the GRACE TWS data to assess uncertainty. Finally, we utilize the least squares method to fuse the data based on their uncertainties.</li> </ul>
Anatomical insights into fish terrestrial locomotion: a study of barred mudskipper (Periophthalmus argentilineatus) fins based on μCT 3D reconstructions
<p>Mudskippers are a group of extant ray-finned fishes with an amphibious lifestyle and serve as exemplars for understanding the evolution of amphibious capabilities in teleosts. A comprehensive anatomical profile of both the soft and hard tissues within their propulsive fins is essential for advancing our understanding of terrestrial locomotor adaptations in fish. Despite the ecological significance of mudskippers, detailed data on their musculoskeletal anatomy remains limited. In the present research, we utilized contrast-enhanced high-resolution micro-computed tomography (μCT) imaging to investigate the barred mudskipper, <em>Periophthalmus argentilineatus</em>. This technique enabled detailed reconstruction and quantification of the morphological details of the pectoral, pelvic, and caudal fins of this terrestrial mudskipper, facilitating comparison with its aquatic relatives. Our findings reveal that <em>P. argentilineatus</em> has undergone complex musculoskeletal adaptations for terrestrial movement, including an increase in muscle complexity and muscle volume, as well as the development of specialized structures like aponeuroses for pectoral fin extension. Skeletal modifications are also evident, with features such as a reinforced shoulder-pelvic joint and thickened fin rays. These evolutionary modifications suggest biomechanically advanced fins capable of overcoming the gravitational challenges of terrestrial habitats, indicating a strong selective advantage for these features in land-based environments. The unique musculoskeletal modifications in the fins of mudskippers like <em>P. argentilineatus</em>, compared to their aquatic counterparts, mark a critical evolutionary shift toward terrestrial adaptations. This study not only sheds light on the specific anatomical changes facilitating this transition but also offers broader insights into the early evolutionary mechanisms of terrestrial locomotion, potentially mirroring the transformative journey from aquatic to terrestrial life in the lineage leading to tetrapods.</p>
Global trends and scenarios for terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem services from 1900-2050. Data and Code. Project BES-SIM 1.
<p>This archive contains all scripts and data used for analysis and figures for the paper <strong>Pereira et al. (2024). Global trends and scenarios for terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem services from 1900-2050. Science. </strong>The paper is the result of the BES SIM 1 project. </p>
Supporting Information for "First Results of Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flash observations by Insight-HXMT"
<p>The compressed file contains data for 282 HXMT Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs), spanning from T0-1 second to T0+1 second. Below is a description of the data format included in the file.</p> <p>[HXMT 1K Science Data Description]</p> <p>1. The "Time" column represents the Mission Elapsed Time (MET) in seconds for HXMT, starting from 2012-01-01T00:00:00.</p> <p>2. The "Det_ID" column indicates the detector index for the 18 HXMT/HE NaI/CsI detectors, ranging from 00 to 17.</p> <p>3. The "Channel" column refers to the energy channel for HXMT/HE NaI/CsI detectors, which spans from 0 to 255. Data filtering often uses "Channel>30" to exclude lower energy events.</p> <p>4. The "Pulse_Width" column measures the pulse width of the detector signal in milliseconds. For HXMT/HE data, a Pulse Width value of N translates to N/48 ms. To filter the data, "Pulse_Width>75" is commonly used.</p> <p>5. The "ACD" column presents data from the anticoincidence detectors of the HXMT/HE Anti-Coincidence Detector (ACD). This data consists of an array of 18 boolean values, each corresponding to a specific ACD. For instance, if the first value in the array is 1, it indicates that the event was simultaneously detected by ACD-01; conversely, a 0 in the second position signifies that ACD-02 did not detect the event at the same time. Typically, events detected by any ACD are excluded from data analysis. Conversely, events are included in data analysis when all ACD values are 0.</p> <p>6. The "Event_Type" column describes the operational modes of the detector: 0 for normal-gain mode and 1 for low-gain mode.</p> <p>Details on the NaI/CsI and ACD detector installation positions and the relationship between energy and channel for both normal-gain and low-gain modes can be found in Song et al. 2022.</p>
Infrequent oceanic long-range dispersal and evolution of a top terrestrial arthropod predator in the sub-Antarctic
<p>The UNESCO world heritage sub-Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems are unique. They have been isolated for over 30 million years by constant circum-polar currents and winds, and shaped by climatic cycles that surpass the tolerance limits of many species. Despite this recognition, surprisingly little is known about how these ecosystems acquired their native terrestrial fauna and how it changed over deep time scales. Here the patterns and timing of colonization and speciation in the largest and dominant arthropod predators in the Eastern sub-Antarctic – spiders of the genus Myro – are demonstrated for the first time. Our results indicate that this lineage originated from Australia before the Plio-Pleistocenic glacial cycles and underwent an adaptive radiation on the Crozet archipelago. We discuss the gain and loss of pre-adaptations acting as filter that enabled only one of four Myro species native to the Crozet islands to repeatedly disperse via the Antarctic circum-polar current, resulting in an outstanding distribution range over 9000 kilometres. The results highlight the outstanding role of the volcanic Crozet archipelago for the evolution of arthropod life in the sub-Antarctic, and the potential of terrestrial macro-invertebrates to achieve rare but ecologically influential trans-oceanic dispersal events over thousands of kilometres under hostile conditions.</p>
Data for: Exposure and sensitivity of terrestrial vertebrates to biological invasions worldwide
<div> <p><em><strong>All details on the dataset are provided in the README. Details on the methods are in the Supplementary Material of the associated paper.</strong></em></p> <p>This dataset is the product of data complilation for the article <strong>Exposure and sensitivity of terrestrial vertebrates to biological invasions worldwide</strong>. It comprises, at a global scale for 110km grid cells:</p> <ul> <li>the exposure to the threat of biological invasions for 304 invasive alien species (3 exposure metrics with 3 alternative normalization methods)</li> <li>the sensitivity of birds, mammals, and reptiles to this threat (1 sensitivity metric with 3 alternative normalization methods)</li> <li>the data completeness associated with exposure and sensitivity, calculated with 2 components for each metric</li> </ul> <p>All the column details are provided in the "Metadata" sheet of each excel file. We also provide the shapefile of land cell units to allow for a full reproduction of the analyses and the maps.</p> <p>Additionally, we provide the sources to access the raw data used to derive the metrics for invasive alien species. </p> </div>
Global extinction probabilities of terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species groups
<p>This is the updated dataset presented in the manuscript titled "Global extinction probabilities of terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species groups".</p> <p>The dataset gives the code (R code), as well as the resulting raster files for the suggested Global extinction probabilities for different taxonomic groups, for use in Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA). We supply the results on 5arc minute resolution, aggregated for relevant spatial scales (e.g. terrestrial ecoregions or watersheds), as well as at country scale.</p> <p>For application in LCIA, we recommend applying GEPs to CFs with corresponding species groups and spatial scales. If the species group of the CFs do not match any of the provided GEPs, see (1); if the spatial scale of the CFs do not match any of the provided GEPs, see (2).</p> <ol> <li>If the species groups of the CFs do not match any of the provided sets of GEPs, we recommend recalculating GEPs for corresponding species groups and spatial scales based on the provided R scripts (e.g., see the R script for the freshwater heterotroph GEPs). Alternatively, GEPs can be aggregated to species group combinations by calculating species number-weighted GEP averages of the existing GEPs (see Table 4 in the article for species numbers per species group). In case of the latter approach, we recommend calculate GEP averages for all regions across the world (and not just those included in the analysis) and normalise the region-level average GEPs by the sum of the region-level average GEPs for consistency with the GEP concept.</li> <li>In addition to species group aggregation, GEPs can be aggregated to different spatial scales by calculating the sum of the cell-level GEPs contained per region (e.g., see R scripts).</li> </ol> <p> </p> <p>Updates: corrected mistakes in cnidarians. Removedcpiuntry GEPs for marine species groups.</p>
Field investigations of salt partitioning and aqueous chemistry of freezing closed-basin lakes in Mongolia as terrestrial analogs of subsurface brine reservoirs on icy bodies [Data set]
<p>All measurement and calculation data</p> <p>Measurement and calculation data in Version 4 were uploaded in 2021-11-2</p>
Data from: Accelerated shifts in terrestrial life zones under rapid climate change
<p>Datasets depicting historical (1901-1920), contemporary (1979-2013), and future (2061-2080) life zones as global rasters at 30 arc-second resolution in GeoTiff format are included, which were produced for the study "Accelerated shifts in terrestrial life zones under rapid climate change", published in <i>Global Change Biology</i> by Elsen <i>et al</i>. Life zones are determined by distinct combinations of biotemperature and precipitation and represent broad-scale ecosystem types (<i>sensu</i> Holdridge<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span>). For the future period, life zone maps were produced using five general circulation models (GCMs: CESM1-BGC, MPI-ESM-MR, ACCESS1-3, MIROC5, and CMCC-CM), each under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs: RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). An ensemble mean across all five GCMs is also included for each RCP. All input datasets are publicly available and, along with the complete methodology, are described in Elsen <i>et al.</i></p> <div> <div> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span> Holdridge, LR (1947) Determination of world plant formations from simple climatic data. <i>Science</i>, <b>105</b>, 367–368.</p> </div> </div>
Global Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Flux Inferred from TanSat XCO2 Retrievals
<p>TanSat is China’s first greenhouse gases observing satellite. In recent years, substantial progresses have been achieved on retrieving column-averaged CO<sub>2</sub> dry air mole fraction (XCO<sub>2</sub>). However, relatively few attempts have been made to estimate terrestrial net ecosystem exchange (NEE) using TanSat XCO<sub>2</sub> retrievals. In this study, based on the GEOS-Chem 4D-Var data assimilation system, we infer the global NEE from April 2017 to March 2018 using TanSat XCO<sub>2</sub>. Evaluations against independent CO<sub>2</sub> observations and comparison with previous estimates indicate that the inverted land sinks in the northern middle latitudes and southern temperate regions are improved to a certain extent, however, they are obviously overestimated in northern high latitudes and underestimated in tropical lands (mainly northern Africa), respectively. </p> <p>There are 4 monthly mean variables in this dataset, including prior NEE, posterior NEE, prior ocean flux, and posterior ocean flux, which are all in a spatial resolution of 5 deg by 4 deg. </p>
The contributions of individual traits to survival among terrestrial juvenile pond-breeding salamanders
<p>Individual survival is influenced by interactions between local environmental conditions and an organism's morphological, behavioral, and physiological traits. Studies examining the effects of individual phenotypes on survival under variable conditions are relatively rare among early transitional life stages, though the vital rates of these life stages can importantly influence population dynamics. We experimentally examined the effects of initial body mass, movement, standard metabolic rate (SMR), and respiratory surface area water loss (RSAWL) on survival in the transitional juvenile life stage of two biphasic amphibian species (Ambystoma maculatum and A. opacum) in a seven-month mark-recapture study under semi-natural conditions. Juveniles with a larger initial body mass, lower initial SMR, and/or a lower tendency to change locations had a higher likelihood of known survival. In contrast, we found no significant effect of RSAWL on juvenile survival. The relationships between individual phenotypes and survival did not differ between species, but equivalent species-specific survival rates may have been attributed to larger initial body sizes in A. maculatum and lower SMR in A. opacum. Our results illuminate the complex ways in which individual traits influence survival during the early transitional life stage of two ambystomatid species under varying abiotic conditions. More generally, our findings illustrate potential advantages of simultaneously examining multiple traits to evaluate survival.</p>
Combined data file for Jilbert et al. "Anthropogenic Inputs of Terrestrial Organic Matter Influence Carbon Loading and Methanogenesis in Coastal Baltic Sea Sediments", Frontiers in Earth Science 9, 2021
<p>The datafile contains all the new raw data presented in the figures in the publication.</p>
Result data from "Relative effects of land conversion and land-use intensity on terrestrial vertebrate diversity"
<p>These tif files contain the raw results of the publication "Relative effects of land conversion and land-use intensity on terrestrial vertebrate diversity", i.e. the raw data used to create the species richness loss maps shown in the main text and Supplementary Information of the publication. Please cite the publication when using these data.</p>
Thermal emission spectra of terrestrial alkaline rocks
<p>These thermal emission spectra were collected at Arizona State University. The samples and spectral collection methods are described in:</p> <p>Dunn, T. L., McSween, H. Y., & Christensen, P. R. (2007). Thermal emission spectra of terrestrial alkaline volcanic rocks: Applications to Martian remote sensing. Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, 112(5), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JE002766</p> <p>This repository includes the original spectra as well as spectra that have had minor corrections for a negative spectral slope. The negative spectral slope can arise if sample temperatures change during spectral acquisition. Only two samples (49012, 49098) were slope-corrected.</p> <p>The plot shows the spectra in the *spectra.txt files. The first column in the data files (not the label files) is the wavenumber (cm-1) x-axis. The remaining columns are the emissivity spectra. The label files give the spectrum labels.</p>
Dataset of nanoplastic transport in soil via bioturbation by Lumbricus terrestris
<p>The dataset comprises data acquired in laboratory-based process-studies with microcosms on the transport of nanoplastics (polystyrene, 256 nm diameter) in an agricultural soil via bioturbation over the course of 4 weeks. Transport of nanoplastics was monitored through the use of palladium (Pd)-doped nanoplastics (0.24 % w/w) by analyzing soil samples at specific depths (0-2 cm, 2-6 cm, 6-15 cm, 15-29 cm) after defined experimental times (7, 14, 21, 28 days). Microcosms consisted of 30 cm height, 10 cm diameter soil columns which were set up with or without earthworms and with or without nanoplastics spiked to the uppermost 2 cm. Two experimental runs were executed with the first (Exp1) designed to focus on the average transport within the soil profile over time, and the second (Exp2) focussing on the smaller scale distribution of the nanoplastics in the soil (i.e. soil matrix versus drilosphere) while monitoring earthworm burrow development over time using X-ray computed tomography. In the first experiment, earthworms were measured for their nanoplastic content after the experiment.</p> <p>The dataset made available here comprises the details of the microcosm setup for Exp1 and Exp2, details on detected nanoplastic concentrations for the average soil profile (Exp1), drilosphere and soil matrix (Exp2), as well as detected concentrations in earthworm tissue and monitoring of earthworm weight (Exp1). A selection of X-ray CT images is also provided, chosen based on the considered highest relevance. X-ray CT scans of other measurement timepoints are available upon request.</p>
A ten-year (2010-2019) global terrestrial NEE inferred from the GOSAT v9 XCO2 retrievals (GCAS2021)
<p>Top-down atmospheric inversion is one of the major methods to estimate the global NEE. Here, by assimilating the GOSAT ACOS v9 XCO<sub>2</sub> product, we generate a ten-year (2010–2019) global monthly terrestrial NEE dataset using the Global Carbon Assimilation System, version 2 (GCASv2), which is named as GCAS2021. It includes(1) monthly and annual prior and posterior NEE and OCN fluxes, and prescribed FIRE and FFC emissions in a global spatial resolution of 1°×1°; (2) globally, latitudinally, and regionally aggregated monthly and annual posterior NEE and NBE, and their uncertainties; and (3) weekly gridded ensemble members of posterior NEE and OCN fluxes. The regional fluxes are aggregated both in the TRANSCOM and RECCAP2 regions. The latitudinal fluxes are aggregated in northern mid-high latitudes (> 30° N, NL), low latitudes (30° S ~ 30° N, TL), and southern middle latitudes (<30° N, SL). The weekly grided ensemble members could be used for calculating the posterior uncertainties of the user's area and time scale. </p> <p>Combining the OCN flux, and FIRE and FFC emissions, the net biosphere flux (NBE) and atmospheric growth rate (AGR) as well as their inter-annual variabilities (IAVs) agree well with the estimates of Global Carbon Budget 2020. Regionally, GCAS2021 shows that eastern North America, Amazon, Congo Basin, Europe, boreal forests, southern China and Southeast Asia are carbon sinks, while western US, African grasslands, Brazilian plateaus and parts of South Asia are carbon sources. In the TRANSCOM land regions, the NBEs of temperate N. America, northern Africa and boreal Asia are between the estimates of CMS-Flux NBE 2020 and CT2019B, and those in temperate Asia, Europe, and Southeast Asia are consistent with CMS-Flux NBE 2020 but significantly different from CT2019B. In the RECCAP2 regions, except for Africa and South Asia, the NBEs are comparable with the latest bottom-up estimate of Ciais et al. (2021). Compared with previous studies, the IAVs and seasonal cycles of NEE of this dateset could clearly reflect the impacts of extreme climates and large-scale climate anomalies on the carbon flux. The evaluations also show that the posterior CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations at remote sites and in regional scale, as well as on vertical CO<sub>2</sub> profiles in the Asia-Pacific region and the Amazon basin, are all consistent with independent CO<sub>2</sub> measurements from surface flask and aircraft CO<sub>2</sub> observations, indicating that this dataset captures surface carbon fluxes well. We believe that this data set will contribute to regional or national-scale carbon cycle and carbon neutrality assessment, and carbon dynamics research.</p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.