Find research datasets worth reusing

Fig. 4 in Kinematic Model of Tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) Arctometatarsus Function

Fig. 4. Osteological correlates on metatarsi of tyrannosaurids and Allosaurus fragilis. Gray-filled tracings show the shape and size of correlates; arrows and correlate designations from Table 2 indicate the corresponding metatarsal for each scar. For clarity, correlates are mapped onto articulated specimens, with scar locations marked. Albertosaurus and Daspletosaurus correlates are shown on an articulated right metatarsus of Albertosaurus sarcophagus (TMP 81.10.1), with MT III recessed to show distal correlates on outer metatarsals. Correlates for the Tyrannosauurs and Allosaurus specimens are mapped onto left articulated metatarsi (MOR 555 and ROM specimen, respectively). a: Albertosaurus sarcophagus MOR 657: left. b: Daspletosaurus torosus MOR 590: right. c: Tyrannosaurus rex MOR 555: right. d: Allosaurus fragilis MOR 693: left.

Fig. 1. The tyrannosaurid metatarsus. a in Kinematic Model of Tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) Arctometatarsus Function

Fig. 1. The tyrannosaurid metatarsus. a: Left arctometatarsus of Albertosaurus sarcophagus (TMP 86.64.1) in anterior view. MT II and MT IV are displaced to show articular surfaces with MT III. b: Left MT III of Gorgosaurus libratus (MOR 657) in posterior view. For explanation of features, see text.

Fig. 8 in Kinematic Model of Tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) Arctometatarsus Function

Fig. 8. Comparison of loading regimes on bones and ligaments of the equid carpus and tyrannosaurid arctometatarsus. Tyrannosaurid intermetatarsal ligaments are analogous in position and function with the interosseous ligaments of the horse carpus. a: Anterior view of left horse carpus, showing wedge-like articulations between carpals and dorsal ligaments (dl) connecting them. Modified from Sisson and Grossman (1953). b: Diagrammatic midfrontal section through horse carpus shows stretching (white arrow) of deep interosseous ligaments upon compressive loadings (black arrows) of the wrist. Inset shows how compression on the radius (R) and third carpal (C3) causes the wedge-like dorsal surface of C3 to laterally displace the radial and intermediate carpals (Cr and Ci). A portion of the compressive force is translated into tensile loading (white arrows) on the interosseous ligament between Cr and Ci. Modified from Sisson and Grossman (1953). c: A plurality of ground-reaction loadings (black arrows) is imposed on the tyrannosaurid MT III, the central element in this diagram. Loading differentials between MT III and MT II and MT IV, respectively, cause tensile stresses on intermetatarsal ligaments (white arrows).

Fig. 7 in Kinematic Model of Tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) Arctometatarsus Function

Fig. 7. Torsional loading transfer within the Gorgosaurus libratus arctometatarsus (right: TMP 94.12.602). Arrows reflect force directions, but not relative force or displacement magnitudes. a: Torsion (white arrows) translated into compression impinging on adjacent metatarsal. b: Anterior components (white) offset from compressional translation would cause anterolaterally directed tension on intermetatarsal ligaments (gray).

Fig. 6 in Kinematic Model of Tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) Arctometatarsus Function

Fig. 6. CT reconstructions of right Gorgosaurus libratus arctometatarsus, showing tensile keystone model of stance phase kinematics. Vector sizes represent relative magnitudes of force. a: Corresponds to Figure 5b. When the foot pads beneath the metatarsals come into full contact with the substrate, the longer central metatarsal III (MT III) is displaced dorsally (white arrow) by ground-reaction forces greater than those on MT II and MT IV (yellow arrows). This force differential imposes tension on intermetatarsal ligaments (green arrows). b: Corresponds to Figure 5c. Ligaments draw outer metatarsals towards each other (white arrows), as elastic strain energy stored in the ligaments is returned.

Fig. 3 in Kinematic Model of Tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) Arctometatarsus Function

Fig. 3. Freedom of intermetatarsal movement of right Gorgosaurus libratus arctometatarsus (TMP 94.12.602), as determined through CT reconstructions. a: Proximal view near ankle. Proximal expansion of MT III at the exposed cross section is outlined in white. Anterior and posterior projections of the outer metatarsals constrained this portion of MT III from anteroposterior rotation. This partially clasped morphology functioned as a pivot point, enabling ligament-damped displacement of the distal third metatarsal. b: Distal view, with metatarsals cross sectioned 70% of their length from their proximal end. Arrows show a sliding motion possible between MT II and MT III, and a slight rotational motion between MT IV and MT III.

Fig. 2 in Kinematic Model of Tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) Arctometatarsus Function

Fig. 2. Freedom of intermeta- tarsal movement determined in cast left metatarsus of Tyrannosaurus rex (LACM 7244/23844: cast TMP 82.50.7). a: Depiction of experimental setup. The metatar- sus was wrapped in bungy cords to simulate a mechanism of elastic articulation. Larger cords than those employed in the manipula- tions shown for clarity. b: Arrows show general type of motion. MT II (left) slides in one plane, while MT IV (right) translates along an arc. MT IV was incorrectly re- stored proximally, but this has no effect on the interpretation of dis- tal movement.

Fig. 11 in New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior

Fig. 11. ''Alert'' head postures based on orienting the skull such that the lateral semicircular canal is horizontal. A, Majungasaurus crenatissimus (FMNH PR2100; modified from Sampson and Witmer, 2007); B, Allosaurus fragilis (UMNH VP 18050, registered to MOR 693); C, Gorgosaurus libratus (ROM 1247, registered to a cast of AMNH FR 5664); D, the Cleveland skull (CMNH 7541); E, Tyrannosaurus rex AMNH FR 5117, registered to a model of a T. rex skull); F, T. rex (FMNH PR2081); G, Struthiomimus altus (TMP 90.26.1); and H, Troodon formosus (composite of TMP 86.36.457 and TMP 79.8.1, registered to the skull of Saurornithoides junior, IGM 100/1). Scale bars pertain to A–D (top bar), E–F (middle bar), and G–H (lower bar). Scale bars = 10 cm.

Fig. 9. Columella and columellar region. A in New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior

Fig. 9. Columella and columellar region. A, braincase of the Cleveland skull (CMNH 7541, extracted from the full CT dataset) in left rostroventrolateral view, showing the left columella preserved in place. B, Cranial endocast and labyrinth of Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH FR 5117) reconstructed from CT scans in left caudodorsolateral view, with the columellar canal (highlighted in teal) leading toward the fenestra vestibuli of the endosseous labyrinth. Scale bars = 2 cm.

Fig. 7 in New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior

Fig. 7. Endocranial region of Tyrannosaurus rex (actual fossil specimen of AMNH FR 5029, sagittally sec- tioned) in left medial view to show the fine vascular grooves on the endocranial surface. A, Labeled view show- ing the whole endocranial cavity. B, Close-up view with reversed stereopairs such that the endocranial cavity looks ''filled,'' making the view more comparable to the digital endocasts illustrated elsewhere in this article.

Fig. 6 in New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior

Fig. 6. Olfactory structures in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, FMNH PR2081; B, AMNH FR 5117; dorsal views of the cranial endocast. Green structures in A are the caudal portions of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity, which correspond to what Brochu (2000, 2003) regarded as olfactory bulbs. The true limits of the olfactory bulb cast are indicated in blue of the cranial endocast. C, sagittal section of a T. rex skull, showing the cranial endocast in place (generated by registering AMNH FR 5117 to a one-third scale restored sculpture of FMNH PR2081). The large arrow shows the course of the respiratory airway (yellow) through the rostral portion of the nasal cavity, choana, and pharynx. The small, wavy arrow shows the low-velocity path of odorant molecules through the large olfactory region of the nasal cavity (reddish). Scale bar for A–B = 5 cm.

Fig. 4 in New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior

Fig. 4. Cranial endocasts reconstructed from CT scans in left lateral view, arranged in a cladogram. A, Majungasaurus crenatissimus (FMNH PR2100; modified from Sampson and Witmer, 2007); B, Allosaurus fragilis (UMNH VP 18050); C, Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH FR 5117); D, Struthiomimus altus (TMP 90.26.1); E, Deinonychus antirrho- pus (composite of MOR 747 and OMNH 50268); and F, Archaeopteryx lithographica (BMNH 37001). C, D, and E+F are arranged in a polytomy to reflect uncertain relationships near the base of Coelurosauria, which impacts the optimization of some attributes (e.g., position of optic lobe). Scale bars = 1 cm.

Fig. 3 in New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior

Fig. 3. Cranial endocasts reconstructed from CT scans in left lateral view (left column, this page), ventral view (right column, this page), and dorsal view (left column, facing page). A–C, Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH FR 5117); D–F, T. rex (AMNH FR 5029); G–I, T. rex (FMNH PR2081); J–L, Gorgosaurus libratus (ROM 1247); M–O, Cleveland skull (CMNH 7541; reversed). Some vascular elements are depicted, as well as the endosseous labyrinth. Scale bars = 2 cm.

Fig. 5. C in New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior

Fig. 5. C, right rostroventrolateral view; and D, left caudoventrolateral view. Arrows point rostrally. Scale bars = 10 cm, except in B where scale bar = 5 cm.

Fig. 5 in New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior

Fig. 5. Stereopairs of a braincase of Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH FR 5117) reconstructed from CT scans in various views to show the osteological correlates (e.g., foramina, fossae, crests) of many of the soft-tissue structures discussed in the text. Each view consists of a set of stereopairs (above) showing a semitransparent braincase revealing enclosed soft-tissue structures, coupled with a set of stereopairs (below) in the same view showing the bony braincase and labeled structures. A, left lateral view; B, left lateral view, close-up.

Fig. 1 in New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior

Fig. 1. Cranial endocast of Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH FR 5117) reconstructed from CT scans. Some vascular elements and the endosseous labyrinth are depicted. Labeled illustrations in A, left lateral; B, ventral; C, dorsal; D, rostral; and E, caudal views.

Figure 16 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 16. Right otoccipital of LACM 23845 in lateral (A) and medial (B) views; quadrate process of the left pterygoid in lateral (C) and medial (D) views.

Figure 5 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 5. Comparison of the right dentary (reversed) of LACM 28471 with those of other tyrannosaurid juveniles.

Figure 3 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 3. Mandibular bones of LACM 28471. Right surangular in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views; left (D) and right (E) dentaries in lateral view with diagrammatic cross sections of teeth. Cross sections are not to scale.

Figure 4 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 4. Diagrammatic sketches of cross sections of the dentition of LACM 28471 in comparison with that of another juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex (CMNH 7541). Numbers indicate alveolus position from mesial to distal.