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A population in perpetual motion: highly dynamic roosting behaviour of a tropical island endemic bat
<p>Dataset and R script for the manuscript "<strong>A population in perpetual motion: highly dynamic roosting behaviour of a tropical island endemic bat</strong>". During the embargo period, data is available upon request from the authors (muriel.dietrich@ird.fr).</p>
Figure 2. A in Roosting habits of disk-winged bats, especially Thyroptera discifera
Figure 2. A "morado" banana (red banana in English, Musa acuminata) in a patch that also includes plantains near La Paloma Lodge at Drake Bay, Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica. Portions of shredded dead leaves hanging from the trunk roll back on themselves to create dark, cone-shaped,roosting sites for bats. The top arrow points to where the colony of perhaps nine disk-winged bats, Thyroptera discifera, was observed roosting for more than a month during February−March 2021. The lower arrow shows where a single individual was found roosting for a single day. Photograph taken on 7 March 2021 by Gómez.
Data for: Historical and contemporary processes drive global phylogenetic structure across geographical scales: Insights from bat communities
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: Patterns of evolutionary relatedness among co-occurring species are driven by scale-dependent contemporary and historical processes. Yet, we still lack a detailed understanding of how these drivers impact the phylogenetic structure of biological communities. Here, we focused on bats – one of the most speciose and vagile groups of mammals – and test the predictions of three general biogeographical hypotheses that are particularly relevant to understanding how paleoclimatic stability, local diversification rates, and geographical scales shaped their present-day phylogenetic community structure.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Worldwide, across restrictive geographical extents: global, east-west hemispheres, biogeographical realms, tectonic plates, biomes, and ecoregions.</p> <p><strong>Time period</strong>: Last Glacial Maximum (~22,000 years ago) to the present.</p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied</strong>: Bats (Chiroptera)</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We estimated bat phylogenetic community structure across restrictive geographical extents and modelled it as a function of paleoclimatic stability, and in situ net diversification rates.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Limiting geographical extents from larger to smaller scales strongly changed the phylogenetic structure of bat communities. The magnitude of these effects is less noticeable in the western hemisphere, where frequent among-realm biota interchange could have been maintained through bats' adaptive traits. Highly phylogenetically related bat communities are generally more common in regions that changed less in climate since the last glacial maximum, supporting the expectation that stable climates allow for increased phylogenetic clustering. Finally, increased in situ net diversification rates are associated with greater phylogenetic clustering in bat communities.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: We show that the worldwide phylogenetic structure of bat assemblages varies as a function of geographical extents, dispersal barriers, paleoclimatic stability and in situ diversification. The integrative framework used in our study, which can be applied to other taxonomic groups, has proven useful to not only explain the evolutionary dynamics of community assembly but could also help tackle questions related to scale dependence in community ecology and biogeography.</p>
Data for: Large-scale long-term passive-acoustic monitoring reveals spatiotemporal activity patterns of boreal bats
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The distribution ranges and spatio-temporal patterns in the occurrence and activity of boreal bats are yet largely unknown due to their cryptic lifestyle and lack of suitable and efficient study methods. We approached the issue by establishing a permanent passive-acoustic sampling setup spanning the area of Finland to gain an understanding on how latitude affects bat species composition and activity patterns in northern Europe. The recorded bat calls were semi-automatically identified for three target taxa; <em>Myotis</em> spp., <em>Eptesicus nilssonii</em> or <em>Pipistrellus nathusii</em> and the seasonal activity patterns were modeled for each taxa across the seven sampling years (2015–2021). We found an increase in activity since 2015 for <em>E. nilssonii</em> and <em>Myotis </em>spp. For <em>E. nilssonii</em> and <em>Myotis</em> spp. we found significant latitude -dependent seasonal activity patterns, where seasonal variation in patterns appeared stronger in the north. Over the years, activity of <em>P. nathusii</em> increased during activity peak in June and late season but decreased in mid season. We found the passive-acoustic monitoring </span><span>network to be an effective and cost-efficient method for gathering b</span><span>at activity data to analyze spatio-temporal patterns. Long-term data on the composition and dynamics of bat communities facilitates better estimates of abundances and population trend directions for conservation purposes and predicting the effects of cli</span><span>mate change.</span></p>
Fig. 2 in Early Eocene Bat from Wyoming
Fig. 2. Ventral aspect of I. inidex; about 5: 4 true size. Bones and features, Figs. 1 and 2: 64, left lower incisors; 65, left lower canine; 66, left upper canine; 67, left lower premolars; 68, left lower molars; 69, shattered symphysis of right dentary; 70, right upper canine; 71, right upper premolars; 72, right upper molars; 73, ventral border of right dentary; 74, angle of left dentary; 75, right postglenoid foramen; 76, left stylohyal; 77, left lateral process of atlas; 78, axis (No. 7, Fig. 1); 79, seventh cervical vertebra (No. 8, Fig. 1); 80, second left rib; 81, manubrium (episternum); 82, mesosternal segments (see No. 9, Fig. 1); 83, xiphisternum; 84, twelfth left rib (No. 13, Fig. 1); 85, first lumbar vertebra (No. 11, Fig. 1); 86, seventh lumbar vertebra (No. 14, Fig. 1); 87, sacrum (No. 15, Fig. 1); 88, baculum; 89, fourth caudal vertebra (No. 17, Fig. 1); 90, left clavicle (No. 21, Fig. 1); 91, end of acromion process, left scapula (No. 23, Fig. 1); 92, coracoid process of left scapula; 93, pectoral ridge of left humerus; 94, distal end of right radius; 95, right scapholunar (No. 31, Fig. 1); 96, right metacarpal II; 97, right metacarpal 111; 98, right metacarpal V; 99, first phalange of right digit I (No. 39, Fig. 1); 100, rim of left acetabulum; 101, right pubic spine; 102, head of left femur (No. 54, Fig. 1); 103, left fibula (No. 58, Fig. 1); 104, left tibia (No. 57, Fig. 1); 105, right ankle; 106, first phalange of digit I, left foot; 107, second phalange (claw) of digit 1, left foot; 108, metatarsals of right foot (No. 62, Fig. 1).
1 in Early Eocene Bat from Wyoming
1, right upper and lower incisors; 2, right upper canine; 3, right orbit; 4, right zygomatic arch; 5, ascending ramus of left dentary; 6, right lateral process of atlas; 7, axis (No. 78, Fig. 2); 8, seventh cervical vertebra (No. 79, Fig. 2); 9, second segment of mesosternum (anterior part of No. 82, Fig. 2); 10, fourth right rib; 11, first lumbar vertebra (No. 85, Fig. 2); 12, costal cartilage; 13, twelfth left rib (No. 84, Fig. 2); 14, seventh lumbar vertebra (No. 86, Fig. 2); 15, sacrum (No. 87, Fig. 2); 16, first caudal vertebra; 17, fourth caudal vertebra (No. 89, Fig. 2); 18, thirteenth caudal vertebra; 19, right scapula; 20, suprascapular notch; 21, left clavicle (No. 90, Fig. 2); 22, supraglenoid tuberosity of left scapula; 23, acromion process of left scapula (No. 91, Fig. 2); 24, head of left humerus; 25, trochiter (greater tuberosity) of right humerus; 26, pectoral ridge of right humerus; 27, shaft of right humerus; 28, right ulna; 29, shaft of right radius; 30, sesamoid of right wrist; 31, right and left scapholunars (No. 95, Fig. 2); 32, left magnum; 33, left trapezoid; 34, left cuneiform; 35, left unciform; 36, left trapezium; 37, left pisiform; 38, metacarpal of left digit 1; 39, first phalange of right digit I (No. 99, Fig. 2); 40, second phalange (claw) of right digit 1; 41, left metacarpal IV; 42, right metacarpal postglenoid foramen; 76, left stylohyal; 77, II (index finger); 43, first phalange of right left lateral process of atlas; 78, axis (No. 7, digit II (index finger); 44, second phalange Fig. 1); 79, seventh cervical vertebra (No. 8, of right digit II (index finger); 45, third phaFig. 1); 80, second left rib; 81, manubrium lange (claw) of right digit II (index finger); (episternum); 82, mesosternal segments (see 46, sesamoids; 47, metacarpophalangeal joint No. 9, Fig. 1); 83, xiphisternum; 84, twelfth of left digit V; 48, first phalange of left digit left rib (No. 13, Fig. 1); 85, first lumbar V; 49, second phalange of left digit V; 50, vertebra (No. 11, Fig. 1); 86, seventh lumbar third phalange of left digit V; 51, third phavertebra (No. 14, Fig. 1); 87, sacrum (No. lange of left digit IV; 52, third phalange of 15, Fig. 1); 88, baculum; 89, fourth caudal left digit III; 53, left iliac crest of pelvis; vertebra (No. 17, Fig. 1); 90, left clavicle 54, head of left femur (No. 102, Fig. 2); (No. 21, Fig. 1); 91, end of acromion pro55, shaft of left femur; 56, left patella; cess, left scapula (No. 23, Fig. 1); 92, cora57, left tibia (No. 104, Fig. 2); 58, left fibula coid process of left scapula; 93, pectoral (No. 103, Fig. 2); 59, right calcaneum; 60, ridge of left humerus; 94, distal end of right right astragalus; 61, left cuboid; 62, right radius; 95, right scapholunar (No. 31, Fig. metatarsals; 63, claws; A, fish scale; B, dia1); 96, right metacarpal II; 97, right metaphragm?; C, remnants of wing membranes?; carpal 111; 98, right metacarpal V; 99, first D, coprolite; E, flower; F, varves; 0, bone phalange of right digit I (No. 39, Fig. 1); missing; 64, left lower incisors; 65, left lower 100, rim of left acetabulum; 101, right pubic canine; 66, left upper canine; 67, left lower spine; 102, head of left femur (No. 54, Fig. premolars; 68, left lower molars; 69, shattered 1); 103, left fibula (No. 58, Fig. 1); 104, left symphysis of right dentary; 70, right upper tibia (No. 57, Fig. 1); 105, right ankle; 106, canine; 71, right upper premolars; 72, right first phalange of digit I, left foot; 107, secupper molars; 73, ventral border of right ond phalange (claw) of digit 1, left foot; dentary; 74, angle of left dentary; 75, right 108, metatarsals of right foot (No. 62, Fig. 1).
Figs. 1 in Early Eocene Bat from Wyoming
Figs. 1 (left) and 2 (right). Fig. 1. Dorsal aspect of Icaro,iycteris inidex (Princeton Museum of Natural History No. 18150; about 8:5 true size). Sketched at lower left is the skeleton of a greater horsehoe bat [redrawn from Hooper (22)] to indicate numbering sequence: 1, axial bones of skeleton, anterior to posterior; 11, wing bones, proximal to distal; III, leg and foot bones, proximal to distal. 1, right upper and lower incisors; 2, right upper canine; 3, right orbit; 4, right zygomatic arch; 5, ascending ramus of left dentary; 6, right lateral process of atlas; 7, axis (No. 78, Fig. 2); 8, seventh cervical vertebra (No. 79, Fig. 2); 9, second segment of mesosternum (anterior part of No. 82, Fig. 2); 10, fourth right rib; 11, first lumbar vertebra (No. 85, Fig. 2); 12, costal cartilage; 13, twelfth left rib (No. 84, Fig. 2); 14, seventh lumbar vertebra (No. 86, Fig. 2); 15, sacrum (No. 87, Fig. 2); 16, first caudal vertebra; 17, fourth caudal vertebra (No. 89, Fig. 2); 18, thirteenth caudal vertebra; 19, right scapula; 20, suprascapular notch; 21, left clavicle (No. 90, Fig. 2); 22, supraglenoid tuberosity of left scapula; 23, acromion process of left scapula (No. 91, Fig. 2); 24, head of left humerus; 25, trochiter (greater tuberosity) of right humerus; 26, pectoral ridge of right humerus; 27, shaft of right humerus; 28, right ulna; 29, shaft of right radius; 30, sesamoid of right wrist; 31, right and left scapholunars (No. 95, Fig. 2); 32, left magnum; 33, left trapezoid; 34, left cuneiform; 35, left unciform; 36, left trapezium; 37, left pisiform; 38, metacarpal of left digit 1; 39, first phalange of right digit I (No. 99, Fig. 2); 40, second phalange (claw) of right digit 1; 41, left metacarpal IV; 42, right metacarpal II (index finger); 43, first phalange of right digit II (index finger); 44, second phalange of right digit II (index finger); 45, third phalange (claw) of right digit II (index finger); 46, sesamoids; 47, metacarpophalangeal joint of left digit V; 48, first phalange of left digit V; 49, second phalange of left digit V; 50, third phalange of left digit V; 51, third phalange of left digit IV; 52, third phalange of left digit III; 53, left iliac crest of pelvis; 54, head of left femur (No. 102, Fig. 2); 55, shaft of left femur; 56, left patella; 57, left tibia (No. 104, Fig. 2); 58, left fibula (No. 103, Fig. 2); 59, right calcaneum; 60, right astragalus; 61, left cuboid; 62, right metatarsals; 63, claws; A, fish scale; B, diaphragm?; C, remnants of wing membranes?; D, coprolite; E, flower; F, varves; 0, bone missing;
Disentangling mechanical and sensory modules in the radiation of Noctilionoid bats
<p>The vertebrate cranium is a complex anatomical structure with diverse mechanical and sensory functions. Shifts between modularity and integration in both sets of functions, especially mechanical function, have been implicated in adaptive diversification. However, how mechanical and sensory systems and functions have coevolved and how their interrelationship contributes to phenotypic disparity remains largely unexplored. To examine the modularity, integration, and evolutionary rates of sensory and mechanical structures within the head, we analyzed hard and soft tissue scans from ecologically diverse bats from the superfamily Noctilionoidea, which range from generalized insectivores to derived frugivores and nectarivores. We identified eight cranial regions as distinct modules — five associated with bite force and three linked to the olfactory, visual, and auditory systems, respectively — whose interrelationships differ between Neotropical leaf-nosed bats (Family Phyllostomidae) and other noctilionoids. Our analyses suggest that the peak rates of sensory module evolution predate those of mechanical modules. This finding is consistent with transitions to new diets first involving changes in the detection of novel food items, followed by adaptations to process them. We propose the coevolution of structures influencing bite force, olfaction, vision, and hearing constituted a structural opportunity that allowed the phyllostomid ancestor to take advantage of existing ecological opportunity and the group to become a classic example of adaptive radiation.</p>
MHC class II genes mediate susceptibility and resistance to coronavirus infections in bats
<p>Understanding the immunogenetic basis of coronavirus (CoV) susceptibility in major pathogen reservoirs, such as bats, is central to infer their zoonotic potential. Members of the cryptic <em>Hipposideros</em> bat species complex differ in CoV susceptibility, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are the best understood genetic basis of pathogen resistance, and differences in MHC diversity are one possible reason for asymmetrical infection patterns among closely related species. Here, we aimed to link asymmetries in observed CoV (CoV-229E, CoV-2B, and CoV-2Bbasal) susceptibility to immunogenetic differences amongst four <em>Hipposideros</em> bat species. From the 2,072 bats assigned to their respective species using the mtDNA cytochrome b gene, members of the most numerous and ubiquitous species, <em>Hipposideros caffer</em> D, were most infected with CoV-229E and SARS-related CoV-2B. Using a subset of 569 bats we determined that much of the existent allelic and functional (i.e., supertype) MHC DRB class II diversity originated from common ancestry. One MHC supertype shared amongst all species, ST12, was consistently linked to susceptibility with CoV-229E, which is closely related to the common cold agent HCoV-229E, and infected bats with ST12 had a lower body condition. The same MHC supertype was connected to resistance to CoV-2B, and bats with ST12 were less likely be co-infected with CoV-229E and CoV-2B. Our work suggests a role of immunogenetics in determining CoV susceptibility in bats. We advocate for the preservation of functional genetic and species diversity in reservoirs as means of mitigating the risk of disease spillover.</p>
Figure 10 in A New Species of Extinct False Vampire Bat (Megadermatidae: Macroderma) from the Kimberley Region of Western Australia
Figure 10. Inferred relative phylogenetic position of Macroderma handae sp. nov. based on observable synapomorphic features (modified after Hand, 1996; numbers indicate the development of potential apomorphic character states, as detailed in that reference).
Figure 5 in A New Species of Extinct False Vampire Bat (Megadermatidae: Macroderma) from the Kimberley Region of Western Australia
Figure 5. Scanning electron micrographs of paratype material of Macroderma handae sp. nov. (A) fragment of the right maxilla with alveoli of the C1 and P4, paratype WAM 2020.4.5; (B) palatal fragment of left maxilla with lingual alveoli of P4 and M1, paratype WAM 2020.4.4; (C) detail of the blood vessel fenestrations in paratype WAM 2020.4.4; (D) probable wear striations on the M3, paratype WAM 2020.4.11; (E) wear striations from M. gigas ANWC CM568. Scale bars 1 mm, except where indicated otherwise.
Figure 8 in A New Species of Extinct False Vampire Bat (Megadermatidae: Macroderma) from the Kimberley Region of Western Australia
Figure 8. Scanning electron micrographs of paratype material of Macroderma handae sp. nov. (A, B, D) lingual, labial and occlusal views of a left P2, paratype WAM 2020.4.8; (C) labial view of the left P2 of M. gigas ANWC CM568; (E, G, H) occlusal, lingual-oblique, and posterior views of a damaged left P4, paratype WAM 2020.4.12; (F) occlusal view of a left P4 of M. gigas ANWC CM568. Scale bars 1 mm.
Figure 4 in A New Species of Extinct False Vampire Bat (Megadermatidae: Macroderma) from the Kimberley Region of Western Australia
Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of holotype and paratype material of Macroderma handae sp. nov. (A, C, E, G) occlusal, lingual, labial, and labial-oblique views of the left M2 from the holotype WAM 2020.4.1; (B, D, F, H) corresponding views of the left M2 of M. gigas ANWC CM568; (I) occlusal view of left M3, paratype WAM 2020.4.11; (J) left M3 of M. gigas ANWC CM568. Scale bars 1 mm.
Figure 7 in A New Species of Extinct False Vampire Bat (Megadermatidae: Macroderma) from the Kimberley Region of Western Australia
Figure 7. Scanning electron micrographs of paratype material of Macroderma handae sp. nov. (A) anterior half of a right C1, paratype WAM 2020.4.7; (B) lingual view of a right C1 of M. gigas ANWC CM568; (C, D) labial and lingual views of a right C1 with a damaged paracone, paratype WAM 2020.4.9. Scale bars 1 mm.
Figure 6 in A New Species of Extinct False Vampire Bat (Megadermatidae: Macroderma) from the Kimberley Region of Western Australia
Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of paratype material of Macroderma handae sp. nov. (A, C) occlusal-oblique views of a right M1, paratype WAM 2020.4.6; (B, D) corresponding views of the right M1 of M. gigas ANWC CM568; (E) occlusal view of a fragment of a right M2, paratype WAM 2020.4.10; (F) corresponding view of the right M2 of M. gigas ANWC CM568. Scale bars 1 mm.
Figure 9 in A New Species of Extinct False Vampire Bat (Megadermatidae: Macroderma) from the Kimberley Region of Western Australia
Figure 9. Scanning electron micrographs of other unidentified and undescribed bat material recovered from the same deposit at Dingo Gap. (A–D) WAM 2020.4.13; (E–G) right C1 of an emballonurid, WAM 2020.4.14; (H) right C1 of an emballonurid, WAM 2020.4.15; (I, J) left C1 of an emballonurid, WAM 2020.4.16; (K, L) left C1 of an emballonurid, WAM 2020.4.17; (M, N) lingual and occlusal views of a fragment of dentary of a vespertilionid containing M1–M3 (M1 is on the right in both views), WAM 2020.4.18. Scale bars 1 mm.
Figure 3 in A New Species of Extinct False Vampire Bat (Megadermatidae: Macroderma) from the Kimberley Region of Western Australia
Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of holotype and paratype material of Macroderma handae sp. nov. (A) lateral view of the left dentary of holotype WAM 2020.4.1 with mostly intact M2, broken P4, M1 and M3, and alveoli of single-rooted P2 and C1; (B) occlusal view of the holotype WAM 2020.4.1 anterior to the M2; (C) occlusal view of a fragment of left dentary, paratype WAM 2020.4.3; (D, E) lateral and occlusal view of a fragment of left dentary, paratype WAM 2020.4.2; (F) digital photograph of the left dentary of M. gigas WAM M18284. Scale bars 1 mm.
Figure 1 in Contribution to the fauna of chiggers (Acariformes: Trombiculidae) parasitizing bats in Spain
Figure 1 Larvae of Willmannium cavus moldaviensisKudryashova, 1992 and Leptotrombidium europaeum (Daniel & Brelih, 1959) parasitizing
Data from: Strategic predatory pursuit of the stealthy, highly maneuverable, slow flying bat Corynorhinus townsendii
<p class="MsoNormal">A predator's capacity to catch prey depends on its ability to navigate its environment in response to prey movements or escape behavior. In predator-prey interactions that involve an active chase, pursuit behavior can be studied as the collection of rules that dictate how a predator should steer to capture prey. It remains unclear how variable this behavior is within and across species since most studies have detailed the pursuit behavior of high-speed, open-area foragers. In this study, we analyze the pursuit behavior in 44 successful captures by <em>Corynorhinus townsendii</em>, Townsend's big-eared bat (<em>n</em> = 4). This species forages close to vegetation using slow and highly maneuverable flight, which contrasts with the locomotor capabilities and feeding ecologies of other taxa studied to date. Our results indicate that this species relies on an initial stealthy approach, which is generally sufficient to capture prey (32 out of 44 trials). In cases where the initial approach is not sufficient to perform a capture attempt (12 out of 44 trials), <em>C. townsendii</em> continues its pursuit by reacting to prey movements in a manner best modeled with a combination of pure pursuit, or following prey directly, and proportional navigation, or moving to an interception point.</p>
Data for: Drivers affecting habitat use in Afrotropical hipposiderid and pteropodid bats
<p>Assessing how bats respond to habitat attributes requires an integrative approach to reliably predict direct community-level effects. We focused on hipposiderid and pteropodid bats because of their diverse resource use patterns, body size ranges, and dispersal abilities. We combined an array of bat species-level characteristics with key rainforest stand characteristics that may covary with habitat use. Twelve stations were sampled in the Lomami and Yangambi landscapes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. We investigated whether the species-level flight ability of bats and rainforest stand characteristics can affect bat commuting flights and community-level estimates of both species detection and habitat occupancy. We captured bats for 108 trap-nights. Three sampling events (early evening, middle of the night, and early morning) were replicated for each survey night. Hipposiderids showed an early evening flight peak, while flight activity of pteropodids was constant throughout the night, but increased around the middle of the night. Species capture probability decreased with higher wing loading in hipposiderids and was negatively correlated with higher wing aspect ratio in pteropodids. Forest occupancy of hipposiderids increased along the gradient towards waterways, while pteropodid occurrence was not directly linked to measured forest stand variables. This suggests a consequence of habitat patterns at larger spatial scales, which would need clarifying through additional data collection. We discuss these findings in terms of resource-use strategies of clutter-tolerant and clutter-intolerant species. We argue that the occurrence of specific bat species and their habitat use patterns can serve as surrogate measures of ecosystem health.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.