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Fig. 78 in Four new species of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Mexico, with updated taxonomic identification keys

Fig. 78. Known records of Physocyclus mariachi sp. nov., P. sikuapu sp. nov., P. lyncis sp. nov., and P. pocamadre sp. nov. from Western Mexico. Abbreviations: BC = Baja California; BCS = Baja California Sur; COL = Colima; DGO = Durango; GRO = Guerrero; JAL = Jalisco; MICH = Michoacan; NAY = Nayarit; SIN = Sinaloa; SON = Sonora.

Figs 64–69 in Four new species of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Mexico, with updated taxonomic identification keys

Figs 64–69. Physocyclus pocamadre sp. nov. Female (holotype). 64–66. Habitus in dorsal, lateral and ventral views, respectively (red and blue arrows indicate the dorsal protuberance on carapace and dorsal patch on opisthosoma). 67–69. Epigynum in ventral, lateral and dorsal views, respectively. Scale bars: 64–66 = 1 mm; 67–69 = 0.5 mm.

Figs 70–73 in Four new species of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Mexico, with updated taxonomic identification keys

Figs 70–73. Habitat and microhabitat of Physocyclus mariachi sp. nov. (70–71) and Physocyclus sikuapu sp. nov. (72–73). 70. Disturbed deciduous forest near Municipality of Hostotipaquillo (type locality), Jalisco, Mexico. 71. Big boulders on the ground where the specimens were collected (red arrows indicate the specific microhabitat). 72. Deciduous tropical forest, Municipality of Aquila, Costa Aquila Michoacan, Mexico. 73. Cave at the viewpoint of Costa Aquila (type locality).

Figs 58–63 in Four new species of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Mexico, with updated taxonomic identification keys

Figs 58–63. Physocyclus lyncis sp. nov. Female (holotype). 58–60. Habitus in dorsal, lateral and ventral views, respectively. 61–63. Epigynum in ventral, lateral and dorsal views, respectively. Scale bars: 58– 60 = 1 mm; 61–63 = 0.5 mm.

Figs 48–51 in Four new species of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Mexico, with updated taxonomic identification keys

Figs 48–51. Physocyclus sikuapu sp. nov. Male (holotype). 48–49. Detail of chelicerae, frontal and lateral views, respectively. 50. Details of procursus, embolus and embolic sclerites of right palp, in retrolateral view. 51. Detail of bulb, dorsal view. Scale bars= 0.5 mm.

Figs 52–57 in Four new species of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Mexico, with updated taxonomic identification keys

Figs 52–57. Physocyclus sikuapu sp. nov. Female (paratype). 52–54. Habitus in dorsal, lateral and ventral views, respectively. 55–57. Epigynum, ventral, lateral and dorsal views, respectively (red arrow indicates translucid bag-shaped structure). Scale bars: 52–54 = 1 mm; 55–57 = 0.5 mm.

Figs 28–33 in Four new species of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Mexico, with updated taxonomic identification keys

Figs 28–33. Physocyclus mariachi sp. nov. Female (paratype). 28–30. Habitus in dorsal, lateral and ventral views, respectively; red arrows indicate a dorsal patch in the opisthosoma (28) and the dorsal protuberance in carapace (29). 31–33. Epigynum, ventral, lateral and dorsal views, respectively. Scale bars: 28–30 = 1 mm; 31–33 = 0.5 mm.

Figs 24–27 in Four new species of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Mexico, with updated taxonomic identification keys

Figs 24–27. Physocyclus mariachi sp. nov. Male (holotype). 24–25. Detail of chelicerae, frontal and lateral views, respectively. 26. Details of procursus, embolus and embolic sclerites of left palp, retrolateral view. 27. Detail of bulb, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figs 20–23 in Four new species of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Mexico, with updated taxonomic identification keys

Figs 20–23. Physocyclus mariachi sp. nov. Male (holotype). 20–22. Left palp, prolateral, retrolateral and dorsal views, respectively. 23. Bulb of male palp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figs 14–19 in Four new species of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Mexico, with updated taxonomic identification keys

Figs 14–19. Physocyclus mariachi sp. nov. Male (holotype). 14–16. Habitus in dorsal, lateral and ventral views, respectively. 17. Carapace, frontal view. 18, 19. Chelicerae in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Scale bars: 14–16 = 1 mm; 17–19 = 0.5 mm.

Figs 8–13 in Four new species of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Mexico, with updated taxonomic identification keys

Figs 8–13. Typical habitats of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon, 1893 from Mexico. 8. Deciduous forests (Nayarit). 9–10. Oasis in desert (Baja California Sur). 11. Cave entrance located in a deciduous forest (Guerrero). 12. Thorny scrub with columnar cacti (Guanajuato). 13. Xerophilous scrub (Baja California Sur).

Figs 1–7 in Four new species of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Mexico, with updated taxonomic identification keys

Figs 1–7. Live specimens of the spider genus Physocyclus. 1. Male of Physocyclus darwini Valdez- Mondragón, 2010. 2, 5. Males of P. michoacanus Valdez-Mondragón, 2010. 3. Female and juveniles of P. dugesi Simon, 1893. 4. Male of P. dugesi. 6. Male of P. reddelli Gertsch, 1971. 7. Female of P. globosus (Taczanowski, 1874), holding the ovisac. Photos 6 and 7 by Bernhard A. Huber (2019).

Methane fluxes from four elevation zones in a St. Lawrence Estuary salt marsh

Dataset used in <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2752-664X/ac706a/meta">Spartina alterniflora has the highest methane emissions in a St. Lawrence estuary salt marsh - IOPscience</a>. The dataset contains methane fluxes calculated from gas measurements taken over a 40 or 60 minute period using a dark static chamber method. Methane fluxes were measured at six locations in four elevation zones of a northern salt marsh on the St. Lawrence River estuary at La Pocatière, Quebec (47°22'24.7"N 70°03'26.3"W). Additional environmental data was collected including carbon dioxide fluxes, extractable soil nitrate, extractable soil ammonium, extractable soil dissolved organic carbon, extractable soil total dissolved nitrogen, salinity, temperature, water table depth, soil total organic carbon, soil total nitrogen, soil organic carbon to nitrogen ratio and bulk density. Soil cores were collected from 0-15 cm and used for extractable nutrient analysis, bulk density and soil organic carbon and nitrogen analysis. The work was carried out with funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement 838296, a NSERC Discovery Grant and a Natural Environment Research Council grant number (NE/T012323/1). This dataset is used in a publication entitled Spartina alterniflora has the highest methane emissions in a St. Lawrence Estuary salt marsh in Environmental Research: Ecology (https://doi.org/10.1088/2752- 664X/ac706a), which also contains more details on fieldsite and methodology. Gas samples were collected from dark, static chambers (18L, 26 cm diameter), which were placed onto pre-inserted collars in the vegetated zones (inserted to 2.5 cm, 3 days prior to sampling) or placed directly onto the mudflat. The chambers were insulated and fitted with fans and venting tubes. Gas samples were collected on the 23rd August 2020 from all sites, soil cores were collected between the 24-25th August 2020 and the 19-20th September 2020. Soil samples were collected at 0-15 cm using a 2.5 cm diameter dutch gouge corer. Soil temperature was measured at 10 cm depth using a soil thermometer, (°C, DeltaTrak 11050, Pleasanton, USA), salinity was measured in the laboratory using a portable ATC refractometer. Water table depth was measured using a PVC piezometer, a plastic pipe with tubing was inserted into the piezometer and blown into to determine water table depth through bubbling sound (cm). Soil cores were dried at 60 °C to constant weight and the dry weight over core volume used to calculate bulk density (g cm-3), soil was finely ground and analysed for total organic carbon and total nitrogen (%) using an Elemental Analyser (ThermoFinnigan Flash EA 1112 CN analyser, Carlo Erba, Milan, Italy) with an accuracy of ±5 % for N and ±1 % for C, and a limit of 171 detection of 0.05 % for both N and C. Extractable nitrate+nitrite (assumed to be nitrate) were analysed in soil extractant (2M KCl, 5:1 of extractant to soil) using a microplate reader and methods in Sims et al., 1995 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629509369298">https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629509369298</a>) with a limit of detection of 0.1 ppm and accuracy of ±5%. Extractable dissolved organic carbon and total dissolved nitrogen were analysed in soil extractant (ultrapure water 18.2 MΩ, 5:1 of extractant to soil) on a TOC/TDN analyser (TOC VCSn + TMN-1, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), with a 50 mg C l -1 standard resulting in an accuracy and precision of 3.0 and ±4.4 mg l-1, respectively. CH4 and CO2 concentrations were measured in the gas samples using a gas chromatograph (GC-14, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) fitted with a flame ionisation detector, CO2 was methanised to CH4 before analysis. Standards of CH4 (5.1 ppm) and CO2 (5000 ppm) resulted in an accuracy and precision of 6.6±1.5 and 0.4 ppm, and 5324±324 and 78 ppm, respectively, for CH4 and CO2. Changes in gas concentration over time were converted to fluxes using a linear regression of the linear portion fo the flux and if fluxes were below the minimum detectable concentration difference (see <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JG003783">https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JG003783</a>), they were set to zero. Results from the experiments were entered into an Excel spreadsheet for ingestion into the Zenodo data repository.

Figure 98 in A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula

Figure 98: Selected morphometrics of Leiurus, Cicileiurus, Cicileus and Compsobuthus compared to other Buthus group scorpions. A–B. Scatter plots of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db (A) and est (B) vs. the ratio of movable finger length to carapace length. Each point represents one sex of one species. Larger ordinate values correspond to more basal positions of the trichobothria, and larger abscissa values to longer pedipalp fingers. There was a significant inverse correlation between relative length of the portion of the fixed finger distal to db and est (R = -0.6534, -0.5488, respectively), and the relative length of the movable finger (the latter being a measure of elongation of both fixed and movable fingers). Highlighted symbols show that Leiurus (light magenta circles), Cicileiurus (red triangle), Cicileus (green squares) and Compsobuthus (yellow circles) are located in the lower right halves of the plots, i.e. all have relatively elongated fingers and more distal placement of both db and est. Gray circles are data from other Buthus group species. C. Scatter plot of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db vs. the fraction distal to est. The strong positive correlation (R = 0.8052) indicates a tendency for db and est to move together towards more distal locations as the fixed finger becomes more elongated. Species above the diagonal (solid blue) have db proximal to est, and those below have db distal to est. Solid gray lines in A–C are fits by least squares regression through all points. D. Scatter plot of pedipalp femur L/W (a measure of pedipalp elongation) vs. carapace L (a measure of body size). These two variables were not significantly correlated (R = 0.094). Data were compiled from the literature and specimens in the authors collections for 38 genera and 203 species representing the majority of taxa in the Buthus group, including both males (N = 124) and females (N = 97). Genera (and number of species) included: Afghanobuthus (1), Androctonus (11), Apistobuthus (2), Baloorthochirus (1), Birulatus (2), Buthacus (13), Butheoloides (11), Butheolus (5), Buthiscus (1), Buthus (26), Cicileiurus (1), Cicileus (2), Compsobuthus (33), Congobuthus (1), Darchenia (1), Gint (1), Hemibuthus (1), Hottentotta (31), Leiurus (10), Liobuthus (1), Lissothus (3), Mesobuthus (7), Neobuthus (2), Odontobuthus (6), Orthochirus (12), Pantobuthus (1), Pectinibuthus (1), Plesiobuthus (1), Polisius (1), Razianus (3), Saharobuthus (1), Somalibuthus (1), Vachoniolus (4), Vachonus (1).

Figure 100 in A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula

Figure 100: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for five species of Leiurus from the Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by terrain with shaded relief, indicating major physiographic regions.

Figure 96 in A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula

Figure 96: Carapace and tergites I–III of representatives of six genera of the Buthus group. A. Compsobuthus acutecarinatus (Simon, 1882), male, Jabal Qara, Oman. B. Cicileus exilis (Pallary, 1928), male, Hoggar, Algeria. C. Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female, Egypt. D. Sassanidotus gracilis (Birula, 1900), female, Hormozgan Prov., Iran. E. Odontobuthus bidentatus Lourenço & Pézier, 2002, male, Omidiyeh, Iran. F. Apistobuthus susanae Lourenço 1998, male, Albadji, Iran. Scale bars: A, B, D: 1 mm; C, E, F: 2 mm.

Figure 93 in A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula

Figure 93: Medial intercarinal areas of tergite III of female Leiurus spp. A. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. B. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Wadi Khumrah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17bj). C. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Yemen. D. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Maraba, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). E. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. F. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). J. L. hebraeus Birula, 1908, Kurayyima, Jordan. K. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.

Figure 95 in A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula

Figure 95: Variation in key diagnostic biometrics of adult Leiurus spp. A. Cumulative distributions of position of trichobothrium db relative to est on pedipalp fixed finger for: L. abdullahbayrami (53), L. brachycentrus stat. n. (11), L. hebraeus stat. n. (38), L. macroctenus sp. n. (176), L. quinquestriatus (61), L. haenggii sp. n. (158), L. arabicus sp. n. (87) (number of fingers measured in parentheses). Data for males and females were pooled. The db–est distances were normalized to pedipalp movable finger length (chord length from finger tip to external articular condyle), with positive values indicating db distal to est, negative values indicating db proximal to est. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.06367) and L. arabicus sp. n. (µ = 0.06671) were not significantly different (P = 0.405148, t test), indicating a close relationship between these species. Distribution of L. quinquestriatus (µ = 0.047313) was significantly different from those of L. haenggii and L. arabicus (P = 0.000102 and 0.000030 respectively). B. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L (MPSM, indicated in inset) to metasoma I W, and to carapace L, showing differences in relative pectinal tooth size in females of nine species of Leiurus. C. A subset of the female data in Figure 95B, plotted as cumulative distributions of morphometric ratio of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.102268) and L. arabicus (µ = 0.10432) were not significantly different (P> 0.1, K-S test). D. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W (relative size of pectine teeth), and metasoma II L/W (slenderness of metasoma II) for females of nine species of Leiurus. A, C, D: symbol key as in Figure 95B.

Figure 91 in A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula

Figure 91: Pigmentation patterns of metasoma IV, V of Leiurus species, ventral aspect. A. L. haenggii sp. n., holotype female, Ta'if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k). B. L. macroctenus sp. n., holotype male, Thumrait, Oman. C. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. D. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female, Cairo, Egypt (NHMB 17d). E. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male, Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag). F. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype female, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). G. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female, Israel (NHMB 17a). H. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, male, Eski Sarkaya Village, Turkey. Scale bars: 2 mm.

Figure 88 in A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula

Figure 88: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n.. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.