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9,882 results for “Scale”
Rice genome-scale network integration reveals transcriptional regulators of grass cell wall synthesis
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Grasses have evolved distinct cell wall composition and patterning relative to dicotyledonous plants. However, despite the importance of this plant family, transcriptional regulation of its cell wall biosynthesis is poorly understood. To identify grass cell wall-associated transcription factors, we constructed the Rice Combined mutual Ranked Network (RCRN). The RCRN covers >90% of annotated rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) genes, is high quality, and includes most grass-specific cell wall genes, such as mixed-linkage glucan synthases and hydroxycinnamoyl acyltransferases. Comparing the RCRN and an equivalent <i>Arabidopsis </i>network suggests that grass orthologs of most genetically verified eudicot cell wall regulators also control this process in grasses, but some vary significantly in network connectivity between these divergent species. Reverse genetics, yeast-one-hybrid, and protoplast-based assays reveal that OsMYB61a activates a grass-specific acyltransferase promoter, which confirms network predictions and supports grass-specific cell wall synthesis genes being incorporated into conserved regulatory circuits. In addition, 10 of 15 tested transcription factors, including six novel <u>w</u>all-<u>a</u>ssociated regulators (WAP1, WACH1, WAHL1, WADH1, OsMYB13a, and OsMYB13b), alter abundance of cell wall-related transcripts when transiently expressed. The results highlight the quality of the RCRN for examining rice biology, provide insight into the evolution of cell wall regulation, and identify network nodes and edges that are possible leads for improving cell wall composition.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
The role of phylogenetic scale in Darwin's naturalization conundrum in the critically imperiled pine rockland ecosystem
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><u><span><span>Aim</span></span></u><span><span>: We expand on community phylogenetic approaches to Darwin's Naturalization Conundrum by considering phylogenetic scale, comprised of phylogenetic grain and extent. We assess relatedness between <i>invasive</i>, <i>non-native</i>, and <i>native</i> plant species at multiple depths in the phylogeny (i.e., phylogenetic grain) and across multiple clades (i.e., phylogenetic extents) at regional and local spatial scales in the highly-fragmented, critically imperiled pine rockland ecosystem. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><u><span><span>Location</span></span></u><span><span>: Miami-Dade County, Florida, USA</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><u><span><span>Methods</span></span></u><span><span>: We used two metrics differing in phylogenetic grain to determine if <i>i</i><i>nvasive</i> or <i>non-native</i> species were more closely related to <i>native</i> species in the regional pool and at 33 habitat fragments. At both spatial scales, we altered phylogenetic extent from all vascular plants to four smaller phylogenetic domains (Monilophyte, Gymnosperm, Monocotyledon, and Dicotyledon) and assessed whether the interpretation of relatedness changed. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><u><span><span>Results</span></span></u><span><span>: For the regional pool and at a broader phylogenetic grain, <i>non-native</i> species were more closely related to the <i>native </i>community than <i>invasive</i> species were for all phylogenetic extents (i.e., support for Darwin's Naturalization Hypothesis, DNH), and at a finer phylogenetic grain for only two phylogenetic extents. At the local scale, there was limited support for DNH across all phylogenetic extents. In Monocotyledons, support for DNH was more prevalent at the fine phylogenetic grain while Dicotyledons showed support for DNH at the broad phylogenetic grain.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><u><span><span>Main conclusions</span></span></u><span><span>: In the pine rockland flora, we found either support for DNH or no difference in relatedness between <i>non-native</i>-to-<i>native</i> and <i>invasive-</i>to-<i>native</i> species. However, patterns of relatedness varied across spatial and phylogenetic</span></span> grain and, critically, this variability is highly dependent on the phylogenetic extent considered. By explicitly assessing the interactions between spatial scale and phylogenetic scale, we show that support for DNH was context dependent, and findings at smaller phylogenetic extents rarely agreed with findings at the larger phylogenic extent. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
MEASUREMENT AND MULTI-SCALE MODELLING OF CYSTEINE AND GLUTATHIONE OXIDATION RATES.
<p>MEASUREMENT AND MULTI-SCALE MODELLING OF CYSTEINE AND GLUTATHIONE OXIDATION RATES.</p>
Multi scale structure analysis of food materials with scattering
<p>Multi scale structure analysis of food materials with scattering</p>
Data from: Fine-scale spatial genetic structure across the species range reflects recent colonization of high elevation habitats in silver fir (Abies alba Mill.)
<p class="western"><span>Variation in genetic diversity across species ranges has long been recognized as highly informative for assessing populations' resilience and adaptive potential. The spatial distribution of genetic diversity within populations, referred to as fine-scale spatial genetic structure (FSGS), also carries information about recent demographic changes, yet it has rarely been connected to range scale processes. We studied eight silver fir (<i>Abies alba </i>Mill.<i>)</i> population pairs (sites), growing at high and low elevations, representative of the main genetic lineages of the species. A total of 1368 adult trees and 540 seedlings were genotyped using 137 and 116 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), respectively. Sites revealed a clear east-west isolation-by-distance pattern consistent with the post-glacial colonization history of the species. Genetic differentiation among sites (<i>F</i><sub>CT</sub>=0.148) was an order of magnitude greater than between elevations within sites (<i>F</i><sub>SC</sub>=0.031), nevertheless high elevation populations consistently exhibited a stronger FSGS. Structural equation modeling revealed that elevation and, to a lesser extent, post-glacial colonization history, but not climatic and habitat variables, were the best predictors of FSGS across populations. These results suggest that high elevation habitats have been colonized more recently across the species range. Additionally, paternity analysis revealed a high reproductive skew among adults and a stronger FSGS in seedlings than in adults, suggesting that FSGS may conserve the signature of demographic changes for several generations. Our results emphasize that spatial patterns of genetic diversity within populations provide information about demographic history complementary to non-spatial statistics, and could be used for genetic diversity monitoring, especially in forest trees.</span></p>
Figure 1b from: Rasberry L, Mietchen D (2021) Wikipedia for multilingual COVID-19 vaccine education at scale. Research Ideas and Outcomes 7: e70042. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.7.e70042
Figure 1b Engagement metadata of the English Wikipedia article "Vaccine hesitancy". - This is a Pageviews Analysis for that same article for the calendar year 2020. This screenshot is available via Wikimedia Commons under the terms of the Expat/ MIT license.
Figure 1a from: Rasberry L, Mietchen D (2021) Wikipedia for multilingual COVID-19 vaccine education at scale. Research Ideas and Outcomes 7: e70042. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.7.e70042
Figure 1a Engagement metadata of the English Wikipedia article "Vaccine hesitancy". - Some experienced Wikipedia editors use account extensions to turn on the display of article metadata as seen here in the article header. The article is currently graded as "B" class on Wikipedia's quality scale. 1,031 Wikipedia editors have made 3,570 editorial revisions to the article since the article's creation on 15 April 2005. There are 428 registered Wikipedia editors who have put this article in their watchlist, which means that they have alerts about the article's development either whenever they request it or by some push notification. In the 30 days proceeding April 6, 2021 (when this screenshot was taken), this article has received 43,388 Wikipedia pageviews. The image is in the public domain and available via Wikimedia Commons.
Figure 5a from: Rasberry L, Mietchen D (2021) Wikipedia for multilingual COVID-19 vaccine education at scale. Research Ideas and Outcomes 7: e70042. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.7.e70042
Figure 5a Sample visualizations of data from within the Wikipedia ecosystem that relate to COVD-19 vaccine hesitancy. - Frequency of terms appearing in a Wikipedia-indexed set of papers on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. This screenshot is in the public domain and available via Wikimedia Commons.
Figure 6 from: Rasberry L, Mietchen D (2021) Wikipedia for multilingual COVID-19 vaccine education at scale. Research Ideas and Outcomes 7: e70042. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.7.e70042
Figure 6 SELF magazine provided this photograph by Heather Hazzan with a free and open copyright license (CC BY 2.0) for use in Wikipedia or any other publication which required vaccine illustrations. It is available via Wikimedia Commons.
Figure 5b from: Rasberry L, Mietchen D (2021) Wikipedia for multilingual COVID-19 vaccine education at scale. Research Ideas and Outcomes 7: e70042. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.7.e70042
Figure 5b Sample visualizations of data from within the Wikipedia ecosystem that relate to COVD-19 vaccine hesitancy. - Tools in the Wikipedia ecosystem show the network relationship of terms in academic publications on COVID-19. This screenshot is in the public domain and available via Wikimedia Commons.
Figure 4 from: Rasberry L, Mietchen D (2021) Wikipedia for multilingual COVID-19 vaccine education at scale. Research Ideas and Outcomes 7: e70042. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.7.e70042
Figure 4 The most accessed language versions of Wikipedia articles for "vaccine hesitancy" in 2020 were English, Italian, German, French, Russian, Spanish, Japanese, Chinese, Polish, Portuguese, and Arabic. This screenshot is available via Wikimedia Commons under the CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication.
Figure 3 from: Rasberry L, Mietchen D (2021) Wikipedia for multilingual COVID-19 vaccine education at scale. Research Ideas and Outcomes 7: e70042. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.7.e70042
Figure 3 Overview of pageviews for articles in the English Wikipedia's category for "vaccine hesitancy" over the course of 2020. This screenshot is available via Wikimedia Commons under the CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication.
Figure 2 from: Rasberry L, Mietchen D (2021) Wikipedia for multilingual COVID-19 vaccine education at scale. Research Ideas and Outcomes 7: e70042. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.7.e70042
Figure 2 This is a Pageviews Analysis of multiple English Wikipedia articles related to vaccine hesitancy. Data visualizations such as this give insight into reader demand by reporting user engagement with sets of Wikipedia articles over time. Among other values, the table gives reports for "views", a measure of readership; "class", a grade of the content quality; and "editors", which is a count of the number of people who submitted editorial content. Wikipedia editors use these metrics to prioritize development of popular articles in need of more quality content. This screenshot is available via Wikimedia Commons under the terms of the Expat/ MIT license.
FIGURE 1. Cubagua island, showing sample stations. Scale bar 2 in Benthic decapod crustaceans (Crustacea: Decapoda) of Cubagua Island, Venezuela
FIGURE 1. Cubagua island, showing sample stations. Scale bar 2 km.
FIGURE 4. Coccus hesperidum L in Carl Linnaeus and his scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea)*
FIGURE 4. Coccus hesperidum L. Adult female.
FIGURE 8. Coccus rusci L in Carl Linnaeus and his scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea)*
FIGURE 8. Coccus rusci L. Adult female. (Now Ceroplastes rusci (L.)).
FIGURE 7. Coccus quercus L in Carl Linnaeus and his scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea)*
FIGURE 7. Coccus quercus L. Adult female. (Now Kermes quercus (L.)).
FIGURE 6. Coccus polonicus L in Carl Linnaeus and his scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea)*
FIGURE 6. Coccus polonicus L. Adult female. (Now Porphyrophora polonica (L.)).
FIGURE 12. Aphis urticae L in Carl Linnaeus and his scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea)*
FIGURE 12. Aphis urticae L. Adult female. (Now Orthezia urticae (L.)).
FIGURE 3. Coccus capensis L in Carl Linnaeus and his scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea)*
FIGURE 3. Coccus capensis L. Adult female. (Now Conchaspis capensis (L.)).
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.