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FIGURE 3 in Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions

FIGURE 3. Premaxillary crown morphologies in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, Lpm2 of AMNH 5027 in labial view. B, Rpm1 and Rpm3 of BHI 3033 in lingual view. Scale bar equals 5 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions

FIGURE 9. Mesial set morphology in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, Rmx1–3 of FMNH PR2081 in labial view. B, Lmx1 of SDSM 12047 in distal view. C, Lmx3 of AMNH 5027 in mesial view. Arrows show carinae.

FIGURE 6 in Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions

FIGURE 6. Denticle size comparisons and variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for MAVG (A), DAVG (B), and DSDI (C) of Tyrannosaurus rex. See methods for units. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation.

FIGURE 14 in Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions

FIGURE 14. Distal dentary set morphology in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, Rd4–5 of SDSM 12047 in labial view (arrow indicates carina location). B, Ld6–9 of FMNH PR2081 in labial view. C, Ld7 of BMNH R5863 in mesial view. D, Ld6 of FMNH PR2081 in distal view. E, Ld10 of SDSM 12047 in mesial view. F, Rd12 of AMNH 5027 in labial view. G, Ld13 of BHI 3033 in labial view.

FIGURE 4 in Face biting on a juvenile tyrannosaurid and behavioral implications

FIGURE 4—Reconstruction of likely puncture origin of BMR P2002.4.1. A) Skeletal reconstruction of intraspecific conflict between BMR P2002.4.1 (right) and attacking individual (left). B) Life reconstruction of the intraspecific attack.

Fig. 11 in New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior

Fig. 11. ''Alert'' head postures based on orienting the skull such that the lateral semicircular canal is horizontal. A, Majungasaurus crenatissimus (FMNH PR2100; modified from Sampson and Witmer, 2007); B, Allosaurus fragilis (UMNH VP 18050, registered to MOR 693); C, Gorgosaurus libratus (ROM 1247, registered to a cast of AMNH FR 5664); D, the Cleveland skull (CMNH 7541); E, Tyrannosaurus rex AMNH FR 5117, registered to a model of a T. rex skull); F, T. rex (FMNH PR2081); G, Struthiomimus altus (TMP 90.26.1); and H, Troodon formosus (composite of TMP 86.36.457 and TMP 79.8.1, registered to the skull of Saurornithoides junior, IGM 100/1). Scale bars pertain to A–D (top bar), E–F (middle bar), and G–H (lower bar). Scale bars = 10 cm.

FIGURE 2 in Face biting on a juvenile tyrannosaurid and behavioral implications

FIGURE 2—Lesions present on the face of BMR P2002.4.1. A) An index drawing of the lesions (1–4). B) The four lesions on the left maxilla and nasal of BMR P2002.4.1. C) A dorsal view of the anterior nasal, showing asymmetry as a result of the puncture on the left side. D) The first puncture (arrow = lesion 1) located on the articular surface of the anterior nasal and left maxilla. E–F) The three lesions on the left maxilla of BMR P2002.4.1 with a close-up of lesion 4 (F). Scale bars: A–B = 10 cm; C–E = 5 cm.

FIGURE 3 in Face biting on a juvenile tyrannosaurid and behavioral implications

FIGURE 3—Dorsal view of the skull of BMR P2002.4.1. The central line illustrates the curved nasal and resulting deformation of the skull due to the injury. Scale bar = 10 cm.

Fig. 9. Columella and columellar region. A in New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior

Fig. 9. Columella and columellar region. A, braincase of the Cleveland skull (CMNH 7541, extracted from the full CT dataset) in left rostroventrolateral view, showing the left columella preserved in place. B, Cranial endocast and labyrinth of Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH FR 5117) reconstructed from CT scans in left caudodorsolateral view, with the columellar canal (highlighted in teal) leading toward the fenestra vestibuli of the endosseous labyrinth. Scale bars = 2 cm.

Fig. 7 in New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior

Fig. 7. Endocranial region of Tyrannosaurus rex (actual fossil specimen of AMNH FR 5029, sagittally sec- tioned) in left medial view to show the fine vascular grooves on the endocranial surface. A, Labeled view show- ing the whole endocranial cavity. B, Close-up view with reversed stereopairs such that the endocranial cavity looks ''filled,'' making the view more comparable to the digital endocasts illustrated elsewhere in this article.

Fig. 6 in New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior

Fig. 6. Olfactory structures in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, FMNH PR2081; B, AMNH FR 5117; dorsal views of the cranial endocast. Green structures in A are the caudal portions of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity, which correspond to what Brochu (2000, 2003) regarded as olfactory bulbs. The true limits of the olfactory bulb cast are indicated in blue of the cranial endocast. C, sagittal section of a T. rex skull, showing the cranial endocast in place (generated by registering AMNH FR 5117 to a one-third scale restored sculpture of FMNH PR2081). The large arrow shows the course of the respiratory airway (yellow) through the rostral portion of the nasal cavity, choana, and pharynx. The small, wavy arrow shows the low-velocity path of odorant molecules through the large olfactory region of the nasal cavity (reddish). Scale bar for A–B = 5 cm.

Fig. 4 in New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior

Fig. 4. Cranial endocasts reconstructed from CT scans in left lateral view, arranged in a cladogram. A, Majungasaurus crenatissimus (FMNH PR2100; modified from Sampson and Witmer, 2007); B, Allosaurus fragilis (UMNH VP 18050); C, Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH FR 5117); D, Struthiomimus altus (TMP 90.26.1); E, Deinonychus antirrho- pus (composite of MOR 747 and OMNH 50268); and F, Archaeopteryx lithographica (BMNH 37001). C, D, and E+F are arranged in a polytomy to reflect uncertain relationships near the base of Coelurosauria, which impacts the optimization of some attributes (e.g., position of optic lobe). Scale bars = 1 cm.

Fig. 3 in New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior

Fig. 3. Cranial endocasts reconstructed from CT scans in left lateral view (left column, this page), ventral view (right column, this page), and dorsal view (left column, facing page). A–C, Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH FR 5117); D–F, T. rex (AMNH FR 5029); G–I, T. rex (FMNH PR2081); J–L, Gorgosaurus libratus (ROM 1247); M–O, Cleveland skull (CMNH 7541; reversed). Some vascular elements are depicted, as well as the endosseous labyrinth. Scale bars = 2 cm.

Fig. 5. C in New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior

Fig. 5. C, right rostroventrolateral view; and D, left caudoventrolateral view. Arrows point rostrally. Scale bars = 10 cm, except in B where scale bar = 5 cm.

Fig. 5 in New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior

Fig. 5. Stereopairs of a braincase of Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH FR 5117) reconstructed from CT scans in various views to show the osteological correlates (e.g., foramina, fossae, crests) of many of the soft-tissue structures discussed in the text. Each view consists of a set of stereopairs (above) showing a semitransparent braincase revealing enclosed soft-tissue structures, coupled with a set of stereopairs (below) in the same view showing the bony braincase and labeled structures. A, left lateral view; B, left lateral view, close-up.

Fig. 1 in New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior

Fig. 1. Cranial endocast of Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH FR 5117) reconstructed from CT scans. Some vascular elements and the endosseous labyrinth are depicted. Labeled illustrations in A, left lateral; B, ventral; C, dorsal; D, rostral; and E, caudal views.

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FIGURE 2 in Tyrannosaurus rex from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) North Horn Formation of Utah: biogeographic and paleoecologic implications

FIGURE 2. Reconstruction of late Maastrichtian paleogeography, paleoenvironments, and dinosaur biogeography for the Western Interior of North America. A. Paleoenvironments mapped onto paleogeographic and biogeographic data: white = water (Pacific Ocean and Late Cretaceous Interior Seaway); light gray = seasonally moist coastal plain; white stipple = semiarid alluvial plain; gray stipple = semiarid upland, intermontane basins; and dark gray = upland thrust belts and early Laramide uplifts. Known paleogeographic distribution of three herbivorous dinosaurs are indicated as follows: Alamosaurus sanjuanensis occurrences indicated with ■; Leptoceratops gracilis occurrences indicated with a •; and Triceratops horridus occurrences indicated with a A. Numbers denote fossil sites within specific geologic formations. Geologic formations are indicated as follows: 1 = Scollard, 2 = Willow Creek, 3 = Frenchman, 4 = Hell Creek, 5 = Lance, 6 = Evanston, 7 = Laramie, 8 = North Horn, 9 = Denver, 10 = Kirtland Shale, 11 = McRae, 12 = El Picacho, 13 = Javelina. The North Horn Formation is further indicated by a star. Occurrences of fossil taxa are listed in Gillette et al. (1986), Lehman (1987) and Ryan and Russell (2001). B. Known paleogeographic distribution of the theropod Tyrannosaurus rex. Open circles denote occurrences, except for the North Horn Formation, indicated by a star.

opennotspecifiedDec 2006View details →

Fig. 14. A in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics

Fig. 14. A. Functional integration of strengths of the tyrannosaurid head skeleton when subjected to feeding forces. Dark arrows represent direct influences of forces on structures, and direct integration of structural strengths. Light arrows represent less direct influences of structures on one another. B. Correlated progression of tyrannosauroid feeding adaptations mapped onto a tyrannosauroid cladogram after Xu et al. (2004) and Holtz (2004). Arrow at left represents phyletic increases that likely occurred at all ingroup nodes except G. libratus + A. sarcophagus.

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Fig. 3 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics

Fig. 3. Comparisons of mediolateral (A, B) and anteroposterior (C, D) strengths of tyrannosaurid and non−tyrannosaurid theropod maxillary teeth, plotted against skull length. Regressions are by least squares, on log transformed data for the tyrannosaurids. Trend lines are allometric in the tyannosaurids but linear in non−tyrannosaurids. Tooth strengths of Tyrannosaurus rex are much higher than in any other examined taxon. Starting points of the small arrows indicate the position of the juvenile T. rex (TrJ). See Appendix 1 for other specimen labels.