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Figure 8 in Stabilizing selection to maintain the two male forms of the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina)

Figure 8. Sequential positions (1-4) of the tufted male Maevia inclemens as he advanced toward the female in a still later mating attempt (after Figure 7). Here the view of the female is shown. 1-2, Waving legs I. 3, Fully extended for maximum height. 4, Display from a lower position with raised legs I.

Figure 3 in Stabilizing selection to maintain the two male forms of the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina)

Figure 3. Adult male Maevia inclemens, tufted (black) form. The tufts of the dorsal carapace may not be present in all males of this form. Note the lack of stripes on the uniformly-colored legs. 2, Feeding on mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae).

Figure 4 in Stabilizing selection to maintain the two male forms of the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina)

Figure 4. Four sequential positions of a male (1-4) during the successful courtship of a female Paraphidippus aurantius (Lucas 1833) on a plant in the laboratory. Males were placed on plants with three recently molted females, all from Greenville County, South Carolina. In each case the female stopped moving soon after she sighted the male, and the male advanced to mate successfully when she did not turn to face him as he stepped from side to side. In this example the female stopped moving at a distance of about 10 cm from the approaching male. The subsequent mating included insertion of each pedipalp on the respective side of the epigynum, and occupied more than 20 minutes. P. aurantius males will cohabit with and defend penultimate females (Thurlow 2016), and their large chelicerae are associated with the ritual male-male combat (agonistic behavior) that may ensue. This represents a pattern seen in many other salticids (e.g., Lyssomanes viridis, Tedore & Johnsen 2012, 2013, 2015), in which male-male contests account for most sexual selection. At the other end of the spectrum of sexual selection lie the highly ornamented salticids of the genus Maratus, for which male-male contests are virtually unknown (save one species), and a female may examine the details of male ornamentation up-close before acceptance (Otto & Hill 2021). Most salticids appear to fall somewhere between these two extremes, relying to some extent on both male-male combat and active selection by females.

Figure 1. Adult female Maevia inclemens. 1-2, 6 in Stabilizing selection to maintain the two male forms of the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina)

Figure 1. Adult female Maevia inclemens. 1-2, 6, Feeding on a small fly (Diptera: Brachycera). 3-4, Feeding on a small robber fly (Diptera: Ascilidae). With the exception of Figure 5:8, only three M. inclemens individuals, two males and one female, all photographed on plants in the laboratory, are shown in this paper. All were collected in Massachusetts, June 2020.

Figure 7 in Stabilizing selection to maintain the two male forms of the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina)

Figure 7. Sequential positions (1-10) of the tufted male Maevia inclemens as he advanced toward the female in a later mating attempt (after Figure 6).

Figure 10 in Stabilizing selection to maintain the two male forms of the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina)

Figure 10. Attempted mating by the grey male Maevia inclemens. This sequence shows how the male jumped the female while she was suspended from her dragline, just after capturing a fly (1), and attempted to mate with her (2). The female promptly released her prey, and the male then fed on it for many minutes (3-4), still in a suspended position [23 JUNE 2020 14:09- 14:13]. Three days later this male approached and mated successfully with the female for a second time (Figures 5:1-7, 9:7).

Figure 5 in Stabilizing selection to maintain the two male forms of the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina)

Figure 5. Display by grey males, Maevia inclemens. 1-7, Successive (low crawl) positions of the grey male male from Massachusetts, advancing to successfully mate with the female. When close, this male jumped and captured the female (Figure 9:7). 8, Display by a grey male from Sherburne County, Minnesota, recorded in 1982.

Figure 2 in Stabilizing selection to maintain the two male forms of the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina)

Figure 2. Adult male Maevia inclemens, grey (striped) form. Note the stripes on the prolateral surface of each femur.

Figure 11 in Stabilizing selection to maintain the two male forms of the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina)

Figure 11. Sequential (1-2) views of encounter between the two male forms of Maevia inclemens. Apart from a brief defensive reaction by the grey male (2), no ritual combat ensued and the males did not appear to recognize that they were conspecific.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

Research compendium for 'Bringing shape into focus: Assessing differences between blades and bladelets and their technological significance in 3D form'

Abstract: Laminar technologies were adopted by Paleolithic foragers to produce a variable range of stone implements. Archaeologists have reconstructed the different reduction procedures involved in the production of laminar stone tools, often underlying a separation between the bigger blanks (i.e., blades) and smaller bladelets. However, these two blank types are in most cases poorly defined, as their classification typically relies on arbitrary size thresholds that do not consider blank shape, which is a fundamental component of tool production and function. In this study, we investigate whether traditional classifications of blades and bladelets are morphologically and technologically meaningful. For this purpose, we employ a three-dimensional geometric morphometric approach on a large sample of complete blanks retrieved from one of the earliest laminar industries assigned to modern humans in southern Europe: the Protoaurignacian from Fumane Cave. We rely on a cutting-edge protocol for acquiring virtual 3D meshes of stone tools using micro-computed tomography. This novel approach allows us to scan large quantities of small lithics in a short period of time and without the typical technical problems associated with scanning small objects. After calculating the principal components of shape variation, we explore differences and similarities across the dataset using linear discriminant analysis and analysis of variance. Our multivariate study highlights distinct morphological tendencies across blades and bladelets that are however better framed when the technological organization of Protoaurignacian stone knapping is taken into consideration. Overall, our results demonstrate that virtual analysis of stone tool shape can help elucidate aspects of lithic technology and its implications for past human behavior. Overview of contents: 1. Raw landmark data. All landmark coordinates for each blank analyzed in this study and digitized in AGMT3-D; 2. R project with all steps performed to import the Cartesian coordinates of each artifact to R and run GPA, PCA, and Shape ANOVA in geomorph. Furthermore, we include the steps to visualize the shape changes in both geomorph and Morpho (after performing a GPA and PCA in that package too); 3. PC scores of the PCA performed in geomorph and .csv dataset with all attributes used in this study; 4. Datasets in .sav and .dat formats used to run statistical analyses in SPSS and Past; 5. Results of the LDA analyses conducted in the study; 6. R script used to design the bivariate plot of the PCA; Extra: All 3D meshes of blades and bladelets are available on Zenodo following this link: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6362150

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

RPE-1 GFP-H2B iCas9 sgFBXW7-A cell undergoing mitosis with a lagging chromosome that forms a micronucleus

Zeiss AxioObserver video showing an RPE-1 GFP-H2B iCas9 sgFBXW7-A cell undergoing mitosis with a lagging chromosome that forms a micronucleus. Cells were treated with 1 μg/mL doxycycline for 96 hours to induce Cas9 expression and were imaged every 2 minutes for 24 hours at 40x magnification. At 15:44 chromosomes begin to condense (prophase); at 16:04 chromosomes begin to align on the metaphase plate (prometaphase); at 16:10 the chromosomes are aligned (metaphase); at 16:12 chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell (anaphase) and the lagging chromosome can be seen above the separating chromosomes; at 16:18 the chromosomes begin to unravel (telophase) and the lagging chromosome can be seen on the left-hand side of the chromosomes of the left daughter cell; from 16:28 onwards the lagging chromosome forms a micronucleus next to the nucleus of the daughter cell.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

Data for: The rock-forming minerals and macroscale mechanical properties of asteroid rocks

HaH 346 meteorite samples are tested using the nanoindentation experiment with Berkovich indenter. The data includes the Young’s modulus of different rock-forming minerals in HaH 346 meteorites measured by nanoindentation test.

Effect of Sediment Form and Form Distribution on Porosity

Data to accompany the journal article "Effect of Sediment Form and Form Distribution on Porosity: A Simulation Study Based on the Discrete Element Method" by Rettinger et al. (2022). The data set contains simulation input and results obtained by the particle packing studies using the discrete element method, as described in the article. The folder `surface_meshes` features 63 processed scans of gravel sediments from the Rhine river in Germany. The original scans have been converted to a convex surface mesh, and then simplified to feature at most 300 surface triangles. Additionally, they were oriented along their principle axes of inertia and scaled such that their size, according to the applied definition, is 1. The folder `single_form` contains the simulation results of the single shape/form studies, where all particles featured a single shape, given by one of the meshes. Three different size distributions have been used: U1 is a unimodal one with a single size class, U7 is also unimodal but with seven size classes, B50 is a bimodal one with approximately half fine and half coarse particles. Each corresponding csv file contains the obtained porosity (`porosity`) of the actual packing and of the packing using equivalent ellipsoids (`porosityEquivEllip`). Furthermore, the considered form factors according to their respective definition, as well as their inverse (`invX`), are given. See the article for the definition and the meaning of the abbreviation. The folder `form_distribution` contains the simulation results of the form distribution study, where the particle form was prescribed by flatness and elongation which were sampled from truncated normal distributions. Again two different size distributions have been used: U1 and U7. Each corresponding csv file contains the obtained porosity (`porosity`) and statistical information about the form factors, given as number-based mean (`mean`) and standard deviation (`std`). In addition to the inverse of each form factor (`invX`), the inverse of each statistical quantity has been evaluated (`1/(X)`) and is contained as column.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

dryad36/100

Biogeography of different life forms of the southernmost neotropical tank bromeliad

Aim: Factors affecting bromeliad distribution depend on the life forms of the studied species, some could grow as terrestrial, saxicolous, or epiphytic depending on the type of habitat. We analyzed the distribution patterns of the life forms of a bromeliad species on different biogeographic domains and associated them with environmental variables and vegetation types. Location: Chaquenian, Amazonian, and Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest domains; South America. Taxon: The tank bromeliad Aechmea distichantha (Bromeliaceae: Bromelioideae). Methods: We compiled records of the biogeographic distribution and the vegetation types where Aechmea distichantha occurs based on bibliographic data, digital datasets, herbaria, and personal observations. We associated the distributional records of this species with altitude, five selected bioclimatic variables, four soil variables, and with the vegetation types where it occurs. Results: Aechmea distichantha has been recorded as epiphytic, terrestrial, and saxicolous in all biogeographic domains, but showed contrasting patterns in life form proportions among them. In the Amazonian domain, characterized by evergreen tropical and subtropical forests with high precipitation, it mainly grows as epiphytic. In the Chaquenian domain, dominated by xerophytic forests with low rainfall, high soil pH, and base saturation, it mainly grows as terrestrial, whereas in the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest domain the three life forms were recorded in similar proportions. In azonal plant communities of all domains, it mainly grows as saxicolous. Main conclusions: This tank bromeliad species can thrive in sites with contrasting habitat and environmental conditions. Its ability to survive in different environments could be associated with its high frost tolerance, the presence of the CAM photosynthetic pathway, a well-developed phytotelma, and high phenotypic plasticity. The life form prevailing in each domain is influenced by water availability (i.e. the quantity of water available during each year, the precipitation in the driest month, and the plant water supply relative to demand).

Toll Dilemma Game Data: Measuring the Cooperation of the People with the Government in Iran in the Form of Seven designed Scenarios

The toll dilemma game was designed in the form of a robot and distributed in the Telegram messenger. More than 1,200 people participated in this game, who acted as testee in the game. Each actor entered one of seven pre-designed scenarios, and how he or she worked with the government was evaluated in a simulated environment. The current data are entered in SPSS software.

PROCRAFT_Form A_P47D Thunderbolt_Bagnarola

Information on a P47D Thunderbolt aircraft (USA) crashed near Bagnaoral di Budrio in Italy in 1945

PROCRAFT_Form A_Spitfire_Plérin

Information on the wing of a Supermarine Spitfire (UK) crashed 1944 found in Brittany, France.

PROCRAFT_Form A_Dewoitine D.338_Corsavy

Information on a Dewoitine D.338 aircraft crashed in the Pyrénées (France), 1937

PROCRAFT_Form A_Dornier 217_Sacoué

Information on a Dornier 217 aircraft crashed near Sacoué (France) in 1944

PROCRAFT_Form A_Dewoitine D.338_Berre

Information on a fuselage central section of a Dewoitine D.338 found near Bear lake, France