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3,136 results for “Terrestrialization”
The role of terrestrial productivity in regulating aquatic dissolved organic carbon concentrations in boreal catchments
<p>The past decades have witnessed an increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in the catchments of the Northern Hemisphere. Increases in terrestrial productivity may be a reason for the increases in DOC concentration. The aim of this study is to investigate the impacts of increased terrestrial productivity and changed hydrology following climate change on DOC concentrations. We tested and quantified the effects of gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (RE) and discharge on DOC concentrations in boreal catchments over three years. As catchment characteristics can regulate the extent of rising DOC concentrations caused by the regional or global environmental changes, we selected four catchments with different sizes (small, medium and large) and landscapes (forest, mire and forest-mire mixed). We applied multiple models: Wavelet coherence analysis detected the delay-effects of terrestrial productivity and discharge on aquatic DOC variations of boreal catchments; thereafter, the distributed-lag linear models (DLMs) quantified the contributions of each factor on DOC variations. Our results showed that the combined impacts of terrestrial productivity and discharge explained 62% of aquatic DOC variations on average across all sites, whereas discharge, GPP and RE accounted for 26%, 22% and 3%, respectively. GPP dominated the DOC variations in small catchments (<1 km<sup>2</sup>), but in large catchments, DOC variations were mainly dependent on discharge. The direction of the relation between GPP and discharge on DOC varied. Increasing RE always made a positive contribution to DOC concentration. This study demonstrated that terrestrial greening and changing hydrology caused by climate change did affect the DOC export from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems, which improves the mechanistic understanding of surface water DOC regulation in boreal catchments under climate change.</p>
Significance of the terrestrial sink in the biogeochemical sulfur cycle
<p>An imbalance in pyrite weathering and burial is regarded as one of the primary mechanisms responsible for the oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans, but key processes governing the terrestrial sulfur cycle remain nebulous. Here, we investigate components of the terrestrial sulfur cycle in a highly productive, glacier-fed catchment, and use a global mass balance model to put constraints on the riverine sulfur fluxes. Chemistry of stream water and plant debris in the Jostedal watershed, Norway suggests sulfur isotope discrimination is occurring in the porewater. Global models also corroborate additional, previously overlooked pyrite burial with a modest isotope fractionation (<20‰), similar to values reported from freshwater ecosystems. Collectively, our results support the notion that a significant amount of sulfate produced by weathering remains trapped in terrestrial environments. This terrestrial sulfur sink might have waxed and waned over geologic time in response to major biogeochemical events such as terrestrial afforestation.</p>
The influence of history, geography and environment on patterns of diversification in the western terrestrial garter snake
<p><b>Aim:</b> A central aim of biogeography is to understand how biodiversity is generated and maintained across landscapes. Here, we establish phylogenetic and population genetic patterns in a widespread reptile to quantify the influence of historical biogeography and current environmental variation on patterns of genetic diversity.</p> <p><b>Location: </b>Western North America.</p> <p><b>Taxon: </b>Western terrestrial garter snake, <i>Thamnophis elegans</i>.</p> <p><b>Methods: </b>We used double-digest RADseq to estimate phylogenetic relationships and characterize population genetic structure across the three widespread subspecies of <em>T. elegans</em>: <em>T. e. vagrans</em> (wandering garter snake), <em>T. e. elegans </em>(mountain garter snake) and <em>T. e. terrestris</em> (coast garter snake). We assessed patterns of dispersal and vicariance across biogeographic regions using ancestral area reconstruction (AAR) and deviations from isolation-by-distance across the landscape using estimated effective migration surfaces (EEMS). We identified environmental variables potentially shaping local adaptation in regional lineages using genetic-environment association (GEA) analyses.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> We recovered three well-differentiated genetic groups that correspond to the three subspecies. AAR analyses inferred the eastern Cascade Range as the ancestral area, with dispersal to both the east and west across western North America. Populations of <em>T. e. elegans</em> displayed a latitudinal gradient in genetic variation across the Sierra Nevada and northern California, while populations of <em>T. e. terrestris</em> show discrete genetic breaks consistent with well-known biogeographic barriers. Lastly, GEA analyses identified allele frequency shifts at loci associated with a common set of environmental variables in both <em>T. e. elegans</em> and <em>T. e. terrestris</em>.</p> <p><b>Main Conclusion: </b><em>T. elegans </em>is composed of distinct evolutionary lineages, each with its own geographic range and history of diversification. <em>T. e. elegans</em> and <em>T. e. terrestris</em> show unique patterns of diversification as populations dispersed from east to west and while adapting to the new environments they colonized. Historical events, landscape features and environmental variation have all contributed to patterns of differentiation in <em>T. elegans</em>.</p> <p> </p>
Production of Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes During the Early Stages of Lightning Flashes
<p>Supporting data to the paper "Production of Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes During the Early Stages of Lightning Flashes", Lindanger et al., 2022, JGR</p>
Risks for overwintering eggs of the dragonfly Sympetrum vicinum in aquatic and terrestrial environments
<p>Risk-spreading behaviour is often exhibited by animals as a response to unpredictably variable environments. Using field and laboratory studies, we tested the hypothesis that Sympetrum vicinum dragonflies spread the risks of winter environments by laying eggs across a terrestrial–aquatic gradient. Sympetrum vicinum eggs that overwintered in terrestrial and benthic-limnetic habitats had significantly higher hatching success compared with eggs that overwintered in littoral sites. Low success may have been caused by hypoxia due to excess sediment in the littoral samples in the lab. While hypoxia experienced under winter conditions (4°C) had no negative effect on hatching success, hatching in hypoxic and anoxic water significantly decreased hatching success. Opportunistic egg predation by a winter-active caddisfly significantly decreased egg hatching success. Because S. vicinum eggs have a relatively low supercooling point (− 26.25°C), freezing may not be a significant source of mortality in terrestrial or aquatic sites. By ovipositing in both terrestrial and aquatic environments, female dragonflies may be balancing the unpredictable risks of both the failure to inundate the eggs and egg predation. Our research highlights the potential for biotic interactions during winter to shape the behaviour and life-history of aquatic invertebrates.</p>
More than just meat: Carcass decomposition shapes trophic identities in a terrestrial vertebrate
<p>Most food web models fail to account for the full complexity of interactions within a community, particularly where microbes are involved. Carcasses are microbe-rich resources and may represent a common nexus for the macro- and microbiome, effectively uniting autotrophs, consumers, predators, and microbiota.</p> <p>We evaluated the role of carcasses as multitrophic resources and explored dietary partitioning for a sexually dimorphic obligate scavenger known for its hierarchical social system. This study was set in a well-studied community of camelids (<em>Vicugna vicugna, Lama guanicoe</em>), pumas (<em>Puma concolor</em>), and Andean condors (<em>Vultur gryphus</em>) in the Andes. We hypothesized that condors, by feeding on trophically distinct dietary substrates within any given carcass, would have highly variable trophic position (TP) values. Further, we expected that the microbial consumers within the carcass would inflate TP values in both, the carrion and the condors. Thus, we expected that the trophic heterogeneity within a carcass could facilitate sex-based dietary partitioning in condors.</p> <p>We used a multifaceted approach to assess the foraging of Andean condors, using regurgitated pellet and, bulk isotopic analyses, and also quantified the TP of the entire community of graminoids, camelids, camelid carrion, pumas, and female and male condors employing compound-specific stable isotopes analysis of amino-acids.</p> <p>Our analysis of condor pellets and bulk isotopes revealed non-trivial plant consumption, close to 10% of condor diet. Isotope analysis of amino-acids revealed that condors had highly variable TPs (2.9±0.3) compared to pumas (3.0±0.0) and camelids (2.0±0.1), likely representing "trophic omnivory", wherein the condors consume plants (TP=1.0±0.1) and microbe-colonized carrion (2.3±0.1). Female condors exhibited a TP (2.8±0.2) lower than strict carnivory, suggesting that they consume more plant biomass in a carcass, while males (TP=3.1±0.3) are likely consuming more of the microbe-rich animal tissue.</p> <p>Our study highlights that carcasses represent a trophically heterogeneous resource, and that vertebrate scavengers can feed across trophic groups within the carcass, from autotrophs to secondary consumers, and from both the macro- and microbiome. Thus, integration of microbes in macroecological contexts can help to resolve trophic identity, and better characterize the importance of microbes in detritivorous and omnivorous species.</p>
Fig. 1 in Morphometry Of The Digestive Gland Of Terrestrial Mollusks Cornu Aspersum (Gastropoda, Helicidae)
Fig. 1. Specimens of Cornu aspersum.
Large Scale Volcanism and the heat-death of terrestrial worlds
<p>The files herein are used to generate the main and SI figures in the GRL paper:</p> <p>Title: Large Scale Volcanism and the heat-death of terrestrial worlds<br> Authors: M.J. Way, Richard E. Ernst, Jeffrey D. Scargle</p> <p>The data are derived from an Excel formatted table: WAY2021-TableS1.xlsx</p>
Fig. 2 in Terrestrial Molluscs In The Dry Grasslands Of The Dnipro Upland (Central Ukraine): New Records, Rare Species And Conservation Potential
Fig. 2. Shells of Granaria frumentum from the vicinities of Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi town.
Fig. 3 in Terrestrial Molluscs Of The Tsyr-Pripyat Area In Volyn (Northern Ukraine): The First Findings Of The Threatened Snail Vertigo Moulinsiana In Mainland Ukraine
Fig. 3. Alive Vertigo moulinsiana on the grass in the vicinities of Velyka Glusha (plot 10).
Fig. 1. Map with studies plots, 1–18 in Terrestrial Molluscs Of The Tsyr-Pripyat Area In Volyn (Northern Ukraine): The First Findings Of The Threatened Snail Vertigo Moulinsiana In Mainland Ukraine
Fig. 1. Map with studies plots, 1–18 — see "Material and methods".
Fig. 1 in Cytogenetic Examination Of South American Tapirs, Tapirus Terrestris (Perissodactyla, Tapiridae), From The Wroclaw Zoological Garden
Fig. 1. Karyograme of the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris) from the Wroclaw Zoological Garden.
GARD 1.7 - updated global distributions for all terrestrial reptiles
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>This is the updated version of the Global Assessment of Reptile Distributions (GARD; http://www.gardinitiative.org/) global distributions of all (10914 species) of terrestrial reptiles. Ranges are given in a polygonal shapefile format collated from various sources and had expert validation and curation.</span></p>
Climate trends and behavior of a model Amazonian terrestrial insectivore, Black-faced Antthrush, indicate adjustment to hot and dry conditions
<p>Rainforest loss threatens terrestrial insectivorous birds throughout the world's tropics. Recent evidence suggests these birds are declining in undisturbed Amazonian rainforest, possibly due to climate change. Here, we first asked whether Amazonian terrestrial insectivorous birds were exposed to increasingly extreme ambient conditions using 38 years of climate data. We found long-term trends in temperature and precipitation at our study site, especially in the dry season, which was ~1.3 °C hotter and 21% drier in 2019 than in 1981. Second, to test whether birds actively avoided hot and dry conditions, we used field sensors to identify periodic intervals of ambient extremes and prospective microclimate refugia within undisturbed rainforest from 2017–2019. Simultaneously, we examined how tagged Black-faced Antthrushes (Formicarius analis) used this space. We collected >1.3 million field measurements quantifying ambient conditions in the forest understory, including along elevation gradients. For 11 birds, we obtained GPS data to test whether birds adjusted their cover usage using variation in GPS fix success (<em>n</em> = 2,724) as a proxy and elevation using successful locations (<em>n</em> = 640) across seasonal and daily cycles. For four additional birds, we collected >180,000 light and temperature readings to assess exposure. Field measurements in the modern landscape revealed that temperature was higher in the dry season and highest on plateaus. Thus, low-lying areas were relatively buffered, providing microclimate refugia during hot afternoons in the dry season. At those times, birds apparently entered cover and shifted downslope. Because climate change intensifies the hot, dry conditions that antthrushes seemingly avoid, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that climate change decreases habitat quality for this species. If other terrestrial insectivores are similarly sensitive, climate-induced changes to otherwise intact rainforest may be related to their recent declines.</p>
Data from: Transcriptomic evidence for visual adaptation during the aquatic to terrestrial metamorphosis in leopard frogs
<p>Data from: Transcriptomic evidence for visual adaptation during the aquatic to terrestrial metamorphosis in leopard frogs</p>
Flood Detection Using GRACE Terrestrial Water Storage and Extreme Precipitation
<p>The supplementary figures contain 2380 precipitation-type flood events recorded by the DFO compared with results derived based on GRACE and MODIS. "DFO-GRACE-MODIS" folder means comparison among flood derived from DFO, GRACE and MODIS while "DFO-GRACE" folder means comparison between DFO and GRACE due to lack of MODIS-derived flood inundation. As for detailed information, please refer to the corresponding paper. </p>
Artificial displacement alters movement behavior of a terrestrial amphibian
<p>Homing abilities have been widely documented in amphibians, but it remains unclear whether individuals have homing tendencies in the absence of motivational cues related to breeding and site fidelity. We tested whether artificial displacement would affect the movement behavior of a nonphilopatric terrestrial amphibian, the Fowler's Toad (<em><span class="s1">Anaxyrus fowleri</span></em>), within its home range and after its breeding season had ended. We translocated 65 male and female Fowler's Toads from their initial points of capture a total of 104 times over one of three different distances (100 m, 250 m, and 500 m) and compared these toads' subsequent 24-h movements with those of a control group of 43 untranslocated toads. To shield the translocated toads from auditory, visual, and olfactory cues en route, we translocated them in opaque enclosed boxes and performed the experiment in the uniformly unobstructed landscape of the Lake Erie shoreline of Long Point, ON, Canada. We mainly investigated directionality bias as the orientation between control and translocated groups, homing tendency as the correlation between movements after translocation and translocation distance, and homing accuracy as the variation in distance between final and initial capture points. Our results provide clear evidence that translocation changes the movement behavior of these toads and that they possess homing tendencies outside of their breeding season. Toads had a strong directional bias to move in the opposite direction to the one in which they were artificially displaced, in contrast with the control group, which showed no directional bias among 61 recorded 24-h movements. This tendency for amphibians to home after artificial displacement might be a significant confounding factor in any procedure involving their relocation.</p>
Terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) and destructive measurements in short-rotation woody crops (SRWCs) in NE of Romania
<p>The data are obtained from hybrid poplar crops installed in NE Romania, managed in short rotation (SRWCs) between 5, 6, and 7 growing seasons. Planted every spring, outside the growing season, at a depth of 0.6 m in the ground with two clones: AF8 and Pannonia. Rods (2 m long cuttings) were used as planting material for a density of 1667 trees/ha (3 x 2 m). For the estimation of volume and biomass, scans and gravimetric measurements were performed on tree component parts (trunk/stem and branches). Scanning of the sample areas (3 x 10 trees for each variant) was carried out using the Z+F Imager 5010. The scanning period was outside the growing seasons. The destructive (gravimetric) method of estimating biomass involves weighing the trees (184 in total) by component parts: trunk and branches (10 g accuracy). The moisture content of the components was determined by drying the samples (wood discs and branches) at a temperature of 105 °C to a constant mass. The QSM Model in MatLab was used for tree volume reconstruction. Where d is the diameter (cm) - measured at the base and at 1 m height, h (m) is the total height - measured after harvesting by roulette and by QSM reconstruction (after TLS scan). B (kg) is the dry mass of the whole tree (tot = branches + stem) and stem, and V (litres/ dm3) is the tree volume (tot) for the whole tree and stem. Branch weight results by difference for both variables.</p>
Environmental Reconstructions Based on Aquatic and Terrestrial Snails Originating from the Early Bronze Age and the Late Islamic Period– A Stable Isotope Case Study from the Al-Khashbah Archaeological Site, Sultanate of Oman
<p>Supplementary data for the article: "Environmental Reconstructions Based on Aquatic and Terrestrial Snails Originating from the Early Bronze Age and the Late Islamic Period– A Stable Isotope Case Study from the Al-Khashbah Archaeological Site, Sultanate of Oman"</p>
Remote sensing and field information aid in predicting the presence of the terrestrial orchid Cyclopogon lute-albus
<p>Tropical montane cloud forest is one of the most threatened ecosystems, in central Veracruz, Mexico. Within this ecosystem, terrestrial orchids are strongly dependent on forest conditions and may be sensitive to environmental change. We applied field surveys of abiotic and biotic factors associated with the presence of the terrestrial orchid <em>Cyclopogon luteo-albus</em> and combined this with correlative niche modeling approaches to evaluate its potential distribution under two different environmental sets and two different extents. Layers of environmental information were obtained from Landsat imagery and interpolated bioclimatic and soil property layers. Existing species records were used as training data by sampling five forest fragments in central Veracruz, utilizing herbarium and global biodiversity information facility databases. The resulting predictions were tested by sampling at 15 sites of potential distribution. The model predicted the presence of <em>C. luteo-albus</em> with a reliability of 80%. The most important variables of models derived from interpolated layers coincide with site-relevant parameters suggesting the utility of these tools to further explore species suitabilities at larger geographic extents. Potential distribution mapping is an important tool to identify key areas for conservation and priority areas for future studies of species and partially resolves the lack of records of many orchid species.</p>
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