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FIGURE 6 in Achillesaurus manazzonei, a new alvarezsaurid theropod (Dinosauria) from the Late Cretaceous Bajo de la Carpa Formation, Río Negro Province, Argentina
FIGURE 6. Achillesaurus manazzonei. Proximal portion of left femur in cranial (A), medial (B), and caudal (C) views. Abbreviations: at, anterior throchanter; fh, femoral head; fn, femoral neck. Scale bar represents 20 mm. Grey areas indicate broken bone, dotted indicates matrix.
FIGURE 9 in Achillesaurus manazzonei, a new alvarezsaurid theropod (Dinosauria) from the Late Cretaceous Bajo de la Carpa Formation, Río Negro Province, Argentina
FIGURE 9. Comparison of the distal portion of the tibia among Alvarezsauridae in cranial and caudal views. A, Achillesaurus manazzonei (inverted); B, Alvarezsaurus calvoi (modified from Bonaparte 1991 and MUCPV 54); C, Patagonykus puertai (modified from Novas 1997). Not to scale.
CT data and 3D models associated with: Palaeoneurology of the Early Cretaceous iguanodont Proa valdearinnoensis and its bearing on the parallel developments of cognitive abilities in theropod and ornithopod dinosaurs
<p><i>Proa valdearinnoensis </i>is a relatively large-headed and stocky iguanodontian dinosaur from the latest Early Cretaceous of Spain. Its braincase is known from three specimens. Similar to that of other dinosaurs, it shows a mosaic ossification pattern in which most of the bones seem to have fused together indistinguishably while a few bones (frontoparietal, basioccipital) might have remained loosely attached. The endocasts of the three specimens are described based on CT data and digital reconstructions. They show unmistakable morphological similarities with the endocast of closely related taxa, such as <i>Sirindhorna khoratensis </i>(which is close in age but from Thailand). This supports a high conservatism of the endocranial cavity. The issue of volumetric correspondence between endocranial cavity and brain in dinosaurs is analysed. Although a brain-to-endocranial cavity (BEC) index of 0.50 has been traditionally used, we employ instead 0.73. This is indeed the mid-value between the situation in adults of <i>Alligator mississippiensis</i> and <i>Gallus gallus</i>, which are members of the extant bracketing taxa of dinosaurs (Crocodilia and Aves). We thence gauge the level of encephalisation of <i>Proa valdearinnoensis</i> by the calculation of the Encephalisation Quotient (EQ), which remains valuable as a metric for assessing the degree of cognitive function in extinct taxa, especially those with fully ossified braincases like dinosaurs and other archosaurs. The EQ obtained for <i>Proa valdearinnoensis</i> (3.611) suggests that this species was significantly more encephalised than most if not all extant non-avian, non-mammalian amniotes. Our work adds to the growing body of data concerning theoretical cognitive capabilities in dinosaurs and supports the idea that increasing encephalisations were fostered not only once in theropods but also in parallel in the shorter-lived lineage of ornithopods. <i>Proa valdearinnoensis</i> was ill-equipped to respond to theropod dinosaurs and possibly lived in groups as a strategy to mitigate the risk of being predated upon. We hypothesize that group-living and protracted caring of juveniles in this and possibly many other iguanodontian ornithopods favoured a degree of encephalisation that was outstanding by reptile standards.</p>
text-fig. 37. Left manus of an undetermined ornithomimosaur (probably Ornithomimus edmontonicus', TMP 93.104.1), illustrating states for several manual characters; metacarpals in dorsal view, phalanges in lateral view. Scale bar represents 50 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 37. Left manus of an undetermined ornithomimosaur (probably Ornithomimus edmontonicus', TMP 93.104.1), illustrating states for several manual characters; metacarpals in dorsal view, phalanges in lateral view. Scale bar represents 50 mm.
Figure 21 in The theropod dinosaur Elaphrosaurus bambergi Janensch, 1920, from the Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania
Figure 21. Details of distal tibia and probable ascending process of astragalus of Elaphrosaurus bambergi: A, detail of anterior side of distal tibia, showing the different surface textures of the ascending process and tibia (arrows indicate areas of fusion); B, distal view (anterior to the top), showing line of contact between tibia and ascending process (arrows); C, anterior view of distal end of tibia, with outline of ascending process highlighted. Scale bars: 1 cm.
Figure 12 in The theropod dinosaur Elaphrosaurus bambergi Janensch, 1920, from the Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania
Figure 12. Scapulocoracoids of Elaphrosaurus bambergi: stereophotographs showing left scapulocoracoid in lateral (A) and ventral (C) views, and right scapulocoracoid in ventral view (B). Note: smooth grey areas indicate reconstructed parts. Abbreviations are as described in Figure 11. Scale bar: 5 cm.
Figure 20 in The theropod dinosaur Elaphrosaurus bambergi Janensch, 1920, from the Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania
Figure 20. Left tibia and fibula of Elaphrosaurus bambergi: A–D, left tibia in anterior (A, stereophotographs), lateral (B, stereophotographs), medial (C), and posterior (D) views; E–H, left fibula in medial (E, stereophotographs), anterior (F), posterior (G), and lateral (H) views; I, articulated tibia and fibula in proximal view; J, tibia in distal view. Abbreviations: asc, ascending process of the astragalus; cc, cnemial crest; dg, distal groove; fc, fibular crest; lc, lateral condyle; lr, lateral ridge; md, medial depression; mr, medial ridge; mif, attachment area for musculus iliofibularis; pi, posterior incision. Scale bars: 5 cm.
Figure 15 in The theropod dinosaur Elaphrosaurus bambergi Janensch, 1920, from the Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania
Figure 15. Sacrum and right ilium of Elaphrosaurus bambergi in lateral view (stereophotographs). Abbreviations: avl, anteroventral lobe; bf, brevis fossa; S, sacral vertebra; sac, supraacetabular crest. Scale bar: 5 cm.
Figure 11 in The theropod dinosaur Elaphrosaurus bambergi Janensch, 1920, from the Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania
Figure 11. Right scapulocoracoid of Elaphrosaurus bambergi: stereophotographs showing lateral (A) and medial (B) views. Note: smooth grey areas indicate reconstructed parts. Abbreviations: cf, coracoid foramen; gl, glenoid; scs, scapulocoracoid suture; sgf, supraglenoid fossa; vp, ventral process. Scale bar: 5 cm.
Figure 2 in The theropod dinosaur Elaphrosaurus bambergi Janensch, 1920, from the Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania
Figure 2. Outline reconstruction of Elaphrosaurus bambergi, with preserved elements indicated. Scale bar: 50 cm.
Figure 25 in The theropod dinosaur Elaphrosaurus bambergi Janensch, 1920, from the Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania
Figure 25. Reduced consensus tree of ceratosaur interrelationships, with stratigraphic and geographic distribution indicated.
Figure 14 in The theropod dinosaur Elaphrosaurus bambergi Janensch, 1920, from the Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania
Figure 14. Manual elements of Elaphrosaurus bambergi: A–F, right metacarpal II in dorsal (A, stereophotographs), medial (B, stereophotographs), ventral (C, stereophotographs), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views; G–L, left metacarpal IV in ventral (G, stereophotographs), medial (H, stereophotographs), dorsal (I, stereophotographs), lateral (J, stereophotographs), proximal (K), and distal (L) views. Abbreviations: clg, collateral ligament groove; eg, extensor groove; st, step. Scale bars: 1 cm.
Figure 22 in The theropod dinosaur Elaphrosaurus bambergi Janensch, 1920, from the Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania
Figure 22. Left astragalocalcaneum of Elaphrosaurus bambergi in proximal (A, stereophotographs), anterior (B, stereophotographs), distal (C, stereophotographs), posterior (D, stereophotographs), medial (E), and lateral (F) views. Abbreviations: ag, anterior groove; asc, broken base of ascending process; d, depression; ff, fibular facet; ltf, lateral tibial facet; mtf, medial tibial facet; tf, triangular flange. Scale bars: 1 cm.
Figure 24 in The theropod dinosaur Elaphrosaurus bambergi Janensch, 1920, from the Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania
Figure 24. Phylogenetic relationships of Elaphrosaurus bambergi: results of a phylogenetic analysis of 31 theropod taxa and 216 morphological characters. A, strict consensus of 129 360 equally parsimonious trees; B, Adams consensus (see text for details).
Figure 19 in Baurusuchid crocodyliforms as theropod mimics: clues from the skull and appendicular morphology of Stratiotosuchus maxhechti (Upper Cretaceous of Brazil)
Figure 19. Right tibia (top) in cranial, lateral, medial, and caudal views, and right and left tibiae (bottom), in proximal view, of S. maxhechti (DGM 1477-R). The holes seen in the proximal surface of the right tibia are taphonomical boring marks (see Cabral et al., 2011, this volume). Abbreviations: cat, cranial crest (possible accessory point for insertion of the extensor tendon); cd, caudal; cr, cranial; cte, crest of the extensor tendon; ff, fossa flexoria; fs, fibular surface; l, lateral; li, linea intermuscularis; lm, lateral malleolus; m, medial; mm, medial malleolus; tmt, medial tubercle (possibly related to the origin of some ankle flexor). Scale bar = 10 cm.
Figure 4 in Baurusuchid crocodyliforms as theropod mimics: clues from the skull and appendicular morphology of Stratiotosuchus maxhechti (Upper Cretaceous of Brazil)
Figure 4. Horizontal computed tomography scan slices of the holotype skull of S. maxhechti (DGM 1477-R) taken at 13.2 mm (top) and 15.6 mm (bottom) below the dorsal surface. Abbreviations as in Figure 2. Note the absence of a suture between the nasals in both slices. The black area behind the prefrontals represents the dorsal concavity of the frontal and the hole over the nasal is a broken area. Regions in dark grey correspond to the sedimentary matrix that fills the skull.
Figure 12 in Baurusuchid crocodyliforms as theropod mimics: clues from the skull and appendicular morphology of Stratiotosuchus maxhechti (Upper Cretaceous of Brazil)
Figure 12. Left ischium of S. maxhechti (DGM 1477-R) in medial (left) cranial (middle), and lateral (right) views. Abbreviation: pit, point of origin of the muscle puboischiotibialis. Scale bar = 10 cm.
Figure 17 in Baurusuchid crocodyliforms as theropod mimics: clues from the skull and appendicular morphology of Stratiotosuchus maxhechti (Upper Cretaceous of Brazil)
Figure 17. Right proximal tarsals (astragalus and calcaneum) in preserved position and left disarticulated proximal tarsals of S. maxhechti (DGM 1477-R) in proximal (or dorsal) view (top) and ventral view (bottom). Abbreviations as in Figure 16. Scale bar = 10 cm.
Figure 8 in Baurusuchid crocodyliforms as theropod mimics: clues from the skull and appendicular morphology of Stratiotosuchus maxhechti (Upper Cretaceous of Brazil)
Figure 8. Right manus of S. maxhechti (DGM 1477-R), with articulated metacarpals and some proximal phalanges in dorsolateral view, proximal phalanges in dorsal view; and unguals in lateral view (A). Note the pathologically altered metacarpal V (see Cabral et al., 2011, this volume). Articulated metacarpals (except metacarpal V), some proximal phalanges and distal carpal in proximal (B), ventral (C), lateral (D), and medial (E) views. Abbreviations: Roman numbers represent metacarpals; 1-I, first (proximal) phalanx of the digit I; 1-II, first (proximal) phalanx of the digit II; 2-II, second (middle) phalanx of the digit II; dc 4 + 5, distal carpal 4 + 5. Scale bar = 10 cm.
Figure 1 in Baurusuchid crocodyliforms as theropod mimics: clues from the skull and appendicular morphology of Stratiotosuchus maxhechti (Upper Cretaceous of Brazil)
Figure 1. Block with partial sequence of dorsal vertebrae and right scapular girdle and member of S. maxhechti (holotype, DGM 1477-R) before full preparation. Abbreviations: Co, coracoid; Ph, phalanges; Ra, radius; Ul, ulna; Um, humerus; Un, ulnare. Scale bar = 10 cm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.