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3,339 results for “heterogeneities”
Data for the manuscript "Direct visualization of colloid transport over natural heterogeneous and artificial smooth rock surfaces"
<p>The files contain the data used to produce the figures in the manuscript "<strong>Direct visualization of colloid transport over natural heterogeneous and artificial smooth rock surfaces</strong>" by Borgman, Be'er, and Weisbrod.</p> <p>Included in the data set:</p> <ol> <li>ImageAnalysesAndPlots.m: A MATLAB script to generate the figures from the included images and data files.</li> <li>myCmap.mat: A custom set of colors for the images.</li> <li>LH_btc.csv, LH_b_btc.csv, HH_btc.csv, HH_b_btc.csv: Data for the breakthrough curves.</li> <li>LH_t=360min.czi, HH_t=300min.czi: Final images from the experiments, from which the residual surface fluorescence is calculated.</li> <li>LHSurfTopo.csv, HHSurfTopo.csv: Tables containing the profilometer scan data.</li> <li>LH, HH: Folders containing the images for the colloid displacement front</li> <li>Exp01-Exp04: Images for calculating the dispersion coefficient </li> <li>PlotVelocities2.m: A script for plotting the calculated velocity fields</li> <li>velocity_magnitude_HH_flux_boundary.txt/velocity_magnitude_LH_flux_boundary.txt: The data files for the velocity fields.</li> </ol> <p>For the .czi files, it's necessary to use the Bio-Formats for MATLAB <a href="https://docs.openmicroscopy.org/bio-formats/6.1.0/users/matlab/index.html">package</a>.</p>
Bats partition activity in space and time in a large, heterogeneous landscape
<p>Diverse species assemblages theoretically partition along multiple resource axes to maintain niche separation between all species. Temporal partitioning has received less attention than spatial or dietary partitioning but may facilitate niche separation when species overlap along other resource axes. We conducted a broad-scale acoustic study of the diverse and heterogeneous Great Smoky Mountains National Park in the Appalachian Mountains. Between 2015 and 2016, we deployed acoustic bat detectors at 50 sites (for a total of 322 survey nights). We examined spatiotemporal patterns of bat activity (by phonic group: Low, Mid, and <i>Myotis</i>) to test the hypothesis that bats partition both space and time. <i>Myotis </i>and Low bats were the most spatially and temporally dissimilar, while Mid bats were more general in their resource use. Low bats were active in early successional openings or low-elevation forests, near water, and early in the evening. Mid bats were similarly active in all land cover classes, regardless of distance from water, throughout the night. <i>Myotis </i>avoided early successional openings and were active in forested land cover classes, near water, and throughout the night. <i>Myotis</i> and Mid bats did not alter their spatial activity patterns from 2015 to 2016, while Low bats did.</p> <p>We observed disparate temporal activity peaks between phonic groups that varied between years and by land cover class. The temporal separation between phonic groups relaxed from 2015 to 2016, possibly related to changes in the relative abundance of bats or changes in insect abundance or diversity. Temporal separation was more pronounced in the land cover classes that saw greater overall bat activity. These findings support the hypothesis that niche separation in diverse assemblages may occur along multiple resource axes and adds to the growing body of evidence that bats partition their temporal activity.</p>
Dataset for the paper: "Using molecular oxygen and Fe-N/C heterogeneous catalysts to achieve Mukaiyama epoxidations via in situ produced organic peroxy acids and acylperoxy radicals"
<p>The data in this spreadsheet was used to produce the figures in the paper </p> <p>Authors: M. Gong, Y. Guo, D. Malko, G. J.P. Britovsek, J. Rubio-Garcia, J. Dawson and A. Kucernak</p> <p>Title: Using molecular oxygen and Fe-N/C heterogeneous catalysts to achieve Mukaiyama epoxidations via in situ produced organic peroxy acids and acylperoxy radicals</p> <p>Journal: Catalysis Science & Technology</p> <p>DOI: 10.1039/D2CY00356B</p> <p>Please cite the above reference if you wish to use this data </p> <p> </p> <p>DOI of data: 10.5281/zenodo.6384017</p>
Heterogeneity in resource competition covaries with individual variation in long-term social relationships
<p>Resource competition among conspecifics is central to social evolution, as it serves as one of the primary selective pressures of group living. This is because the degree of competition for resources impacts the costs and benefits of social interactions. Despite this, how heterogeneity in resource competition drives variation in the type and quantity of long-term social relationships individuals foster has been overlooked. By measuring male mating competition and female foraging competition in a highly social, long-lived mammal, we demonstrate that individual variation in long-term intrasexual social relationships covaries with preferred habitat and experienced resource competition, and this effect differs based on the sex of the individual. Specifically, greater resource competition resulted in fewer social preferences, but the magnitude of the effect varied by both habitat and sex, whereas for social avoidances, both the directionality and magnitude of the effect of resource competition varied by habitat and sex. Together our work shows how fine-scale variation in individual socioecological niches (i.e., unique physical and social environments) can drive extensive variation in individual social behavior (here long-term relationships) within a population, thereby broadening current theories of social evolution.</p>
Data and Codes of Characterizing Uncertainties of Earth System Modeling with Heterogeneous Many-core Architecture Computing
<p>These are the supporting information to verify the results in the paper, including input data, model outputs, the postprocessing scripts and the source codes.</p>
dataset used in article entitiled "Heterogeneous shear strength around mainshock fault of the 2000 Western Tottori earthquake (M 7.3) through dense seismic observations"
<p>See README.doc for description about the files.</p>
Behavioral analysis for market anomalies with heterogeneous agent model
<p>This paper investigates the effect of heterogeneity and bounded rationality on market anomalies in price formation. We establish a heterogeneous agent model under prospect theory, where asset price fluctuation is determined by evolutionary dynamics system embedded in the model. Specifically, our model includes three types of expectation schemes related to different decision-making progresses: the rational scheme, the emotional scheme and the noise scheme. Agents under emotional scheme make decisions based on the cumulative prospect theory framework, which makes psychological factor tractable. By analyzing the distribution of return rate under selected parameters, we show that the model return shares the same pattern as those of SSE 50 Index. Furthermore, we investigate the factors of option implied volatility smile based on dynamic system, and the results suggest that the smile anomaly may be associated with the tail risk of the underlying asset's return distribution, which is effected by market stability and psychological factors.</p>
Heterogeneity in risk-sensitive allocation of somatic reserves in a long-lived mammal
<p>Patterns of food quality and availability, when combined with energetic demands in seasonal environments, shape resource acquisition and allocation by animals and hold consequences for life-history strategies. In long-lived species with extensive maternal care, regulation of somatic reserves of energy and protein can occur in a risk-sensitive manner, wherein resources are preferentially allocated to support survival at the cost of investment in reproduction. We investigated how Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), an alpine mammal in a highly seasonal environment, allocate somatic reserves across seasons. In accordance with the hypothesis of risk-sensitive resource allocation, we expected accretion and catabolism of somatic reserves to be regulated relative to pre-season nutritional state, reproductive state, and vary among populations in accordance with local environmental conditions. To test that hypothesis, we monitored seasonal changes of percent ingesta-free body fat (IFBFat) and ingesta-free, fat-free body mass (IFFFBMass) in three populations of bighorn sheep in northwest Wyoming between 2015 and 2019 through repeated captures of female sheep in December and March of each year in a longitudinal study design. Regulation of somatic reserves was risk sensitive and varied relative to the amount of somatic reserves an animal had at the beginning of the season. Regulation of fat reserves was sensitive to reproductive state and differed by population, particularly over the summer. In one population with low rates of recruitment of young, sheep that recruited offspring lost fat over the summer in contrast to the other two populations where sheep that recruited gained fat. And yet, all populations exhibited similar changes in fat catabolism and risk sensitivity over winter. Magnitude of body fat and mass change across seasons may be indicative of sufficiency of seasonal ranges to meet energetic demands of survival and reproduction. Risk-sensitive allocation of resources was pervasive suggesting nutritional underpinnings are foundational to behavior, vital rates, and ultimately, population dynamics. For species living in alpine environments, risk-sensitive resource allocation may be essential to balance investment in reproduction with ensuring survival.</p>
Complementary genomic and epigenomic adaptation to environmental heterogeneity
<p><span>While adaptation is commonly thought to result from selection on DNA sequence-based variation, recent studies have highlighted an analogous epigenetic component as well. However, the relative roles of these mechanisms in facilitating population persistence under environmental heterogeneity remain unclear. To address the underlying genetic and epigenetic mechanisms and their relationship during environmental adaptation, we screened the genomes and epigenomes of nine global populations of a predominately sessile marine invasive tunicate, <em>Botryllus schlosseri</em>. We detected clear population differentiation at the genetic and epigenetic levels. Patterns of genetic and epigenetic structure were significantly influenced by local environmental variables. Among these variables, minimum annual sea surface temperature was simultaneously identified as the top explanatory variable for both genetic and epigenetic variation. However, patterns of population structure driven by genetic and epigenetic variation were somewhat distinct, suggesting possible autonomy of epigenetic variation. We found both shared and specific genes and biological pathways among genetic and epigenetic loci</span><span> associated with environmental factors</span><span>, consistent with complementary and independent contributions of genetic and epigenetic variation to environmental adaptation in this system. Collectively, these mechanisms may facilitate population persistence under environmental change and sustain successful invasions across novel environments.</span></p>
Green-up selection by red deer in heterogeneous, human-dominated landscapes of Central Europe
The forage maturation hypothesis [FMH] assumes that herbivores cope with the trade-off between digestibility and biomass in forage by selecting vegetation at intermediate growth. The green wave hypothesis [GWH] extends the FMH to suggest how spatiotemporal heterogeneity in plant quality shapes migratory movements of herbivores. Growing empirical support for these hypotheses mainly comes from studies in vast landscapes with large-scale habitat heterogeneity. It is unclear, however, to what extent ungulates surf green waves in human-altered landscapes with small-scale heterogeneity in terms of land use and topography. We used plant phenological proxies derived from Sentinel 2 satellite data to analyse the habitat selection of 93 collared red deer [Cervus elaphus] in montane and alpine habitats. Using a step selection analysis, we investigated how plant phenology, i.e. the instantaneous rate of green-up [IRG] and normalised difference vegetation index [NDVI], and a set of variables describing topography and human presence influenced red deer resource selection in open habitats. We learned that red deer selected areas with high biomass at green-up and avoided habitats with possible exposure to human activity. Additionally, landscape structure and topography strongly influenced spatial behaviour of red deer. We further compared cumulative access to high-quality forage across migrant strategies and found migrants gained better access than residents. Many migratory individuals surfed the green wave, their surfing behaviour, however, became less pronounced with decreasing distance to settlements. Within the constraints of topography and human land use, red deer track spring green-up on a fine spatiotemporal scale and follow the green wave across landscapes in migration movements. Thus, they benefit from high quality forage even in human-dominated landscapes with small-scale heterogeneity and vegetation emerging in a heterogenic, dynamic mosaic. --
Supplementary Information and Data for The Effect of Compositional Heterogeneity on the Martensite Start Temperature of a High Strength Steel During Rapid Austenitisation and Cooling
<p>The supplementary information and supporting data for "The Effect of Compositional Heterogeneity on the Martensite Start Temperature of a High Strength Steel During Rapid Austenitisation and Cooling" in the proceedings of the 42nd Risø International Symposium on Materials Science. The images used in the paper are also included. The files for the montaged EBSD datasets are not included but can be made available upon request. Contact the corresponding author: mark.taylor-5@manchester.ac.uk</p>
Fast Intratumor Heterogeneity Inference from Single-Cell Sequencing Data (simulated data - Extended Data Figures)
<p>This data repository contains simulated data used for benchmarking HUNTRESS against the existing alternative tools. Results of the benchmarking are shown in Extended Data Figures 1-10 of the paper "Fast Intratumor Heterogeneity Inference from Single-Cell Sequencing Data" (to appear in Nature Computational Science). </p>
Frequency-dependent P-wave anelasticity due to multiscale (fractal) heterogeneities in rocks
<p>These data are the compressional-wave waveform data through ultrasonic experimental measurements on the rock samples, the sonic log data and the seismic data. Details are given in the uploaded introduction document regarding the format of the data.</p>
Gudgeon fish with and without genetically determined countershading coexist in heterogeneous littoral environments of an ancient lake
<p>Countershading, characterized by a darker dorsal surface and lighter ventral surface, is common among many animals. This dorsoventral pigment polarity is often thought to be adaptive coloration for camouflage. By contrast, non-countershaded (melanistic) morphs often occur within a species due to genetic color polymorphism in terrestrial animals. However, the polymorphism with either countershaded or melanistic morphs is poorly known in wild aquatic animals. This study explored the genetic nature of diverged color morphs of a lineage of gudgeon fish (genus <i>Sarcocheilichthys</i>) in the ancient Lake Biwa, and propose this system as a novel model for testing hypotheses of functional aspects of countershading and its loss in aquatic environments. This system harbors two color morphs that have been treated taxonomically as separate species; <i>S. variegatus microoculus</i> which occurs throughout the littoral zone, and <i>S. biwaensis</i> which occurs in and around rocky areas. First, we confirmed that the divergence of dorsoventral color patterns between the two morphs is under strict genetic control at the levels of chromatophore distribution and melanin-related gene expression under common garden rearing. The former morph displayed sharp countershading coloration, whereas the latter morph exhibited a strong tendency towards its loss. The crossing results indicated that this divergence was likely controlled by a single locus in a two-allele Mendelian-inheritance pattern. Furthermore, our population genomic and genome-wide association study analyses detected no genome-wide divergence between the two morphs, except for one region near a locus that may be associated with the color divergence. Thus, these morphs are either in a state of intraspecific color polymorphism or two incipient species. Evolutionary forces underlying this polymorphism appears to be associated with heterogeneous littoral environments in this lake. Future ecological genomic research will provide insight into adaptive functions of this widespread coloration, including the eco-evolutionary drivers of its loss, in the aquatic world.</p>
Data for: A comparative study on heterogeneity of clay rocks using pore-scale diffusion simulations and experiments
<p>This is the dataset for the paper "A comparative study on heterogeneity of clay rocks using pore-scale diffusion simulations and experiments" in JGR: Solid Earth</p>
Crack simulations in random heterogeneous media: worm burrows
<p>The folders correspond to the panels of Figure 5 in the referencing paper. The top row of figures are in the kic subfolder, cov_minus, baseline and cov_plus from left to right. The bottom two rows are in the kikic folder cov_minus, baseline and cov_plus from left to right.</p> <p> </p> <p>Data is in the .mat files, each of which contains three variables. x1_path contains the horizontal locations of the crack tip during its propagation and x2 path contains the vertical position.</p> <p> </p> <p>The data can be recreated by executing the .m files in each subfolder, having downloaded and extracted the entire archive. The files are matlab files which must be executed in matlab. </p> <p> </p> <p>The simulation engine is in burrow_prop_03.m</p>
Data for: Effects of nutrient heterogeneity on root foraging and plant growth at the individual and community level
<p>Plants can respond to heterogeneous nutrient distribution through selective root placement to enhance nutrient uptake. It is believed that nutrient heterogeneity can better promote plant growth than homogeneous nutrient distribution, but comprehensive analyses are relatively few. We meta-analyzed the data from 131 comparative studies and synthesized the effects of nutrient heterogeneity on root foraging and plant growth, and examined the roles of patch scale and contrast. Plant responses to nutrient heterogeneity was phylogenetically conserved, and the response in shoot biomass was more correlated with the response in root biomass than with root foraging precision. Root precision depended on competition status, and plants in interspecific competition had lower precision. Community-level responses to nutrient heterogeneity were more significant than individual-level responses. With increasing patch scale, root foraging precision declined, while overall shoot and root responses of individuals increased. Moderate patch contrast significantly increased root responses compared to low and high patch contrast. Our results indicate that plants optimize nutrient acquisition from heterogeneous patches mainly through increasing root growth rate and exploit nutrients more effectively at the community than individual level. Patch attribute mediation of nutrient heterogeneity effects on plants may help design fertilization practices to promote productivity and conserve biodiversity. </p>
Deducing Subnanometer Cluster Size and Shape Distributions of Heterogeneous Supported Catalysts
<p>Dataset for "Deducing Subnanometer Cluster Size and Shape Distributions of Heterogeneous Supported Catalysts". </p>
Habitat heterogeneity affects the thermal ecology of the federally endangered blunt-nosed leopard lizard 2019 data
<p>Global climate change is already contributing to the extirpation of numerous species worldwide, and sensitive species will continue to face challenges associated with rising temperatures throughout this century and beyond. It is especially important to evaluate the thermal ecology of endangered ectotherm species now so that mitigation measures can be taken as early as possible. A recent study of the thermal ecology of the federally endangered Blunt-Nosed Leopard Lizard (Gambelia sila) suggested that they face major activity restrictions due to thermal constraints in their desert habitat, but that large shade-providing shrubs act as thermal buffers to allow them to maintain surface activity without overheating. We replicated this study and also included a population of G. sila with no access to large shrubs to facilitate comparison of the thermal ecology of G. sila in shrubless and shrubbed populations. We found that G. sila without access to shrubs spent more time sheltering inside rodent burrows than lizards with access to shrubs, especially during the hot summer months. Lizards from a shrubbed population had higher midday body temperatures and therefore poorer thermoregulatory accuracy than G. sila from a shrubless population, suggesting that greater surface activity may represent a thermoregulatory tradeoff for G. sila. Lizards at both sites are currently constrained from using open, sunny microhabitats for much of the day during their short active seasons, and our projections suggest that climate change will exacerbate these restrictions and force G. sila to use rodent burrows for shelter even more than they do now, especially at sites without access to shrubs. The continued management of shrubs and of burrowing rodents at G. sila sites is therefore essential to the survival of this endangered species.</p>
Mechanisms of individual variation in large herbivore diets: Roles of spatial heterogeneity and state-dependent foraging
<p>Many populations of consumers consist of relatively specialized individuals that eat only a subset of the foods consumed by the population at large. Although the ecological significance of individual specialization is recognized, it is difficult to document and its underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Optimal foraging theory provides a useful framework for predicting how individuals might select different diets, positing that animals balance the 'opportunity cost' of stopping to eat an available food item against the cost of searching for something more nutritious; diet composition should be contingent on the distribution of food, and foragers should be more specialized when individuals have high energy reserves to spend searching for high-quality foods. We tested these predicted mechanisms of individual niche differences by quantifying environmental (resource heterogeneity) and organismal (nutritional condition) determinants of diet in a widespread browsing antelope (bushbuck, <em>Tragelaphus sylvaticus</em>) in an African floodplain-savanna ecosystem. We quantified individual diet breadth and composition using DNA metabarcoding of fecal samples collected repeatedly from 15 GPS-collared animals (6–14 samples per individual, median 12). Bushbuck diets were structured by spatial heterogeneity and constrained by individual conditions. We observed significant individual-level partitioning of food plants by bushbuck both within and between two adjacent habitat types (floodplain and woodland). Individuals with home ranges that were closer together and/or had similar vegetation structures (measured using LiDAR) ate more similar diets, supporting the prediction that heterogeneous resource distribution promotes individual differentiation. Individuals in good nutritional condition had significantly narrower diets (fewer plant taxa), searched their home ranges more intensively (intensity-of-use index), and had higher-quality diets (percent digestible protein) than those in poor condition, supporting the prediction that animals with greater endogenous reserves are more specialized because they can invest time in searching for nutritious foods. Our results support predictions from optimal foraging theory about the energetic basis of individual specialization and provide a potentially generalizable framework for understanding how individual niche width is governed by animal behavior and physiology in heterogeneous landscapes.</p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.