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Fig. 51 in New species and new records of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from central South Africa

Fig. 51. Distribution of Evarcha prosimilis (circles), E. vittula sp. n. (squares) and Festucula lawrencei (SHQWDJRQV) LQ 6RXWK $IULFD. 6ROLG LFRQV LQGLFDWH SXEOLVKHG UHFRUGV DQG RSHQ LFRQV QHZ UHFRUGV from central South Africa.

Figs 33–35 in New species and new records of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from central South Africa

Figs 33–35. (YDUFKD ÀDJHOODULV VS. Q., KRORW\SH PDOH (, 4) DQG SDUDW\SH IHPDOH (ƽ): () DEGRPHQ; (4$) SDOSDO RUJDQ, YHQWUDO YLHZ; (4%) SDOSDO RUJDQ, ODWHUDO YLHZ; (ƽ$) HSLJ\QH; (ƽ%) LQWHUQDO VWUXFWXUH RI HSLJ\QH, YHQWUDO YLHZ.

Fig. 52 in New species and new records of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from central South Africa

Fig. 52. Distribution of Heliophanus debilis (circles), H. hastatus (squares) and H. modicus (pentagons) in 6RXWK $IULFD. 6ROLG LFRQV LQGLFDWH SXEOLVKHG UHFRUGV DQG RSHQ LFRQV QHZ UHFRUGV IURP FHQWUDO South Africa.

Fig. 23 in New species and new records of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from central South Africa

Fig. 23. Distribution of Baryphas ahenus (circles), Cembalea triloris sp. n. (squares), Cosmophasis australis (pentagons) and &\UED QLJULPDQD (diamonds) in South Africa. Solid icons indicate published UHFRUGV DQG RSHQ LFRQV QHZ UHFRUGV IURP FHQWUDO 6RXWK $IULFD.

Fig. 133 in New species and new records of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from central South Africa

Fig. 133. Distribution of Pellenes modicus (circles) and P. tharinae (squares) in South Africa. Solid icon LQGLFDWHV D SXEOLVKHG UHFRUG DQG RSHQ LFRQV QHZ UHFRUGV IURP FHQWUDO 6RXWK $IULFD.

Figs 199–201 in New species and new records of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from central South Africa

Figs 199–201. Pseudicius solitarius VS. Q., KRORW\SH IHPDOH: (Î99) HSLJ\QH; (ƻƟƟ) LQWHUQDO VWUXFWXUH RI HSL‒ gyne; (201) diagrammatic course of seminal duct.

Fig. 215 in New species and new records of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from central South Africa

Fig. 215. Distribution of Rhene konradi (circles), 5. OLQJXODULV sp. n. (squares), Tanzania meridionalis sp. n. (pentagon) and T. mkomaziensis (GLDPRQG) LQ 6RXWK $IULFD. 6ROLG LFRQ LQGLFDWHV D SXEOLVKHG UH‒ FRUG DQG RSHQ LFRQV QHZ UHFRUGV IURP FHQWUDO 6RXWK $IULFD.

Fig. 225 in New species and new records of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from central South Africa

Fig. 225. Distribution of Thyenula oranjensis (circles) and Tusitala barbata (squares) in South Africa. Solid LFRQV LQGLFDWH SXEOLVKHG UHFRUGV DQG RSHQ LFRQV QHZ UHFRUGV IURP FHQWUDO 6RXWK $IULFD.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Data from: Female preference for males with lower pattern contrast follows Weber's law of proportional processing in an ornate jumping spider

According to Weber's law of proportional processing, perceptual discrimination between stimuli of different magnitudes is based on their proportional differences in magnitude (not absolute differences). Proportional processing operates in various sensory modalities and behavioural contexts. However, whether female mate preference for colour patterns in animals follows Weber's law of proportional processing remains untested. We addressed this research gap using the jade jumping spider, Siler semiglaucus, whose males exhibit remarkable sexually selected colour patterns and whose females show preferences for males with low abdomen pattern contrast (pattern contrast is defined as the spatial feature of the relative abundance of two adjacent colour patches). By manipulating the dorsal abdomen colour patterns of S. semiglaucus males, we created males with varying abdomen pattern contrasts. We then assessed female preference for males that varied in both absolute and proportional differences in pattern contrast. We found that females preferred males with lower abdomen pattern contrasts and discriminated between males based on both absolute and proportional differences in pattern contrast. While proportional difference alone was not a significant predictor of female mate choice, discrimination based on proportional difference, coupled with absolute difference had a greater influence on female mate preference than absolute difference alone. Hence, our findings suggest that S. semiglaucus female preference for males with lower pattern contrast follows Weber's law, and female discrimination may have the potential to limit the exaggeration of sexually selected colour patterns.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2017View details →

Рис. 1. ПреΔпочтитеΛьное отношение паукообразных (1 – Galeodes araneoides, 2 – Lycosa praegrandis, 3 – Mesobuthus eupeus) к объектам питания по способу переΔвижения жертвы: I – Λетающие; II – прыгающие; III – бегающие; IV – хоΔящие; V – поΛзающие; VI – маΛопоΔвижные; VII – непоΔвижные. Fig. 1. Preferred attitude of arachnids (1 – Galeodes araneoides, 2 – Lycosa praegrandis, 3 – Mesobuthus eupeus) to food objects by the method of movement of pray: I – flying; II – jumping; III – running; IV – walking; V – crawling; VI – sluggish; VII – motionless. in Comparison of trophic spectra and hunting strategies of some large arachnids (Arachnida: Scorpiones, Solifugae, Aranei) in semi-desert biocenoses of Gobustan (Eastern Azerbaijan)

Рис. 1. ПреΔпочтитеΛьное отношение паукообразных (1 – Galeodes araneoides, 2 – Lycosa praegrandis, 3 – Mesobuthus eupeus) к объектам питания по способу переΔвижения жертвы: I – Λетающие; II – прыгающие; III – бегающие; IV – хоΔящие; V – поΛзающие; VI – маΛопоΔвижные; VII – непоΔвижные. Fig. 1. Preferred attitude of arachnids (1 – Galeodes araneoides, 2 – Lycosa praegrandis, 3 – Mesobuthus eupeus) to food objects by the method of movement of pray: I – flying; II – jumping; III – running; IV – walking; V – crawling; VI – sluggish; VII – motionless.

opencc-zeroAug 2023View details →

Data from: Frog limbs in deep time: is jumping locomotion at the roots of the anuran Bauplan?

The unique body plan of frogs (Lissamphibia: Anura) has been largely conserved from at least 200 Myr and its evolution from a more generalized tetrapod condition is still poorly understood, in part due to the scarce early fossil record of Salientia, the anuran total-group. The origin of the anuran Bauplan has been classically explained as an adaptation to jumping, but recent studies incorporating new data in a phylogenetic context have challenged the popular jumping hypothesis. Here we revisit and test this hypothesis from a palaeobiological perspective by integrating limb data from a wide range of extant and fossil frogs. We first explored the evolution of limb proportions from the Jurassic to the Paleogene to understand when the present limb diversity originated and whether, and to what extent, limb proportions have been conserved over the last 200 Myr. We then inferred the locomotor capabilities of extinct species by phylogenetic flexible discriminant analysis and, from these inferences, we studied the locomotor diversity of frogs over geological time and reconstructed the ancestral state for frog-like salientians. The evolution of limb proportions is characterized by an early diversification that was underway in the Jurassic, followed by a repeated convergence over a limited area of the morphospace that was already explored by the Early Cretaceous. In agreement with this early limb diversity, the Jurassic stem species were also locomotory diverse and their inferred locomotor modes do not support the jumping hypothesis. We propose that the patterns found herein of repeated convergent evolution of both limb proportions and locomotor capabilities over geological time hamper any attempt to confidently infer the ancestral locomotion mode and, therefore, it might be time to start focusing on other hypotheses on the origin of the anuran Bauplan that are not related to locomotion.

opencc-zeroAug 2023View details →

Jumping to new hosts: the diversification of flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticini) in the context of their host plant associations

Flea beetles (Alticini) represent one of the most diverse groups within the family Chrysomelidae and are associated with more than 100 different plant families. Conspicuously, only 10 genera account for about a quarter of flea beetle diversity, whereas about 380 genera each comprise less than ten species, indicating different rates of diversification within the Alticini. Here, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of 608 species in 101 Alticini genera using mitogenomes and cytochrome oxidase I, and applied several frameworks of clade-specific diversification rate analyses. Increased diversification rates were consistently detected in the cosmopolitan genera Altica and Longitarsus, the Palearctic genus Phyllotreta, and in neotropical taxa of the subtribe Oedionychina. In addition, we tested whether the evolution of specialized interactions with plants of the order Brassicales influenced the diversification of Phyllotreta and Psylliodes flea beetles. Specialization on Brassicales was only associated with increased diversification rates in Phyllotreta but not in Psylliodes. Our results indicate that host associations per se do not explain different diversification rates and lay the groundwork for investigating the evolutionary drivers of rapid radiations in Alticini.