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Data from: Thinking outside the box: problem-solving in free-living lizards
<p>Despite evidence that organisms are more likely to exhibit their full range of cognitive abilities under conditions found in nature, studies evaluating cognition under such conditions remain rare, particularly in vertebrate species. Here we conducted an experiment to evaluate problem solving and motor-self regulation in free-living arboreal lizards, Anolis sagrei, under natural conditions. We presented lizards with a novel detour problem which challenged individuals to circumvent a transparent barrier in order to obtain a food reward. Individuals varied in their ability to solve the detour problem. Furthermore, those that solved the problem were able to improve their performance across trials by modifying the natural response of attempting to strike the reward trough the transparent barrier, providing evidence of motor self-regulation. Solving the problem required individuals to modify their typical foraging behavior, as approaching the prey in a single burst of movement that culminated with an attack was an unsuccessful strategy. Contrary to expectations our findings provide evidence of motor self-regulation in a visually-oriented, sit-and-wait predator under natural conditions, suggesting motor-self-regulation is not limited by foraging strategy. Our results also underscore the need to evaluate the cognitive abilities of free-living organisms in the wild, particularly for taxa that perform poorly under laboratory conditions.</p>
Experimental evidence that acorn woodpeckers recognize relationships among third parties no longer living together
<p>Triadic awareness, or knowledge of the relationships between others, is essential to navigating many complex social interactions. While some animals maintain relationships with former group members post-dispersal, recognizing cross-group relationships between others may be more cognitively challenging than simply recognizing relationships between members of a single group because there is typically much less opportunity to observe interactions between individuals that do not live together. We presented acorn woodpeckers (<i>Melanerpes formicivorus</i>), a highly social species,<i> </i>with playback stimuli consisting of a simulated chorus between two different individuals, a behavior that only occurs naturally between social affiliates. Subjects were expected to respond less rapidly if they perceived the callers as having an affiliative relationship. Females responded more rapidly to a pair of callers that never co-occurred in the same social group, and responded less rapidly to callers that were members of the same social group at the time of the experiment and to callers that last lived in the same group before the subject had hatched. This suggests that female acorn woodpeckers can infer the existence of relationships between conspecifics that live in separate groups by observing them interact after the conspecifics in question no longer live in the same group as each other. This study provides experimental evidence that nonhuman animals may recognize relationships between third parties that no longer live together and emphasizes the potential importance of social knowledge about distant social affiliates.</p>
Supporting live data sessions in multi-user virtual reality using CAVA360VR
<p>A dense composite 2D video clip showing the different screens and audio chat of three analysts using <em>CAVA360VR </em>(Collaborate, Annotate, Visualise, Analysis 360 video in Virtual Reality) to hold a live virtual data session at a national research conference in 2019. The three co-analysts (M, J and P) in VR were collaborating even though they were in three different physical locations across two countries. The video data that they analysed together involved multicam recordings of six participants in a two-team competition to solve a Lego puzzle when only one member in each group could view the hidden Lego construction in order to instruct the others in their team how to rebuild it from a pile of blocks. The video clip shows the viewport chosen by each of the three analysts. There are three possible viewports that can be selected: a) what they each see in their VR HMD (head-mounted display), b) an over-the-shoulder view (with an outline showing their avatar), and c) a static third-person view of the three analysts. A fourth screen shows the view of an observer in non-VR mode.</p>
Processed data of grasshoppers, butterflies and moths for analyses of species trend models for the regional WWF Living Planet Index for Belgium
<p>This archive contains pre-processed datasets used for the analysis of species occupancy models, the results of which were used in the calculation of multi-species indices as part of the regional WWF Living Planet Index for Belgium.</p> <p>The datasets are csv files (comma separated and . as decimal mark). </p> <p>For each species group (moths, butterflies and grasshoppers), the following files are available:</p> <ul> <li>a species list (files with 'species' in the name)</li> <li>an observations list (files with 'observations' in the name - for butterfly or moth species with two distinct flight periods, also a file with the data for the second generation is available)</li> </ul> <p>For one species, <em>Fabriciana adippe</em>, separate files are available with corrected data.</p> <p>The species list files contain the following variables:</p> <ul> <li>species_id (unique species id)</li> <li>scientific_name (accepted scientific name according to the GBIF taxonomic backbone)</li> <li>species_name_NL (Dutch species name)</li> <li>species_name_FR (French species name)</li> <li>season_start (n-th day of the year that marks the beginning of the first -and possibly only- generation)</li> <li>season_end (n-th day of the year that marks the end of the first -and possibly only- generation)</li> </ul> <p>The observations files contain the following variables:</p> <ul> <li>species_id (a unique identifier)</li> <li>year (year of observation)</li> <li>month (month of observation)</li> <li>day (day of observation)</li> <li>julian_day (n-th day of the year)</li> <li>site_id (unique identifier for the 1 km x 1km EEA 1 km x 1 km reference grid square <a href="https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/eea-reference-grids-2">https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/eea-reference-grids-2</a>)</li> <li>source (name of data provider)</li> <li>count (max number of sightings for the species for that day and site</li> </ul>
Data from: Changes in age-structure over four decades were a key determinant of population growth rate in a long-lived mammal
<p>1. A changing environment directly influences birth and mortality rates, and thus population growth rates. However, population growth rates in the short-term are also influenced by population age-structure. Despite its importance, the contribution of age-structure to population growth rates has rarely been explored empirically in wildlife populations with long-term demographic data.</p> <p>2. Here, we assessed how changes in age-structure influenced short-term population dynamics in a semi-captive population of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).</p> <p>3. We addressed this question using a demographic dataset of female Asian elephants from timber camps in Myanmar spanning 45 years (1970-2014). First, we explored temporal variation in age-structure. Then, using annual matrix population models, we used a retrospective approach to assess the contributions of age-structure and vital rates to short-term population growth rates with respect to the average environment.</p> <p>4. Age-structure was highly variable over the study period, with large proportions of juveniles in the years 1970 and 1985, and made a substantial contribution to annual population growth rate deviations. High adult birth rates between 1970-1980 would have resulted in large positive population growth rates, but these were prevented by a low proportion of reproductive-aged females.</p> <p>5. We highlight that an understanding of both age-specific vital rates and age-structure is needed to assess short-term population dynamics. Furthermore, this example from a human-managed system suggests that the importance of age-structure may be accentuated in populations experiencing human disturbance where age-structure is unstable, such as those in captivity or for endangered species. Ultimately, changes to the environment drive population dynamics by influencing birth and mortality rates, but understanding demographic structure is crucial for assessing population growth.</p>
Stars Stripped in Binaries: The Living Gravitational-wave Sources
<p>Binary interaction can cause stellar envelopes to be stripped, which significantly reduces the radius of the star. The orbit of a binary composed of a stripped star and a compact object can therefore be so tight that the gravitational radiation the system produces reaches frequencies accessible to the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). Two such stripped stars in tight orbits with white dwarfs are known so far (ZTF J2130+4420 and CD−30°11223), but many more are expected to exist. These binaries provide important constraints for binary evolution models and may be used as LISA verification sources. We develop a Monte Carlo code that uses detailed evolutionary models to simulate the Galactic population of stripped stars in tight orbits with either neutron star or white dwarf companions. We predict 0–100 stripped star + white dwarf binaries and 0–4 stripped star + neutron star binaries with a signal-to-noise ratio >5 after 10 yr of observations with LISA. More than 90% of these binaries are expected to show large radial velocity shifts of <span class="math-tex">\(\gtrsim\)</span>200 km s<sup>-1</sup>, which are spectroscopically detectable. Photometric variability due to tidal deformation of the stripped star is also expected and has been observed in ZTF J2130+4420 and CD−30°11223. In addition, the stripped star + neutron star binaries are expected to be X-ray bright with L<sub>X</sub> <span class="math-tex">\(\gtrsim\)</span> 10<sup>33</sup>–10<sup>36</sup> erg s<sup>-1</sup>. Our results show that stripped star binaries are promising multimessenger sources for the<br> upcoming electromagnetic and gravitational wave facilities.</p> <p> </p> <p>We provide detailed information about the run presented in Figures 2, 4, and 5 in the file named "entire_population_64.txt". We also provide information about sources with SNR > 4 in "pop_SNR4.txt" for 1000 runs of our standard model. The Jupyter notebook "Reading_stripped_star_compact_object_population.ipynb" reproduces figures of the manuscript and the Jupyter notebook "living_population.ipynb" shows how we model the Galactic population of stripped stars in tight orbit with compact objects.</p>
Deadly dormmate: a case study on Bungarus candidus living among a student dormitory with implications for human safety
<p>Movement and observation data gained through radio-telemetry of a single Malayan krait (<em>Bungarus candidus</em>) among a suburban landscape (a university dormitory complex) in NE Thailand. Included: movement spatial data .csv file and photographic evidence of foraging observations, a predation events, and conflicts with humans, camera trap footage, and snakebite incident data .csv file.</p> <p> </p> <p>B.candidus_observation_data.csv file column headings:</p> <p>folderID: The Zenodo folder ID containing the photographic evidence of events.</p> <p>obvdate: Date of observation (mm/dd/yyyy)</p> <p>obvtime: Time of observation (24hr)</p> <p>easting_utm: UTM easting (UTM Zone 48N; Datum WGS84)</p> <p>northing_utm: UTM northing (UTM Zone 48N; Datum WGS84)</p> <p>gps_accuracy: Accuracy of GPS location (m)</p> <p>notes: Comments and details on events/observations</p> <p> </p> <p>BUCA28_movement_data.csv file column headings:</p> <p>Datetime: Date and time when the snake was located (mm/dd/yyyy hh:mm)</p> <p>Easting: UTM easting (UTM Zone 48N; Datum WGS84)</p> <p>Northing: UTM northing (UTM Zone 48N; Datum WGS84)</p> <p>Behavior: Either the animal’s behavior observed during the location check (sheltering, foraging, or feeding) or type of other significant locations (capture or release sites)</p> <p>Habitat_Type: Land-use type where the snake was located</p> <p> </p> <p>Snakebite_incident_data_SUT_Dormitories.csv file column headings:</p> <p>Date: Date the snakebite occurred was located (mm/dd/yyyy)</p> <p>Time: Time (ICT) the snakebite occurred (hh:mm)</p> <p>Location: Brief location description where the incident occurred at Suranaree University of Technology</p> <p>Mesohabitat Description: Brief description of the scene where the bite occurred</p> <p> Snake species confirmed?: if responsible species known (Yes) or unknown (No)</p> <p>Snake Species: Identified responsible snake species (if known)</p> <p>If not confirmed, suspected species responsible: Species most likely to be responsible based on known snake species at SUT, the time the bite occurred, and bite symptoms.</p> <p>Bite Location: Where on the body the victim was bitten</p> <p>Envenomation Symptoms: Brief description of bite symptoms (note: none were severe/dangerous cases)</p> <p>Fang Puncture Marks?: Brief description of whether fang puncture marks were visible, and if so, how many punctures</p> <p>Notes and Photos: Brief further notes on how the bite occurred, and in the case of the bite by C. maculiceps, the corresponding Zenodo folder ID containing the photographic evidence (of the snake and dormitory bite location [during daylight]).</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Migrants and residents of a long-lived seabird differ in their behavioural response to a stressor
<p>Inter-individual variation in behaviour has been recognised as a major driver of population ecology, but its relationship to migratory strategy has been ill-explored. Here, we investigated whether male migrant and resident Cory's Shearwaters (<i>Calonectris borealis</i>), a long-lived partially migratory seabird, are distinguishable by their temperament at the colony. We tracked a large number of individuals over two winters using GLS devices and assessed whether exploratory behaviour and reaction to extraction from the nest corresponded to migratory strategy over this period. While exploratory behaviour was unrelated to migratory strategy, birds that were resident were more likely to be unreactive towards extraction from the nest. This difference in behavioural stress response, together with previous findings that migrants display higher physiological stress over winter, suggests that migrants and residents may be distinguishable by their stress threshold.</p>
Predation risk shapes the degree of placentation in natural populations of live-bearing fish
<p class="manuscriptABSATZ"><span>The placenta is a complex life-history trait that is ubiquitous across the tree of life. Theory proposes that the placenta evolves in response to high performance-demanding conditions by shifting maternal investment from pre- to post-fertilization, thereby reducing a female's reproductive burden during pregnancy. We test this hypothesis by studying populations of the fish species <i>Poeciliopsis retropinna</i> in Costa Rica. We found substantial variation in the degree of placentation among natural populations associated with predation risk: females from high predation populations had significantly higher degrees of placentation compared to low predation females, while number, size and quality of offspring at birth remained unaffected. Moreover, a higher degree of placentation correlated with a lower reproductive burden and hence likely an improved swimming performance during pregnancy. Our study advances an adaptive explanation for why the placenta evolves by arguing that an increased degree of placentation offers a selective advantage in high predation environments. </span></p>
Super-resolved Reflectance Confocal Microscopy data on Diatom shells and live MEF cells
<p>This dataset is linked to a paper submission in Open Research Europe. It contains the RAW data of confocal reflectance super-resolved point spread function, diatom shell zstack and time lapse imaging of a living Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast cell. </p>
Super-resolved Reflectance Confocal Microscopy time-lapse imaging of a living MEF cell lamellipod
<p>This movies presents a time-lapse of a label-free living Mouse embryonic fibroblast cell observed with super-resolved rescanned reflectance confocal microscopy.. </p>
Kinesin-1 activity recorded in living cells with a precipitating dye FIB-SEM data 1
<p>Kinesin-1 activity recorded in living cells with a precipitating dye</p> <p>FIB-SEM dataset 1 - QPDTf precipitating dye with HeLa cells</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Social living simultaneously increases infection risk and decreases the cost of infection
Elevated parasite infection risk is considered to be a near universal cost of social living. However, living in groups may also provide benefits that reduce the negative impacts of infection. These potential 'tolerance' benefits of living socially are theoretically possible, but have rarely been described. In this study, we used an anthelmintic treatment experiment in wild Grant's gazelles (Nanger granti), who are commonly infected with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), to show that social living confers both costs and benefits related to GIN parasitism. We show that although larger group size increases GIN infection risk, a key cost of GIN infection – the suppression of food intake − is simultaneously moderated by living in larger groups. Our findings help illuminate the complex role parasites play in the evolution of host social behavior.
Data from: Sources of variation in maternal allocation in a long-lived mammal
<p>Life history theory predicts allocation of energy to reproduction varies with maternal age but additional maternal features may be important to the allocation of energy to reproduction. We aimed to characterize age-specific variation in maternal allocation and assess the relationship between maternal allocation and other static and dynamic maternal features. Mass measurements of 531 mothers and pups were used with Bayesian hierarchical models to explain the relationship between diverse maternal attributes and both the proportion of mass allocated by Weddell seal mothers, and the efficiency of mass transfer from mother to pup during lactation as well as the weaning mass of pups. Our results demonstrated that maternal mass was strongly and positively associated with the relative reserves allocated by a mother and a pup's weaning mass but that the efficiency of mass transfer declines with maternal parturition mass. Birthdate was positively associated with proportion mass allocation and pup weaning mass, but mass transfer efficiency was predicted to be highest at the mean birthdate. The relative allocation of maternal reserves declined with maternal age but the efficiency of mass transfer to pups increases, suggestive of selective disappearance of poor-quality mothers. These findings highlight the importance of considering multiple maternal features when assessing variation in maternal allocation.</p>
Bats use live fences to move between tropical dry forest remnants
<p>Linear features can benefit wildlife by assisting animal movement. We captured bats along barbed-wire and live-tree fences connecting Tropical Dry Forest patches in Nicaragua. Bat species richness and captures were higher along live fences but we noted differences in sex ratios, richness, and species composition compared to surrounding natural forests.</p>
Data from: Living in the city: urban environments shape the evolution of a native annual plant
Urban environments are warmer, have higher levels of atmospheric CO2, and altered patterns of disturbance and precipitation than nearby rural areas. These differences can be important for plant growth and are likely to create distinct selective environments. We planted a common garden experiment with seeds collected from natural populations of the native annual plant Lepidium virginicum, growing in five urban and nearby rural areas in the northern United States to determine whether and how urban populations differ from those from surrounding rural areas. When grown in a common environment, plants grown from seeds collected from urban areas bolted sooner, grew larger, had fewer leaves, had an extended time between bolting and flowering, and produced more seeds than plants grown from seeds collected from rural areas. Interestingly, the rural populations exhibited larger phenotypic differences from one another than urban populations. Surprisingly, genomic data revealed that the majority of individuals in each of the urban populations were more closely related to individuals from other urban populations than they were to geographically proximate rural areas – the one exception being urban and rural populations from New York which were nearly identical. Taken together our results suggest that selection in urban environments favors different traits than selection in rural environments and that these differences can drive adaptation and shape population structure.
From pup to predator; generalized hidden Markov models reveal rapid development of movement strategies in a naïve long‐lived vertebrate
<p>Rapid development of a successful foraging strategy is critical for juvenile survival, especially for naïve animals that receive no parental guidance. However, this process is poorly understood for many species. Although observation of early-life movements is increasingly possible with miniaturisation of animalborne telemetry devices, analytical limitations remain. Here, we tracked 29 recently-weaned, grey seal <em>Halichoerus grypus</em> pups from colonies in two geographically distinct regions of the United Kingdom. We analysed at-sea movements of pups throughout their initial months of nutritional independence to investigate the ontogeny of behaviour-specific (foraging and travelling) movement patterns. Using generalized hidden Markov models (HMMs), we extended the conventional HMM framework to account for temporal changes in putative foraging and travelling movement characteristics, and investigate the effects of intrinsic (sex) and extrinsic (environment) factors on this process. Putative foraging behaviour became more tortuous with time, and travelling became faster and more directed, suggesting a reduction in search scale and an increase in travel efficiency as pups shifted from exploration to an adult-like repeatable foraging strategy. Sex differences in movement characteristics were evident from colony departure, but sex-specific activity budgets were only detected in one region. We show that sex-specific behavioural strategies emerge before sexual size dimorphism in grey seals, and suggest that this phenomenon may occur in other long-lived species. Our results also indicate that environmental variation may affect the emergence of sex-specific foraging behaviour, highlighting the need to consider interacting intrinsic and extrinsic factors in shaping movement strategies of long-lived vertebrates. Moreover, comparing the behavioural state estimations to those of a conventional HMM (no variation in statespecific movement parameters) revealed differences in the amount and location of foraging activity, with implications for spatial conservation management. Overlooking intrinsic and extrinsic variation in movement processes could distort our understanding of foraging ecology, population dynamics, and conservation requirements.</p>
Data from: Costs and benefits of group living in primates: an energetic perspective
Group size is a fundamental component of sociality, and has important consequences for an individual's fitness as well as the collective and cooperative behaviours of the group as a whole. This review focuses on how the costs and benefits of group living vary in female primates as a function of group size, with a particular emphasis on how competition within and between groups affects an individual's energetic balance. Because the repercussions of chronic energetic stress can lower an animal's fitness, identifying the predictors of energetic stress has important implications for understanding variation in survivorship and reproductive success within and between populations. Notably, we extend previous literature on this topic by discussing three physiological measures of energetic balance—glucocorticoids, c-peptides and thyroid hormones. Because these hormones can provide clear signals of metabolic states and processes, they present an important complement to field studies of spatial and temporal changes in food availability. We anticipate that their further application will play a crucial role in elucidating the adaptive significance of group size in different social and ecological contexts.
Data from: Offspring telomere length in the long lived Alpine swift is negatively related to the age of their biological father and foster mother
A growing body of studies is showing that offspring telomere length (TL) can be influenced by the age of their parents. Such a relationship might be explained by variation in TL at conception (gamete effect) and/or by alteration of early growth conditions in species providing parental care. In a long-lived bird with bi-parental care, the Alpine swift (Apus melba), we exchanged an uneven number of 2 to 4-day-old nestlings between pairs as part of a brood size manipulation. Nestling TL was measured at 50 days after hatching, which allowed investigation of the influence of the age of both their biological and foster parents on offspring TL, after controlling for the manipulation. Nestling TL was negatively related to the age of their biological father and foster mother. Nestling TL did not differ between enlarged and reduced broods. These findings suggest that offspring from older males were fertilized by gametes with shorter telomeres, presumably due to a greater cell division history or a longer accumulation of damage, and that older females may have provided poorer parental care to their offspring.
Data from: Feeding capability in the extinct giant Siamogale melilutra and comparative mandibular biomechanics of living Lutrinae
At 50 kg in estimated weight, the extinct Siamogale melilutra is larger than all living otters, and ranks among the largest fossil otters. The biomechanical capability of S. melilutra jaws as related to their large size is unknown but crucial to reconstructing the species' potentially unique ecological niche. Here we compare the mandibular biomechanics of S. melilutra using engineering-based performance measures against ten extant otter biomechanical models. Despite a wide range of feeding preferences from durophagy to piscivory, living otter species exhibit a linear relationship between mandible stiffness and volume, as expected in isometric model scaling. In contrast, S. melilutra models exhibit a six-fold increase in stiffness from expected stiffness-volume relationships calculated from extant species models. Unlike stiffness, mechanical efficiency of biting is conserved among living otters and in S. melilutra. These findings indicate that although similar to living bunodont otters in morphology and biting efficiency, jaw strength in S. melilutra far surpasses molluscivores such as sea otters and Cape clawless otters, even after accounting for size. Therefore, Siamogale represents a feeding ecomorphology with no living analog, and its giant size and high mandibular strength confer shell-crushing capability matched only by other extinct molluscivores such as the marine bear Kolponomos.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.