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opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: A risk-based forecast of extreme mortality events in small cetaceans: using stranding data to inform conservation practice

Effective conservation requires monitoring and pro-active risk assessments. We studied the effects of at-sea mortality events (ASMEs) in marine mammals over two decades (1990-2012) and built a risk- based indicator for the European Union's Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Strandings of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis), and striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) along French coastlines were analysed using Extreme Value Theory (EVT). EVT operationalises what is an extreme ASME, and allows the probabilistic forecasting of the expected maximum number of dead animals assuming constant pressures. For the period 2013-2018, we forecast the strandings of 80 harbour porpoises, 860 common dolphins, and 57 striped dolphins in extreme ASMEs. Comparison of these forecasts with observed strandings informs whether pressures are increasing, decreasing or stable. Applying probabilistic methods to stranding data facilitates the building of risk-based indicators, required under the MSFD, to monitor the effect of pressures on marine mammals.

opencc-zeroJun 2019View details →

Data from: Modifiable patient-related barriers and their association with breast cancer detection practices among Ugandan women without a diagnosis of breast cancer

Most women with breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are diagnosed with late-staged disease. The current study assesses patient-related barriers among women from a general SSA population to better understand how patient-related barriers contribute to diagnostic delays. Using convenience-based sampling, 401 Ugandan women without breast cancer were surveyed to determine how prior participation in cancer detection practices correlate with patient-related barriers to prompt diagnosis. In a predominantly poor (76%) and rural population (75%), the median age of the participants was 38. Of the women surveyed, 155 (46%) had prior exposure to breast cancer education, 92 (27%) performed breast self-examination (BSE) and 68 (20%) had undergone a recent clinical breast examination (CBE), breast ultrasound or breast biopsy. The most commonly identified barriers to prompt diagnosis were knowledge deficits regarding early diagnosis (79%), economic barriers to accessing care (68%), fear (37%) and poor social support (24%). However, only women who reported knowledge deficits – a modifiable barrier – were less likely to participate in cancer detection practices (p<0.05). Women in urban and rural areas were similarly likely to report economic barriers, knowledge deficits and/or poor social support, but rural women were less likely than urban women to have received breast cancer education and/or perform BSE (p<0.001). Women who have had prior breast cancer education (p<0.001) and/or who perform BSE (p=0.02) were more likely to know where she can go to receive a diagnostic breast evaluation. These findings suggest that SSA countries developing early breast cancer detection programs should specifically address modifiable knowledge deficits among women less likely to achieve a diagnostic work-up to reduce diagnostic delays and improve breast cancer outcomes.

opencc-zeroOct 2019View details →

Interprofessional education in geriatric medicine: towards best practice. A controlled before-after study of medical and nursing student attitudes

Objectives To investigate nursing and medical students' readiness for interprofessional learning before and after implementing geriatric Interprofessional education (IPE), based on interactive case scenarios Problem Based Learning (PBL). To determine optimal number of geriatric IPE sessions, the size and the ratio of participants in the learner groups, the outcomes related to the Kirkpatrick four-level typology of learning evaluation, students' concerns about joint learning, perception of roles of the "other" profession and students choice of topic. The strength: • This is a novel evidence regarding good practice for geriatric undergraduate Interprofessional education derived from a large unselected (inclusive) cohort of medical and nursing students • A controlled before-after study, with students randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups The limitations: • The overall number of nursing students was smaller, so the control group consisted of only medical students • The nursing students had more clinical experience than the medical students at the time of the geriatric IPE • Not all students returned the feedback forms, complaining that completing both questionnaires was time-consuming

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: Response of non-grassland avian guilds to adjacent herbaceous field buffers: testing hypotheses about configuration of targeted conservation practices in agricultural landscapes

1. A substantial part of the world's land base is dominated by agriculture, and forest habitat often consists of discrete patches of forest and linear woody corridors. These natural components provide habitat for some forest birds, but make conservation of these species difficult. In-field practices applied outside forest patches, such as specific juxtapositions of herbaceous field buffers adjacent to forest habitat, could increase avian diversity contributions of existing forest without creation of additional forest habitat. Our prediction was that herbaceous field buffers would increase bird richness in adjacent forest, and we evaluated four potential mechanisms. 2. We used bird count data from a conservation buffer monitoring program and hierarchical community models to estimate species richness of forest generalist, forest interior, and shrubland (edge) species near forest edges with and without adjacent herbaceous field buffers. We accounted for heterogeneity in detection probabilities and forest cover in surrounding landscapes when estimating species- and guild-level responses. 3. Consistent with the drift fence hypothesis, adjacent herbaceous buffers were associated with a modest increase in richness of forest interior birds in woody corridors, but not in forest blocks. Consistent with resource complementation, adjacent herbaceous buffers were associated with modest increases in richness of shrubland (edge) birds in both woody corridors and forest blocks. 4. Across all species and guilds, adjacent buffers generally associated with greater abundance (e.g. 28 of 39 species), but these increases were also relatively small and highly variable (i.e. overlapping 95% credible intervals). Corroborating existing research, effects of adjacent herbaceous buffers are likely real, but neither pervasive nor strong. 5. Synthesis and applications. Conservation practices targeted to grassland species often produce measurable conservation benefits for target species. However, biodiversity return for investment would be further increased if targeted practices could be deployed in ways that also produce benefits for non-target species in adjacent habitats. Our results suggest that additional benefits for non-target species using adjacent forest habitat are likely to be modest, so conservation planning should focus on species targeted by the conservation practices and avoidance of potential negative impacts on those species when positive benefits to adjacent habitat are weak or lacking.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Development of a simple, practice-based tool to assess quality of paediatric emergency care delivery in resource-limited settings: identifying critical actions via a Delphi study

Objective: Provision of timely, high-quality care for the initial management of critically ill children in African hospitals remains a challenge. Monitoring the completion of critical actions during resuscitations can inform efforts to reduce variability and improve outcomes. We sought to develop a practice-based tool based on contextually relevant actions identified via a Delphi process. Our goal was to develop a tool that could identify gaps in care, facilitate identification of training and standardized assessment to support quality improvement efforts. Design: Six sentinel conditions were selected based on disease epidemiology and mortality at rural and urban African emergency departments. Potential critical actions were identified through focused literature review. These actions were evaluated within a three-round modified Delphi process. A set of logistical filters was applied to the candidate list to derive a practice-based tool. Setting and participants: Attendees at an international emergency medicine conference comprised an expert panel of 25 participants, with 84% working primarily in African settings. Consensus rounds allowing novel responses were conducted via online and in-person surveys. Results: The expert panel generated 199 actions that apply to six conditions in emergently ill children. Application of appropriateness criteria refined this to 92 candidate actions across seven categories: core skills, active seizure, altered mental status, diarrheal illness, febrile illness, respiratory distress, polytrauma. From these, we identified 28 actions for inclusion in a practice-based tool contextually relevant to the initial management of critically ill children in Africa. Conclusions: A group consensus process identified critical actions for severely ill children with select sentinel conditions in emergency paediatric care in an African setting. Absence of these actions during resuscitation might reflect modifiable gaps in quality of care. The resulting practice-based tool is context-relevant and can serve as a foundation for training and quality improvement efforts in African hospitals and emergency departments.

Data from: Dispersal and diversity in experimental metacommunities: linking theory and practice

There has been a recent rise in the number of experiments investigating the effect of dispersal on diversity, with many of the predictions for these tests derived from metacommunity theory. Despite the promise of linking observed relationships between dispersal and diversity to underlying metacommunity processes, empirical studies have faced challenges in providing robust tests of theory. We review experimental studies that have tested how dispersal affects metacommunity diversity to determine why shortcomings emerge, and to provide a framework for empirical tests of theory that capture the processes structuring diversity in natural metacommunities. We first summarize recent experimental work to outline trends in results and to highlight common methods that cause a misalignment between empirical studies and the processes described by theory. We then identify the undesired implications of three widely used experimental methods that homogenize metacommunity structure or species traits, and present alternative methods that have been used to successfully integrate experiments and theory in a biologically relevant way. Finally, we present methodological and theoretical insights from three related ecological fields (coexistence, food web and priority effects theory) that, if integrated into metacommunity experiments, could help isolate the independent and joint effects of local interactions and dispersal on diversity, and reveal the mechanisms underlying observed dispersal–diversity patterns. Together, these methods can provide stronger tests of existing theory and stimulate new theoretical explorations.

Data from: How do patients and health workers interact around malaria rapid diagnostic testing, and how are the tests experienced by patients in practice? A qualitative study in western Uganda

Background: Successful scale-up in the use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) requires that patients accept testing and treatment based on RDT results and that healthcare providers treat according to test results. Patient-provider communication is a key component of quality care, and leads to improved patient satisfaction, higher adherence to treatment and better health outcomes. Voiced or perceived patient expectations are also known to influence treatment decision-making among healthcare providers. While there has been a growth in literature on provider practices around rapid testing for malaria, there has been little analysis of inter-personal communication around the testing process. We investigated how healthcare providers and patients interact and engage throughout the diagnostic and treatment process, and how the testing service is experienced by patients in practice. Methods: This research was conducted alongside a larger study which explored determinants of provider treatment decision-making following negative RDT results in a rural district (Kibaale) in mid-western Uganda, ten months after RDT introduction. Fifty-five patients presenting with fever were observed during routine outpatient visits at 12 low-level public health facilities. Observation captured communication practices relating to test purpose, results, diagnosis and treatment. All observed patients or caregivers were immediately followed up with in-depth interview. Analysis followed the 'framework' approach. A summative approach was also used to analyse observation data. Results: Providers failed to consistently communicate the reasons for carrying out the test, and particularly to RDT-negative patients, a diagnostic outcome or the meaning of test results, also leading to confusion over what the test can detect. Patients appeared to value testing, but were frustrated by the lack of communication on outcomes. RDT-negative patients were dissatisfied by the absence of information on an alternative diagnosis and expressed uncertainty around adequacy of proposed treatment. Conclusions: Poor provider communication practices around the testing process, as well as limited inter-personal exchange between providers and patients, impacted on patients' perceptions of their proposed treatment. Patients have a right to health information and may be more likely to accept and adhere to treatment when they understand their diagnosis and treatment rationale in relation to their perceived health needs and visit expectations.

Data from: Proxies in practice: calibration and validation of multiple indices of animal abundance

The abundance of individuals in a population is a fundamental metric in basic and applied ecology, but sampling protocols yielding precise and unbiased estimates of abundance are often cost prohibitive. Proxies of abundance are therefore common, but require calibration and validation. There are many ways to calibrate a proxy, and it is not obvious which will perform best. We use data from eight populations of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) on the Oregon coast where multiple proxies of abundance were obtained contemporaneously with independent mark-recapture estimates. We combined multiple proxy values associated with a single level of abundance into a univariate index and then calibrated that index to mark-recapture estimates using several different techniques. We tested our calibration methods using leave-one-out cross validation and simulation. Our cross-validation analysis did not definitively identify a single best calibration technique for all populations, but we could identify consistently inferior approaches. The simulations suggested that incorporating the known mark-recapture uncertainty into the calibration technique added bias and imprecision. Cross validation techniques should be used to test multiple methods of calibrating multiple proxies to an estimate of abundance. Critical uncertainties with the application of calibrated proxies still exist, and cost-benefit analysis should be performed to help identify optimal monitoring designs.

Data from: Isotaphonomy in concept and practice: an exploration of vertebrate microfossil bonebeds in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Judith River Formation, north-central Montana

Vertebrate microfossil bonebeds (VMBs)—localized concentrations of small resilient vertebrate hard parts—are commonly studied to recover otherwise rarely found small-bodied taxa, and to document relative taxonomic abundance and species richness in ancient vertebrate communities. Analyses of taphonomic comparability among VMBs have often found significant differences in size and shape distributions, and thus considered them to be non-isotaphonomic. Such outcomes of "strict" statistical tests of isotaphonomy suggest discouraging limits on the potential for broad, comparative paleoecological reconstruction using VMBs. Yet it is not surprising that sensitive statistical tests highlight variations among VMB sites, especially given the general lack of clarity with regard to the definition of "strict" isotaphonomic comparability. We rigorously sampled and compared six VMB localities representing two distinct paleoenvironments (channel and pond/lake) of the Upper Cretaceous Judith River Formation to evaluate biases related to sampling strategies and depositional context. Few defining distinctions in bioclast size and shape are evident in surface collections, and most site-to-site comparisons of sieved collections are indistinguishable (p≤0.003). These results provide a strong case for taphonomic equivalence among the majority of Judith River VMBs, and bode well for future studies of paleoecology, particularly in relation to investigations of faunal membership and community structure in Late Cretaceous wetland ecosystems. The taphonomic comparability of pond/lake and channel-hosted VMBs in the Judith River Formation is also consistent with a formative model that contends that channel-hosted VMBs were reworked from pre-existing pond/lake assemblages, and thus share taphonomic history.

Data from: Tropical ancient DNA from bulk archaeological fish bone reveals the subsistence practices of a historic coastal community in southwest Madagascar

Taxonomic identification of archaeological fish bones provides important insights into the subsistence practices of ancient coastal peoples. However, it can be difficult to execute robust morphological identification of fish bones from species-rich fossil assemblages, especially from post-cranial material with few distinguishing features. Fragmentation, weathering and burning further impede taxonomic identification, resulting in large numbers of unidentifiable bones from archaeological sites. This limitation can be somewhat mitigated by taking an ancient DNA (aDNA) bulk-bone metabarcoding (BBM) approach to faunal identification, where DNA from non-diagnostic bone fragments is extracted and sequenced in parallel. However, a large proportion of fishing communities (both past and present) live in tropical regions that have sub-optimal conditions for long-term aDNA preservation. To date, the BBM method has never been applied to fish bones before, or to fossils excavated from an exposed context within a tropical climate. Here, we demonstrate that morphologically indistinct bulk fish bone from the tropics can be identified by sequencing aDNA extracted from 100 to 300 ya archaeological midden material in southwest Madagascar. Despite the biases of the approach, we rapidly obtained family, genus, and species-level assemblage information, and used this to describe a subset of the ichthyofauna exploited by an 18th century fishing community. We identified 23 families of fish, including benthic, pelagic, and coral-dwelling fishes, suggesting a reliance on a variety of marine and brackish habitats. When possible, BBM should be used alongside osteological approaches to address the limitations of both; however, this study highlights how genetic methods can nevertheless be a valuable tool for helping resolve faunal assemblages when morphological identification is hindered by taphonomic processes, lack of adequate comparative collections, and time constraints, and can provide a temporal perspective on fish biodiversity in the context of accelerated exploitation of the marine environment.

opencc-zeroSep 2019View details →

Data from: The Fear Reduction Exercised Early (FREE) approach to management of low back pain in general practice: a pragmatic cluster-randomised controlled trial

Background: Effective and cost-effective primary care treatments for low back pain (LBP) are required to reduce the burden of the world's most disabling condition. This study aimed to compare the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the Fear Reduction Exercised Early (FREE) approach to LBP (intervention) with usual general practitioner (GP) care (control). Methods and findings: This pragmatic, cluster-randomised controlled trial with process evaluation and parallel economic evaluation was conducted in the Hutt Valley, New Zealand. Eight general practices were randomly assigned (stratified by practice size) with a 1:1 ratio to intervention (4 practices; 34 GPs) or control group (4 practices; 29 GPs). Adults presenting to these GPs with LBP as their primary complaint were recruited. GPs in the intervention practices were trained in the FREE approach, and patients presenting to these practices received care based on the FREE approach. The FREE approach restructures LBP consultations to prioritise early identification and management of barriers to recovery. GPs in control practices did not receive specific training for this study, and patients presenting to these practices received usual care. Between 23 September 2016 and 31 July 2017, 140 eligible patients presented to intervention practices (126 enrolled) and 110 eligible patients presented to control practices (100 enrolled). Patient mean age was 46.1 years (SD 14.4), and 46% were female. The duration of LBP was less than 6 weeks in 88% of patients. Primary outcome was change from baseline in patient participant Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) score at 6 months. Secondary patient outcomes included pain, satisfaction, and psychosocial indices. GP outcomes included attitudes, knowledge, confidence, and GP LBP management behaviour. There was active and passive surveillance of potential harms. Patients and outcome assessors were blind to group assignment. Analysis followed intention-to-treat principles. A total of 122 (97%) patients from 32 GPs in the intervention group and 99 (99%) patients from 25 GPs in the control group were included in the primary outcome analysis. At 6 months, the groups did not significantly differ on the primary outcome (adjusted mean RMDQ score difference 0.57, 95% CI −0.64 to 1.78; p = 0.354) or secondary patient outcomes. The RMDQ difference met the predefined criterion to indicate noninferiority. One control group participant experienced an activity-related gluteal tear, with no other adverse events recorded. Intervention group GPs had improvements in attitudes, knowledge, and confidence compared with control group GPs. Intervention group GP LBP management behaviour became more guideline concordant than the control group. In cost-effectiveness, the intervention dominated control with lower costs and higher Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY) gains. Limitations of this study were that although adequately powered for primary outcome assessment, the study was not powered for evaluating some employment, healthcare use, and economic outcomes. It was also not possible for research nurses (responsible for patient recruitment) to be masked on group allocation for practices. Conclusions: Findings from this study suggest that the FREE approach improves GP concordance with LBP guideline recommendations but does not improve patient recovery outcomes compared with usual care. The FREE approach may reduce unnecessary healthcare use and produce economic benefits. Work participation or health resource use should be considered for primary outcome assessment in future trials of undifferentiated LBP.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: First Latin American clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus: Latin American Group for the Study of Lupus (GLADEL, Grupo Latino Americano de Estudio del Lupus)–Pan-American League of Associations of Rheumatology (PANLAR)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a complex and heterogeneous autoimmune disease, represents a significant challenge for both diagnosis and treatment. Patients with SLE in Latin America face special problems that should be considered when therapeutic guidelines are developed. The objective of the study is to develop clinical practice guidelines for Latin American patients with lupus. Two independent teams (rheumatologists with experience in lupus management and methodologists) had an initial meeting in Panama City, Panama, in April 2016. They selected a list of questions for the clinical problems most commonly seen in Latin American patients with SLE. These were addressed with the best available evidence and summarised in a standardised format following the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. All preliminary findings were discussed in a second face-to-face meeting in Washington, DC, in November 2016. As a result, nine organ/system sections are presented with the main findings; an 'overarching' treatment approach was added. Special emphasis was made on regional implementation issues. Best pharmacologic options were examined for musculoskeletal, mucocutaneous, kidney, cardiac, pulmonary, neuropsychiatric, haematological manifestations and the antiphospholipid syndrome. The roles of main therapeutic options (ie, glucocorticoids, antimalarials, immunosuppressant agents, therapeutic plasma exchange, belimumab, rituximab, abatacept, low-dose aspirin and anticoagulants) were summarised in each section. In all cases, benefits and harms, certainty of the evidence, values and preferences, feasibility, acceptability and equity issues were considered to produce a recommendation with special focus on ethnic and socioeconomic aspects. Guidelines for Latin American patients with lupus have been developed and could be used in similar settings.

opencc-zeroNov 2019View details →

Data from: Association between attitudes of stigma toward mental illness and attitudes toward adoption of evidence-based practice within health care providers in Bahrain

The health care system is one of the key areas where people with mental illnesses could experience stigma. Clinicians can hold stigma attitudes during their interactions with patients with mental illness. To improve the quality of mental health services and primary care, evidence-based practices should be disseminated and implemented. In this study, <a name="_Hlk23098053">we evaluated the attitudes of health care providers in Bahrain toward people with mental illness and adoption of evidence-based practice </a>using the Opening Minds Stigma Scale for Healthcare Providers (OMS-HC) and Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale (EBPAS). We conducted a cross-sectional study across 12 primary health care centers and a psychiatric hospital (the country's main mental health care facility). A self-report questionnaire was distributed among all health care providers. A total of 547 health care providers participated, with 274 from mental health services and 273 from primary care services. Results of the OMS-HC indicated differences between both main groups and subgroups. Regression model analysis reported significant outcomes. There was no statistical difference found between both groups in EBPAS scores. A weak but statistically significant negative association was reported between both scales. Participants showed varying stigma attitudes across different working environments, with less stigma shown in mental health services than in primary care services. <a name="_Hlk23098110">Providers who were more open to adopting evidence-based practices showed less stigma toward people with mental illness. Comparing our findings with previous research</a> showed that health care providers in Bahrain hold more stigma attitudes than other groups studied. We hope that this study serves as an initial step toward future campaigns against the stigma of mental illness in Bahrain and across the region.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2016View details →

Online Appendix for "An Exploratory Study of the State of Practice of Performance Testing in Java-Based Open Source Projects"

Here we collect some raw data and additional material to the paper "An Exploratory Study of the State of Practice of Performance Testing in Java-Based Open Source Projects", by Philipp Leitner and Cor-Paul Bezemer.

FIGURE 22 in The use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice

FIGURE 22. Spectrograms and corresponding oscillograms of the advertisement calls of two anuran species, exemplifying the presence of parallel frequency bands in the spectrogram, although at comparatively low FFT resolution (256; Hanning window function), not representing harmonics, but resulting from a high pulse rate. Left: Section of the advertisement call of Elachistocleis sp., with a pulse rate of 245 pulses/second and a total call duration of 2000‒3040 ms. Right: Advertisement call of Physalaemus albonotatus, with seven recognizable and modulated frequency bands. Its call is exceptionally fastly pulsed, with an approximate rate of 470 pulses/second. Figures modified and data taken from Köhler (2000). Spectrograms and oscillograms produced with CoolEdit Pro.

FIGURE 8 in The use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice

FIGURE 8. Comparative oscillograms of notes of four anuran species, illustrating differences in amplitude modulation and respective differences in descriptive terminology, particularly the bioacoustical application of the term pulse as defined herein.

FIGURE 5 in The use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice

FIGURE 5. Spectrograms and oscillograms of anuran advertisement calls conforming to the general sound categories proposed by Beeman (1998) for animals (and slightly modified herein). All graphics produced with the R package Seewave (Sueur et al. 2008a), from recordings of AmphibiawebEcuador.org (Hypsiboas tetete: Hylidae), Dendrobates.org (Andinobates fulguritus: Dendrobatidae), Vences et al. (2006) (Rhombophryne coronata: Microhylidae), Du Preez & Carruthers (2009) (Ptychadena anchietae: Ptychadenidae; Tomopterna marmorata and Amietia angolensis: Pyxicephalidae), Cocroft et al. (2001) (Ceratophrys cornuta: Ceratophryidae), Elliot et al. (2009) (Dryophytes andersonii: Hylidae). All spectrograms at Hanning window function, 512 bands resolution.

FIGURE 3 in The use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice

FIGURE 3. Two calls of Dryophytes andersonii (recording taken from Elliot et al. 2009) depicted in exemplary spectrogram, oscillogram and power spectrum, showing units and explaining details and analytical purpose of the graphs. Graphs were produced with the R package Seewave (Sueur et al. 2008a).

FIGURE 2 in The use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice

FIGURE 2. Vocal sac variation in anurans. Except for Ceratophrys cranwelli (emitting a warning call with open mouth) and the pictured specimens of Hyperolius (emitting advertisement calls with aggressive components in male-male combat) all pictured specimens are emitting advertisement calls. Phrynobatrachus alleni is suspected to use its yellow vocal sac for visual signalling, and a visual function is also probable for the bright white vocal sacs of the two Guibemantis species, and of other frogs. All hyperoliids (such as Hyperolius viridiflavus shown here) have gular glands on the vocal sac that might have a visual function, in addition to probably producing pheromones (Starnberger et al. 2013). Note that the distinction between vocal sac types is not always clear; for instance, the vocal sacs of Rana temporaria and Boophis tsilomaro can be considered as partially paired subgular and partially paired lateral. All photos by the authors except Trachycephalus typhonius and Pseudopaludicola jaredi (by Daniel Loebmann).

FIGURE 11 in The use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice

FIGURE 11. Box plots of Q 10 values reported in the literature for four call traits in 20 different species of amphibians. The red line indicates no temperature effects (Q 10 = 1). CD, call duration; DF, dominant frequency; PR, pulse rate; CR, call rate.