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FIGURES 7–18 in Neotropical Physoderinae revisited, with description of a new, sexually dimorphic species of Leptophysoderes Weirauch (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

FIGURES 7–18. Details of the holotype (UCR_ENT 00014363) and the male paratype (UCR_ENT 00014362) of Leptophysoderes sarapiqui, sp. nov. Dorsal (7, 9, 10, 11, 17), lateral (12–16), and ventral (8, 18) shots of: 7, head; 8, 9, head and thorax, showing armature on legs, e.g. long setae of anteroventral series of tubercles on protibia; 10, pronotum; 11, scutellum; 12, fore- and midlegs; 13, apical half of protibia showing posteroventral series of 3 tubercles with spiniform setae; 14, 15, midleg; 16, hindleg; 17, hemelytra; 18, abdomen.

FIGURES 1–6 in Neotropical Physoderinae revisited, with description of a new, sexually dimorphic species of Leptophysoderes Weirauch (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

FIGURES 1–6. Habitus of Leptophysoderes sarapiqui, sp. nov. males (1–4) and one immature (5, 6). 1, 2, 5 dorsal views; 3, ventral view; 4, 6 lateral views. UCR_ENT 00014363 is the holotype, UCR_ENT 00014362 the male paratype.

FIGURES 19–27 in Neotropical Physoderinae revisited, with description of a new, sexually dimorphic species of Leptophysoderes Weirauch (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

FIGURES 19–27. Genitalic features of the male paratype (UCR_ENT 00014362) of Leptophysoderes sarapiqui, sp. nov. Pygophore: 19–21: 19, ventral view, showing parameres in situ; 20, dorsal view; 21, ventral view, showing everted endosoma; Parameres: 22–23: 22 left paramere, dorsal view; 23, right paramere, ventral view; Phallus: 24–27: 24, 25 lateral view, left and right aspect, respectively, 25 more clearly showing the dorsal phallothecal sclerite; 26, ventral; 27, dorsal.

FIGURES 40, 41 in Sexual dimorphism in Autogneta, with description of three new species from North America and new diagnosis of the genus (Acari, Oribatida, Autognetidae)

FIGURES 40, 41.Autogneta schusteri sp. nov., adults, ventral aspect, from genital plate posteriorly: 40, female; 41, male. Scale bar = 50.

FIGURES 23, 24 in Sexual dimorphism in Autogneta, with description of three new species from North America and new diagnosis of the genus (Acari, Oribatida, Autognetidae)

FIGURES 23, 24.Autogneta flaheyi sp. nov., adult male, 23, dorsal aspect, legs not illustrated, except for proximal segments of legs I–III; 24, ventral aspect. Scale bar = 50.

FIGURES 1–3. Autogneta amnica Jacot. 1 in Sexual dimorphism in Autogneta, with description of three new species from North America and new diagnosis of the genus (Acari, Oribatida, Autognetidae)

FIGURES 1–3. Autogneta amnica Jacot. 1, adult female, dorsal aspect, legs not illustrated, except for proximal segments of leg I and II; 2, adult female, ventral aspect from genital plate posteriorly; 3, adult male, ventral aspect of posterior region. Scale bar = 50.

FIGURES 37–39 in Sexual dimorphism in Autogneta, with description of three new species from North America and new diagnosis of the genus (Acari, Oribatida, Autognetidae)

FIGURES 37–39. Autogneta schusteri sp. nov., adults, dorsal aspect: 37, female, legs not illustrated, except for proximal segments of leg I and II; 38, male, legs not illustrated, except for proximal segments of legs I–III; 39, male, detail of posterior of notogaster (specimen flattened, and partially broken). Scale bar = 50.

FIGURES 25–30 in Sexual dimorphism in Autogneta, with description of three new species from North America and new diagnosis of the genus (Acari, Oribatida, Autognetidae)

FIGURES 25–30. Autogneta flaheyi sp. nov., adults. Differential interference contrast microscope images: 25, female, prodorsum and anterior of notogaster, with arrow to ridge lateral of costula; 26, female, detail of posterior of prodorsum with arrow to posterior tubercles; 27, female, posterior of notogaster (3 layers combined); 28, male, posterior of notogaster (3 layers combined); 29, male, posterior of notogaster, in same focal plane as Fig. 27; 30, male, posterior of notogaster, showing porose area. Scale bar: 25, 26 = 20, 27–30 = 10.

FIGURES 4–9 in Sexual dimorphism in Autogneta, with description of three new species from North America and new diagnosis of the genus (Acari, Oribatida, Autognetidae)

FIGURES 4–9. Autogneta amnica Jacot. Differential interference contrast microscope images of adults: 4, male, prodorsum and anterior of notogaster, cluster of tubercles anterolaterally indicated by arrow (2 layers combined); 5, female, prodorsum (arrow to posterior apophysis) (4 layers combined); 6, male, posterior of coxisternum and genital plate, arrow to cluster of tubercles posterior of acetabulum IV (3 layers combined); 7, male, prodorsum, white arrow to cluster of tubercles anterolaterally, black arrow to transverse ridge from anterior apophysis of enantiophysis E (3 layers combined); 8, male, posterior of notogaster, arrow to porose area (4 layers combined); 9, male, posterior of notogaster, porose area indicated by arrow (2 layers combined). Scale bar: 4–8 = 20, 9 = 10.

FIGURES 10, 11 in Sexual dimorphism in Autogneta, with description of three new species from North America and new diagnosis of the genus (Acari, Oribatida, Autognetidae)

FIGURES 10, 11. Autogneta aokii sp. nov., adults: 10, female, dorsal aspect, legs not illustrated; 11, male, dorsal aspect, legs not illustrated. Scale bars = 50.

FIGURES 12–15 in Sexual dimorphism in Autogneta, with description of three new species from North America and new diagnosis of the genus (Acari, Oribatida, Autognetidae)

FIGURES 12–15. Autogneta aokii sp. nov., adult female, legs I–IV, all antiaxial aspect. 12, Leg I, trochanter not illustrated, with arrows to tubercles on femur and seta v' on genus. 13, Leg II, trochanter not illustrated. 14, Leg III, trochanter not illustrated. 15, Leg IV. Scale bar = 20.

opennotspecifiedJan 2023View details →

FIGURES 44–47. Hemicolpus abdominalis external sexual dimorphism 44 in A new seed-feeding species of Hemicolpus Heller, 1895 from south Brazil and redescription of Hemicolpus abdominalis Hustache, 1938 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Conoderinae)

FIGURES 44–47. Hemicolpus abdominalis external sexual dimorphism 44) Lateral view of the male rostrum. 45) Lateral view of the female rostrum. Scale bars = 0.5 mm. 46) Male ventral view, showing the depression and the yellowish patch of scales on the first ventrite (red arrow) and the pair of tubercles on the second abdominal ventrite (blue arrow). 47) Female ventral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2023View details →

Sex differences in the behavioural traits across ontogenetic stages in a sexually-size dimorphic spider

Data collected on males and females of the spider species Dolomedes fimbriatus. Behavioural biology, the relationship of sex, age and body mass to voracity, boldness and propensity to attack a simulated attacker throughout ontogeny. ID = individual code Gender = 0 - female; 1 - male Stage = 1 - juvenile; 2 - sub-adult; 3 - adult Repeat = the sequence number of the experiment repetition Boldess = Score for boldness experiments (0 - bold; 5 - shy) Voracity = Score for voracity experiment (0 - did not take a fly; 1 - took a fly) Attack = Score for propensity to attack simulated prefator (0 - did not attack; 1- attacked) Mass = Specimens body mass at the time of experiment in grams Age = Specimens age at the time of experiment in days before (negative) and after (positive) final molt Difference in masa = The difference in body mass between consecutive experiments for a specimen    Difference in age = The difference in age between consecutive experiments for a specimen Difference Boldness = The difference in boldness scores between consecutive experiments for a specimen Absolute Difference Boldness = The absolute difference in boldness scores between consecutive experiments for a specimen    Difference Voracity = The difference in voracity scores between consecutive experiments for a specimen     Absolute Difference Voracity = The absolute difference in voracity scores between consecutive experiments for a specimen    Difference Attack = The difference in attack scores between consecutive experiments for a specimen Absolute Difference Attack = The absolute difference in attack scores between consecutive experiments for a specimen

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Data for: Microglia phagocytosis determines the volume and function of the rat Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus of the Preoptic Area

The Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus of the Preoptic Area (SDN-POA) is the oldest and most robust sex difference reported in mammalian brain and is singular for its presence across a wide range of species from rodents to ungulates to man. This small collection of Nissl dense neurons is reliably larger in volume in males. Yet, despite its notoriety and intense interrogation, both the mechanism establishing the sex difference and the functional role of the SDN have remained elusive. Convergent evidence from rodent studies led to the conclusion that testicular androgens aromatized to estrogens are neuroprotective in males and that higher apoptosis (naturally occurring cell death) in females determines their smaller SDN. In several species, including humans, a smaller SDN correlates with a preference for mating with males. We report here that this volume difference is dependent upon a participatory role of phagocytic microglia which engulf more neurons in the female SDN and assure their destruction . Selectively blocking microglia phagocytosis temporarily spared neurons from apoptotic death and increased SDN volume in females without hormone treatment. Increasing the number of neurons in the SDN in neonatal females resulted in loss of preference for male odors in adulthood, an effect paralleled by dampened excitation of SDN neurons as evidenced by reduced IEG expression when exposed to male urine. Thus, the mechanism establishing a sex difference in SDN volume includes an essential role for microglia, and SDN function as a regulator of sexual partner preference is confirmed.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Unexpected degrees of male courtship in a highly sexually dimorphic sex-role reversed species: raw data

This repository contains the behavioural data collected from video recordings of 10 mesocosms containing *S. nigra* males and females (which were run in 2020-2021). The goals of the study are to: 1. Describe the courtship behaviours of these sexually dimorphic fish 2. Establish whether one sex is more active in courtship than the other 3. Determine factors the influence sex-specific behaviours The data provided here are in two zipped directories: Chase_datasheets/ and BORIS_data/. Both contain data from analysis of videos in BORIS. The BORIS_data/ contains the majority of the courtship behaviours, but the videos were re-analysed to investigate chase behaviours after the courtship behaviours were scored. The chase behaviour data is in Chase_datasheets/.

Figure 6 in Diversity and evolution of sexually dimorphic mental and lateral glands in Cophomantini treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)

Figure 6. Taxonomic distribution and optimization of six selected characters in the phylogenetic hypothesis of Cophomantini modified from Faivovich et al. (2013) for Hypsiboas. For symbols and comments, see Fig. 5.

Figure 3 in Diversity and evolution of sexually dimorphic mental and lateral glands in Cophomantini treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)

Figure 3. Light micrographs of cross sections of the mental skin region of some species of Cophomantini: A, Hypsiboas pulchellus (). B, Hypsiboas pulchellus (). C, Hypsiboas benitezi (). D, Hypsiboas benitezi (). E, Aplastodiscus leucopygius (). F, Aplastodiscus leucopygius (). G, H, Hyloscirtus palmeri (). I, Hyloscirtus palmeri (). J, Hypsiboas faber (). K, Hypsiboas faber (). L, Aplastodiscus eugenioi (). M, Hyloscirtus caucanus (). N, Hypsiboas heilprini (). O, Bokermannohyla saxicola (). A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, comparative sections between males and females. A, B, There are no distinguishable differences between males and females; only ordinary mucous glands (OMGs) and ordinary serous gland (OSGs) can be recognized in both sexes. C, E, L, sexually dimorphic skin glands (SDSGs) are closely packed with their secretory portion in a single layer, and specialized mucous glands (SMGs) are of the alveolar type. Specialized serous glands (SSGs) are present in (E) and (L) but are absent in (C). Note in (L) the lack of differences in the thickness of stratum spongiosum (ss) in the mental gland region in comparison with surrounding region. Also, some SMGs are scattered out of the region of higher glandular density. G, H, the mental gland has a notorious thickening of the ss and a reduction of stratum compactum. SMGs of tubuloalveolar morphology are closely packed with their secretory portion in a single layer. Note the absence of SSGs and OSGs. J, N, mental glands are characterized by the disposition of the secretory portion of different glands in two layers, SMGs of the tubuloalveolar morphology, and the occurrence of SSGs. Note the differences in thickness of the ss in (N). M, O, both glands are characterized by the presence of scattered SDSG but, although they are of the mucous type in (M), they are of the serous type in (O). Histological staining: A, B, K, Masson–Goldner's trichrome; G, I, J, N, Masson's thricrome; C, D, H, L, M, Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff; E, F, semithin sections after toluidine blue-basic fuchsin stain; (O) Sudan black B. sc, stratum compactum; ss, stratum xspongiosum. Note limits of sc and ss within arrows. Scale bars = 100 μm.

Figure 1 in Diversity and evolution of sexually dimorphic mental and lateral glands in Cophomantini treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)

Figure 1. The mental region in preserved male specimens of some species of Cophomantini. A, Hypsiboas pulchellus. B, Hypsiboas albomarginatus. C, Hypsiboas faber. D, Hyloscirtus caucanus. E, Aplastodiscus periviridis. F, Hypsiboas pombali. G, Hyloscirtus palmeri. H, Hyloscirtus colymba. A, B, mental region in species lacking sexually dimorphic skin glands (SDSGs). C, D, mental region in species in which SDSGs are discernible only after histological analysis. Note that, in A–D, variation in the colour and structure of the skin is independent of the occurrence of SDSGs. E, F, the mental gland is distinguished by a yellowish or brownish colour, with individual glands observed under magnification. G, H, the gland protrudes from surrounding skin, which becomes evident by a ridge around it. Arrowheads indicate the limits of the glandular area, which is approximate in (C) and (D). Scale bars = 5 mm. (Colour version of figure available online.)

Figure 4 in Diversity and evolution of sexually dimorphic mental and lateral glands in Cophomantini treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)

Figure 4. Light micrographs of cross-section of lateral skin regions of males of some species of Cophomantini: A, Hypsiboas pulchellus. B, Hypsiboas albomarginatus. C, Bokermannohyla pseudopseudis. D, Hypsiboas semilineatus. E, Hypsiboas heilprini. F, Aplastodiscus perviridis. G, Hypsiboas faber. H, Hypsiboas albopunctatus. I, J, K, L, Hypsiboas pombali. A, B, lateral glands are absent. Note the occurrence of only ordinary glands within the stratum spongiosum. C, D, lateral glands are characterized by the occurrence of both dimorphic skin glands, specialized mucous glands (SMGs) and specialized serous glands (SSGs), scattered in the integument. Notice differences in the size and staining properties of ordinary mucous glands (OMGs). E, F, glands are highly packed and their secretory portion disposed in a single layer. E, SMGs of the tubuloalveolar morphology. F, SMGs of the alveolar type and also SSGs. G, H, the secretory portions of glands are disposed in two layers. Notice the difference in size of the SMGs. I–L, differences in structural and histochemical properties of SMGs, ordinary serous gland (OSGs) and SSGs. Histological staining: A, B, H, Masson's trichrome; I, Masson–Goldner's trichrome; C, D, E, F, J, Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff; G, L, Coomassie Blue R250; K, Sudan black B. sc, stratum compactum; SMG; ss, stratum spongiosum; SSG, specialized serous gland. Scale bars = 100 μm.

Figure 2 in Diversity and evolution of sexually dimorphic mental and lateral glands in Cophomantini treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)

Figure 2. The lateral region in fixed specimens of some species of Cophomantini: A, Hypsiboas pulchellus (). B, Hypsiboas raniceps (). C, Bokermannohyla pseudopseudis (). D, Hypsiboas albopunctatus (). E, Aplastodiscus perviridis (). F, Aplastodiscus perviridis (). G, Hypsiboas heilprini (). H, Hypsiboas punctatus (; Brunetti et al., 2012). A, B, lateral regions in species lacking sexually dimorphic skin glands (SDSGs). C, D, lateral regions in species in which SDSGs are discernible only after histological analysis. Note that, in A–D, variation in the colour and structure of the skin is independent of the occurrence of SDSGs. E, F, the lateral gland in most cases is discernible only upon careful comparison between males (E) and females (F). E, G, H, in those cases in which it is macroscopically evident, the gland presents two different morphologies: slightly distinct skin yellowish or cream-coloured, with individual glands visible under high magnification (E, G), or pale yellow individual glands clearly distinguished without magnification (H). Note that the gland limits are often difficult to define macroscopically; broken lines indicate the putative limits of the glandular area. Scale bars = 5 mm. (Colour version of figure available online.)