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Figure 1 in Basilaphelenchus hyrcanus n. sp. (Rhabditida: Tylaphelenchinae) associated with bark of a beech tree (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) from northern Iran

Figure 1: Line drawing of BaSilaphelenChUS hyrCanUS n. sp. (A) Female entire body – (B) Male entire body – (C) Female head – (D) Vulval region – (E) Anterior body – (F) Male posterior region in lateral view showing genital papillae (P2-P4) − (G) Female posterior region (Scale bars: A-C and E, F = 10 μm; D, G = 20 μm.)

Figure 4 in Basilaphelenchus hyrcanus n. sp. (Rhabditida: Tylaphelenchinae) associated with bark of a beech tree (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) from northern Iran

Figure 4: Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree inferred from the D2-D3 large subunit (LSU) rDNA gene sequences of BaSilaphelenChUS hyrCanUS n. sp. under the GTR + G + I model. Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) and maximum likelihood bootstrap (ML BS) values greater than 0.50 and 50, respectively, are given for appropriate clades in the pattern of BPP/ML BS. The new species taxon is represented in bold.

Figure 2 in Basilaphelenchus hyrcanus n. sp. (Rhabditida: Tylaphelenchinae) associated with bark of a beech tree (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) from northern Iran

Figure 2: Photomicrographs of BaSilaphelenChUS hyrCanUS n. sp. (A-C) Female anterior body – (D) Part of pharynx– (E-G) Metacorpus region showing excretory pore (arrowhead) – (H) Lateral field – (I) Male posterior body showing spicules and papillae arrangement (P2 + P4 arrowheads) – (J, K) Vulval region showing post-vulval uterine sac (arrowhead) – (L, M) Female tail (Scale bars = 10 μm.)

Figure 3 in Basilaphelenchus hyrcanus n. sp. (Rhabditida: Tylaphelenchinae) associated with bark of a beech tree (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) from northern Iran

Figure 3: Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree inferred from the small subunit (SSU) rDNA gene sequences of BaSilaphelenChUS hyrCanUS n. sp. under the GTR + G + I model. Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) and maximum likelihood bootstrap (ML BS) values greater than 0.50 and 50, respectively, are given for appropriate clades in the pattern of BPP/ML BS. The new species taxon is represented in bold.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2020View details →

Fig. 2 in New records of bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) from Cuba with description of a new species

Fig. 2. Holotype of Xylosandrus aurinegro sp. nov., female, from lef to right: lateral view, dorsal view, posterior oblique view of declivity, anterior view of head. Specimen: 2.15 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2020View details →

Fig. 1 in New records of bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) from Cuba with description of a new species

Fig. 1. Sample-unit based species accumulation curve with diversity estimates for interpolated (continuous line) and extrapolated (dashed line) samples.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Linked collectors and determiners for: Bitunicate ascomycetes (Dothideomycetes and Chaetothyriomycetidae) on bark and wood of selected hosts in Norway.

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Bitunicate ascomycetes (Dothideomycetes and Chaetothyriomycetidae) on bark and wood of selected hosts in Norway". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/ca0d8107-a2bd-47a1-91a1-250179b534ec">https://bionomia.net/dataset/ca0d8107-a2bd-47a1-91a1-250179b534ec</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/ca0d8107-a2bd-47a1-91a1-250179b534ec">https://gbif.org/dataset/ca0d8107-a2bd-47a1-91a1-250179b534ec</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Linked collectors and determiners for: First records of the Palaestes abruptus Sharp, 1899 and P. nicaraguae Sharp, 1899 (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) from South America, with a checklist of flat bark beetles from the continent.

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "First records of the Palaestes abruptus Sharp, 1899 and P. nicaraguae Sharp, 1899 (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) from South America, with a checklist of flat bark beetles from the continent". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/8d619e0e-dc22-4985-a2c9-43132c6ae0d6">https://bionomia.net/dataset/8d619e0e-dc22-4985-a2c9-43132c6ae0d6</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/8d619e0e-dc22-4985-a2c9-43132c6ae0d6">https://gbif.org/dataset/8d619e0e-dc22-4985-a2c9-43132c6ae0d6</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Linked collectors and determiners for: Vermont Bark and Ambrosia Beetle Records - Vermont Department of Forest, Parks and Recreation.

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Vermont Bark and Ambrosia Beetle Records - Vermont Department of Forest, Parks and Recreation". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/2ff00ea3-8fa2-41bf-9bf0-273ed628c1d8">https://bionomia.net/dataset/2ff00ea3-8fa2-41bf-9bf0-273ed628c1d8</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/2ff00ea3-8fa2-41bf-9bf0-273ed628c1d8">https://gbif.org/dataset/2ff00ea3-8fa2-41bf-9bf0-273ed628c1d8</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

FIG. 18 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 18. — Secondary phloem of Adenocalymma: A-G, transverse sections; A, Adenocalymma bracteatum, thin fiber bands. Single periderm with a thin-walled phellem, and a thick-walled phelloderm; B, Adenocalymma flaviflorum variant phloem. Non-fibrous, sieve tubes in radial multiples of 2 till 5 cells. Rays lignify when crossing the fiber bands; C, Detail of the variant phloem of Adenocalymma flaviflorum. Sieve tubes typically with two companion cells, each lying on a different corner. Axial parenchyma as the background tissue; D, Adenocalymma divaricatum variant phloem. Fibrous-phloem. Sieve tubes in tangential arrangement. Rays with portions lignified and non-lignified; E, Adenocalymma comosum variant phloem. Semi-fibrous phloem. U-shaped fiber bands. Sieve tubes in radial multiples of two to three cells, rarely solitary; F, G, Adenocalymma alboaurantiacum variant phloem. Fibrous-phloem. Sieve tubes with a tangential arrangement. Rays sometimes lignify when crossing the fiber bands. Axial parenchyma sieve-tube-centric. Crystals abundant; G, detail of the styloid crystals in rays (arrowhead). Prismatic crystals also present. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone; pe, periderm; x, secondary xylem. Scale bars: A, D, 200 μm; B, E, 150 μm; C, G, 50 μm; F, 100 μm.

FIG. 17 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 17. — Secondary phloem of Adenocalymma mirabile: A-C, Adenocalymma mirabile transverse-sections; A, regular phloem. Thin to thick fiber bands. Periderm with stratified phellem, with alternating thin and thick-walled, lignified cells. Phelloderm thick, with over 3 cell layers; B, overall view of the variant phloem. Non-fibrous to semi-fibrous phloem. Fiber bands thin to thick, U-shaped in several portions. Limiting ray lignified to both xylem and phloem face; C, detail of the variant phloem. Rays alternate in being lignified or not. Prismatic crystals present in rays (arrowheads). Sieve tubes in short radial or tangential multiples. Abbreviations: pe, periderm; x, secondary xylem. Scale bars: A, C, 200 μm; B, 300 μm.

FIG. 16 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 16. — Secondary phloem of Dolichandra: A-D, transverse sections; B, Dolichandra unguiculata. All other photos are from Dolichandra unguiscati; A, limiting rays non-lignified, tend to expand and divide (arrows), non-fibrous phloem. Thin fiber bands; B, non-fibrous phloem, sieve tubes in short radial multiples. Limiting rays non-lignified; C, pith also undergo divisions, uniting to divisions at the limiting rays (arrowheads). Nonconducting phloem collapsed; D, detail of the conducting variant phloem. Sieve tubes (arrows) with one or two companion cells. Acicular crystals abundant; E, tangential section. Storied structure in both axial and ray cells; F, radial section. Sieve tube elements with compound sieve plates (arrow). Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone; pi, pith. Scale bars: A, 200 μm; B, E, 150 μm; C, 500 μm; D, 50 μm; F, 100 μm.

FIG. 15 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 15. — Secondary phloem of Amphilophium: A-G, Amphilophium crucigerum; A-E, transverse sections; A, periderm with a stratified phellem, with an alternation of thick-walled lignified cells, and thin-walled, non-lignified cells. Phelloderm thick; B, prismatic crystals abundant in the phellem (arrowheads); C, included phloem wedge forms interxylary phloem in the genus. The cambium remains active and produce phloem in the enclosed wedgde, causing a conspicuous collapse of the nonconducting phloem; D, regular phloem with thin to thick fiber bands. A large portion of the nonconducting undergoes extensive collapse. Some of the rays greatly dilate by division of the ray margins, forming wedge shaped rays. Some ray cells undergo belated sclerosis forming sclereids (arrows); E, detail of the secondary phloem, showing turgid sieve tubes (arrows) with one companion cell lying on its corner. Loss of conductivity happens a few layers away from the cambium, with collapse of the sieve tubes (arrowheads); F, longitudinal radial section. Wide sieve tubes with simple sieve plates. Crystalliferous parenchyma bearing prismatic crystals around fiber band; G, longitudinal tangential section, regular phloem. Axial parenchyma storied, rays wide, with over 5 cells in width. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone. Scale bars: A, C, G, 200 μm; B, F, 100 μm; D, 600 μm; E, 50 μm.

FIG. 14 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 14. — Secondary phloem of the Multiples of four clade: A-E, transverse sections: A-C, E, variant phloem. Non-fibrous, sieve tubes (arrows) in radial multiples. Axial parenchyma also forming radial rows. Crystalliferous parenchyma around fiber bands (arrowheads), prismatic crystals present. In E some styloid crystals along the prismatic crystals. Limiting rays (lr) lignified only to the xylem face. Rays lignify only when crossing the fiber bands in A, B, never lignifying in C; E, fiber bands thin, with two-three layers of cells; A, Bignonia sciuripabulum; B, Mansoa difficilis; C, Pyrostegia venusta; D, Anemopaegma laeve regular phloem; E, Anemopaegma laeve. Sieve tubes (arrows) narrow. Sometimes in assemblages (yellow arrow); F, Mansoa difficilis radial section. Sieve tubes with compound sieve plates (arrowhead) and over a millimeter. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone; lr, limiting ray. Scale bars: A, B, F, 100 μm; C, 200 μm; D, E, 50 μm.

FIG. 20 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 20. — Phylogenetic mapping of the synapomorphies delimited in this study: 1, xylem furrowed by phloem wedges; 2, fibrous or semi-fibrous phloem; 3, multiple of four phloem wedges; 5, prismatic crystals in the phellem (*), found only in Amphilophium crucigerum; 6, storied structure; 7, interxylary phloem; 8, fibers scattered in the phloem; 9, multiple dissected phloem wedges, non-lignified parenchyma in wood; 10, phloem fibers tangentially elongated; 11, four conspicuous phloem arcs; 12, fibers absent in the regular phloem, sclereids found instead; 13, fibers absent in the phloem, sclereids found instead; 14, hollow stems; 15, limiting rays without lateral steps; 16, symmetrical lateral steps on both sides of the phloem wedges.

FIG. 19 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 19. — Secondary phloem of lianas of Tecomeae s.s: A-I, transverse sections: A-C, Campsis radicans; A, Overall view of the secondary phloem. Non-stratified, with scattered individual fibers; B, Detail of the secondary phloem showing individual fibers (arrows); C, detail of the secondary phloem showing the sieve tubes (arrowhead) solitary or in radial multiples of two, with one companion cell. Note the individual fiber (yellow arrow); D-F, Pandorea jasminoides; D, stratified phloem, with fibers bands alternating with sieve tubes and axial parenchyma, interrupted by the rays that do not lignify, not even when crossing the fiber bands; E, detail of the secondary phloem, with sive tubes in radial multiples (arrows), with one companion cell on their corner; F, detail of the single periderm, showing an evenly thinwalled phellem, thick phelloderm. Note the pericyclic fiber strand (arrow); G-I, Podranea ricasoliana; G, overall view of the bark. Rhytidome present, with sequent periderms (arrows) reticulate. Secondary phloem non-fibrous, devoid of fibers,with fibersclereids present in clusters (arrowheads). Course of rays straight; H, detail of the secondary phloem showing the axial parenchyma as the matrix where other cell types are found. Detail of the fibersclereid cluster (arrowhead); I, detail showing the sieve tubes in short radial multiples, with one companion cell lying on their corner (arrows). Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone; pd, phelloderm; pf, pericyclic fibers; ph, phloem; pl, phellem; x, secondary xylem. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, E, I, 50 μm; C, 25 μm; D, F-H, 200 μm. Fig. 19B and C by courtesy of Kishore Rajput.

FIG. 13 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 13. — Secondary phloem of Tanaecium and Callichlamys: A-E, transverse sections: A-C, Tanaecium pyramidatum; A, regular phloem. Tiny sieve tubes (arrows) mostly in assemblages with parenchyma cells. Thin fiber band of up to 3 cells; B, variant phloem to the same scale as the previous photo. Semi-fibrous phloem. Note sieve tubes (arrows) much wider. Rays lignified or not in random portions; C, detail of the variant phloem. Sieve tubes (*) with one to two companion cells (yellow arrows) lying in the same corner of the sieve tube. Sieve-tube-centric axial parenchyma; D, Tanaecium tetramerum, thin fiber bands. Sieve tubes with one companion cell each (insert); E, F, Callichlamys latifolia; E, variant phloem. Sieve tubes (arrows) solitary or in short multiples. Non-fibrous phloem. Fiber bands thin; F, longitudinal tangential section. Sieve tubes (arrows) with inclined, compound sieve plates. Rays uni- to biseriate. Scale bars: A-C 100 μm; D-F, 200 μm; insert, 25 μm.

FIG. 11 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 11. — Secondary phloem of the Cuspidaria-Tynanthus clade: A-F, transverse sections; G, longitudinal tangential section; A, overall view of the phloem at the wedge and interwedges. Fibrous variant phloem, Tynanthus cognatus; B, detail of the variant phloem. Sieve tubes radially elongated (*), generally in tangential multiples, surrounded by sieve-tube-centric parenchyma, all embedded in a matrix of fibers. Two to four companion cells per sieve tube, lying on their corner (arrows), Tynanthus cognatus; C, Fibrous phloem. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in tangential multiples. Sieve-tube centric parenchyma, Cuspidaria convoluta; D-F, comparison of the sieve tube dimensions on regular and variant portion of Tynanthus cognatus; D, regular phloem with thin fiber bands and assemblages (arrows); E, variant phloem. Sieve tubes with two to four (or more) companion cells, lying at the same corner of the sieve tube; F, Variant phloem of Cuspidaria convoluta. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in multiples. Parenchyma band present (arrows); G, sieve tubes are lower than 1 mm, with inclined, compound sieve plates. Rays varying from 2 to 8-seriate. Scale bars: A, G, 200 μm; B, C, 100 μm; D-F, 50 μm.

FIG. 12 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 12. — Secondary phloem of the FridericiaXylophragma clade: A-D, transverse sections; A, Fridericia samydoides, overall view of the phloem wedge, with fibrous phloem, and sieve tubes with a tangential arrangement; B, Fridericia chica variant phloem. Semi-fibrous phloem, with U-shaped fiber bands. Sieve tubes (*) with one or more companion cells lying at the same side of the sieve tube. Rays lignified or not in different portions across the phloem. Radial rows of axial parenchyma sometimes lignify (yellow arrow); C, Fridericia nigrescens variant phloem. Fibrous phloem, sieve tubes in tangential arrangement. Sieve-tube centric axial parenchyma. Axial parenchyma can also form narrows bands across the variant phloem (arrows); D, Xylophragma myrianthum variant phloem. Fibrous phloem. Sieve tubes (*) in tangential arrangement. Sieve-tube-centric axial parenchyma; E, Xylophragma myrianthum tangential section of variant phloem. Uniseriate rays. Sieve tube element (*) with inclined compound sieve plates; F, Fridericia chica radial section of variant phloem. Heterocellular rays, with upright, square, and procumbent cells mixed. Sieve tubes (*) with compound sieve plates with many areas. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, D, 100 μm; C, E, F, 200 μm.

FIG. 10 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 10. — Secondary phloem of Manaosella, Pachyptera, and Lundia. Transverse sections: A-C, Manaosella cordifolia; A, overall view of the phloem wedge and the variant phloem of Manaosella. Stratified, non-fibrous phloem; B, fiber bands of generally three cells, some of which are tangentially very long. Rays lignify when crossing the fiber bands. Sieve tubes (arrows) diffuse; C, Sieve tubes (*) with one companion cell (arrows) lying at one corner of the sieve tube. Axial parenchyma forms the background tissue. Acicular crystals common in axial and ray parenchyma; D-F, Pachyptera aromatica; D, overall view of the regular phloem, with fiber bands formed by 3-4 polygonal fibers. Axial parenchyma forms the background tissue. Nonconducting phloem evident after the first fiber band, with collapse of sieve tubes (arrow) and dilatation of axial and ray parenchyma; E, overall view of the phloem wedge and variant phloem. Stratified, non-fibrous. Sieve tubes in radial arrangement. Axial parenchyma as the background tissue. Rays lignified when crossing the fiber bands. Fiber bands thin to thick; F, detail of the variant phloem. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in multiples. One to two companion cells (arrows) lying to the same side of the sieve tube; G-I, Lundia; G, Lundia glazioviana. Overall view of the phloem wedge, variant and regular phloem. Fibrous phloem. Sieve tubes arranged tangentially or in clusters; H, Lundia damazioi. Regular phloem. Thin fiber bands. Axial parenchyma forms the background tissue. Tiny sieve tubes (arrows); I, Lundia damazioi. Variant phloem. Wide sieve tubes (*) solitary or in multiples. Axial parenchyma sieve-tube-centric. One to two companion cells per sieve tube, lying at the same corner of the sieve tube. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone; fb, fiber band; lr, limiting rays; x, secondary xylem. Scale bars: A, E, 500 μm; B, D, F, I, 100 μm; C, 50 μm; G, 400 μm.