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Figure 1 in Notes on the bionomy of two spider wasp species in an urban forest fragment in Brazil
Figure 1. (A) Female of Auplopus cf. rufipes. Scale bar = 1 mm. (B) Male of Auplopus cf. brasiliensis. Scale bar = 3 mm.
Figure 3 in Notes on the bionomy of two spider wasp species in an urban forest fragment in Brazil
Figure 3. Development stages of Auplopus cf. rufipes. (A) Larva almost entirely developed feeding on a spider. Scale bar = 0.5 cm. (B) Larva probably in its third instar feeding. Scale bar = 0.5 cm. (C) Second instar larva. Scale bar = 0.5 cm. (D) Prey tightly trapped in the brood cell and egg placed on its opistosoma. Scale bar = 0.5 cm. (E) Egg in detail. Scale bar = 0.1 cm. (F) Last cell built with the prey and the egg placed on it. Scale bar = 0.5 cm.
Figure 2 in Notes on the bionomy of two spider wasp species in an urban forest fragment in Brazil
Figure 2. Nest of Auplopus cf. rufipes. (A) Arrangement of cells inside the trap nest. Scale bar = 1 cm. (B) Nest in profile showing an overlay on the first cell and the cells leaning. Scale bar = 1 cm. (C) Cell lip-shaped structure before provision. Scale bar = 0.5 cm. (D) Brood cells glued together, one of them with an emergence hole. Scale bar = 0.5 cm.
Data from: From forest to city: Urbanization modulates relative abundance of anti-predator coloration
Increased urbanization has resulted in community changes including alteration of predator communities. Little is known, however, about how such changes affect morphological anti-predator traits. Given the importance of coloration in predator avoidance, this trait in particular is expected to be susceptible to novel selective environments in urban areas. Here we investigate the coloration pattern of a Neotropical anuran species, the túngara frog (Engystomops pustulosus), along an urbanization gradient. Túngara frogs have two distinct color patterns (unstriped and striped) which we found to occur at different frequencies along an urbanization gradient. Striped individuals increased in frequency with urbanization. To assess the strength of selection imposed by predators on the two color morphs, we deployed clay models of túngara frogs in forest and semi-urban populations. In addition, we examined microhabitat selection by individuals of the different morphs. We found higher predation rates associated with urbanization than forested areas. In particular, frogs from forested habitats had lower number of attacks by avian predators. Contrary to our predictions, however, predation rates were similar for both color morphs independent of urbanization. Also, coloration of the frogs did not affect their microhabitat preference. Overall, túngara frogs are more likely to have a striped coloration pattern in semi-urban areas where predation by birds is higher than in the forest. Our findings suggest that factors other than predation pressure shape the coloration pattern of urban frogs and emphasize the complex nature of effects that anthropogenic changes in habitat and predator communities may have on prey morphology.
Data from: Current and historical land use influence soil-based ecosystem services in an urban landscape
Urban landscapes are increasingly recognized as providing important ecosystem services (ES) to their occupants. Yet, urban ES assessments often ignore the complex spatial heterogeneity and land-use history of cities. Soil-based services may be particularly susceptible to land-use legacy effects. We studied indicators of three soil-based ES – carbon storage, water quality regulation, and runoff regulation – in a historically agricultural urban landscape and asked: (1) How do ES indicators vary with contemporary land cover and time since development? (2) Do ES indicators vary primarily among land-cover classes, within land-cover classes, or within sites? (3) What is the relative contribution of urban land-cover classes to potential citywide ES provision? We measured biophysical indicators (soil carbon (C), available phosphorus (P), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks)) in 100 sites across 5 land-cover classes, spanning an ~125 year gradient of time since development within each land-cover class. Potential for ES provision was substantial in urban green spaces, including developed land. Runoff regulation services (high Ks) were highest in forests; water quality regulation (low P) was highest in open spaces and grasslands; and open spaces and developed land (e.g., residential yards) had the highest C storage. In developed land covers, both C and P increased with time since development, indicating effects of historical land-use on contemporary ES and tradeoffs between two important ES. Among-site differences accounted for a high proportion of variance in soil properties in forests, grasslands, and open space, while residential areas had high within-site variability – underscoring the leverage city residents have to improve urban ES provision. Developed land covers contributed most ES supply at the citywide scale, even after accounting for potential impacts of impervious surfaces. Considering the full mosaic of urban green space and its history is needed to estimate the kinds and magnitude of ES provided in cities, and to augment regional ES assessments that often ignore or underestimate urban ES supply.
Data from: Divergent habitat use of two urban lizard species
Faunal responses to anthropogenic habitat modification represent an important aspect of global change. In Puerto Rico, two species of arboreal lizard, Anolis cristatellus and A. stratulus, are commonly encountered in urban areas, yet seem to use the urban habitat in different ways. In this study, we quantified differences in habitat use between these two species in an urban setting. For each species, we measured habitat use and preference, and the niche space of each taxon, with respect to manmade features of the urban environment. To measure niche space of these species in an urban environment, we collected data from a total of six urban sites across four different municipalities on the island of Puerto Rico. We quantified relative abundance of both species, their habitat use, and the available habitat in the environment to measure both microhabitat preference in an urban setting, as well as niche partitioning between the two different lizards. Overall, we found that the two species utilize different portions of the urban habitat. Anolis stratulus tends to use more "natural" portions of the urban environment (i.e., trees and other cultivated vegetation), whereas A. cristatellus more frequently uses anthropogenic structures. We also found that aspects of habitat discrimination in urban areas mirror a pattern measured in prior studies for forested sites in which A. stratulus was found to perch higher than A. cristatellus and preferred lower temperatures and greater canopy cover. In our study, we found that the multivariate niche space occupied by A. stratulus did not differ from the available niche space in natural portions of the urban environment and in turn represented a subset of the niche space occupied by A. cristatellus. The unique niche space occupied by A. cristatellus corresponds to manmade aspects of the urban environment generally not utilized by A. stratulus. Our results demonstrate that some species are merely tolerant of urbanization while others utilize urban habitats in novel ways. This finding has implications for long-term persistence in urban habitats and suggests that loss of natural habitat elements may lead to nonrandom species extirpations as urbanization intensifies.
Predicting the strength of urban-rural clines in a Mendelian polymorphism along a latitudinal gradient
Cities are emerging as models for addressing the fundamental question of whether populations evolve in parallel to similar environments. Here, we examine the environmental factors that drive the evolution of parallel urban-rural clines in a Mendelian trait—the cyanogenic antiherbivore defense of white clover (Trifolium repens). Previous work suggested urban-rural gradients in frost and snow depth could drive the evolution of reduced hydrogen cyanide (HCN) frequencies in urban populations. Here, we sampled over 700 urban and rural clover populations across 16 cities along a latitudinal transect in eastern North America. In each population, we quantified changes in the frequency of genotypes that produce HCN, and in a subset of the cities we estimated the frequency of the alleles at the two genes (CYP79D15 and Li) that epistatically interact to produce HCN. We then tested the hypothesis that cold climatic conditions are necessary for the evolution of cyanogenesis clines by comparing the strength of clines among cities located along a gradient of winter temperatures and frost exposure. Overall, half of the cities exhibited urban-rural clines in the frequency of HCN, whereby urban populations evolved lower HCN frequencies. Clines did not evolve in cities with the lowest temperatures and greatest snowfall, supporting the hypothesis that snow buffers plants against winter frost and constrains the formation of clines. By contrast, the strongest clines occurred in the warmest cities where snow and frost are rare, suggesting that alternative selective agents are maintaining clines in warmer cities. Some clines were driven by evolution at only CYP79D15, consistent with stronger and more consistent selection on this locus than on Li. Together, our results demonstrate that urban environments often select for similar phenotypes, but different selective agents and targets underlie the evolutionary response in different cities.
Data from: Urban rat races: spatial population genomics of brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) compared across multiple cities
Urbanization often substantially influences animal movement and gene flow. However, few studies to date have examined gene flow of the same species across multiple cities. In this study, we examine brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) to test hypotheses about the repeatability of neutral evolution across four cities: Salvador, Brazil; New Orleans, USA; Vancouver, Canada; New York City, USA. At least 150 rats were sampled from each city and genotyped for a minimum of 15,000 genome-wide SNPs. Levels of genome-wide diversity were similar across cities, but varied across neighborhoods within cities. All four populations exhibited high spatial autocorrelation at the shortest distance classes (< 500 m) due to limited dispersal. Coancestry and evolutionary clustering analyses identified genetic discontinuities within each city that coincided with a resource desert in New York City, major waterways in New Orleans, and roads in Salvador and Vancouver. Such replicated studies are crucial to assessing the generality of predictions from urban evolution, and have practical applications for pest management and public health. Future studies should include a range of global cities in different biomes, incorporate multiple species, and examine the impact of specific characteristics of the built environment and human socioeconomics on gene flow.
Data from: Temperature accounts for the biodiversity of a hyperdiverse group of insects in urban Los Angeles
The urban heat island effect is a worldwide phenomenon that has been linked to species' distributions and abundances in cities. However, effects of urban heat on biotic communities are nearly impossible to disentangle from effects of land cover in most cases because hotter urban sites also have less vegetation and more impervious surfaces than cooler sites within cities. We sampled phorid flies, one of the largest, most biologically diverse families of true flies (Insecta: Diptera: Phoridae), at 30 sites distributed within the central Los Angeles Basin, where we found that temperature and the density of urban land cover are decoupled. Abundance, richness, and community composition of phorids inside urban Los Angeles were most parsimoniously accounted for by mean air temperature in the week preceding sampling. Sites with intermediate mean temperatures had more phorid fly individuals and higher richness. Communities were more even at urban sites with lower minimum temperatures and sites located further away from natural areas, suggesting that communities separated from natural source populations may be more homogenized. Species composition was best explained by minimum temperature. Inasmuch as warmer areas within cities can predict future effects of climate change, phorid fly communities are likely to shift non-linearly under future climates in more natural areas. Exhaustive surveys of biotic communities within cities, such as the one we describe here, can provide baselines for determining the effects of urban and global climate warming as they intensify.
Figure 4 in Effects of physical and chemical factors on Ephemeroptera (Insecta) assemblages in an urban river of the eastern Colombian Llanos
Figure 4. RDA classification diagram of the Ephemeroptera assemblage with respect to physical, chemical and bacteriological variables and sampling stations.
Figure 2 in Effects of physical and chemical factors on Ephemeroptera (Insecta) assemblages in an urban river of the eastern Colombian Llanos
Figure 2. Diversity of the Ephemeroptera assemblage at sampling stations in the Ocoa river. (A) Richness (0D, number of taxa); (B) Shannon diversity (1D, Hill numbers unit); C. Simpson dominance (2D, Hill numbers unit).
Figure 3 in Effects of physical and chemical factors on Ephemeroptera (Insecta) assemblages in an urban river of the eastern Colombian Llanos
Figure 3. Trends in the spatial variation of the diversity measures: Richness (0D), Shannon diversity (1D) and Simpson dominance (2D) in the primary axis and the ICOMO index in the axis secondary. Aquatic quality values: Optimum (0-0.2); Good (0.2-0.4); Doubtful (0.4-0.6); Inadequate (0.6-0.8); Awful (0.8-1). The GLM for Ephemeroptera's richness resulted in six models from lowest (best) AIC value. Coliform totals, ICOMO, nitrates, nitrites and temperature were significative variables in the models. The model six (6) had the best goodness of fit (R2 = 0,91); ICOMO and nitrates were the signiticative predictor variables with possitive effect in the model for the richness (0D) (Table 5).
Data from: Are signals of aggressive intent less honest in urban habitats?
How anthropogenic change affects animal social behavior, including communication is an important question. Urban noise often drives shifts in acoustic properties of signals but the consequences of noise for the honesty of signals – i.e. how well they predict signaler behavior – is unclear. Here we examine whether honesty of aggressive signaling is compromised in male urban song sparrows (Melospiza melodia). Song sparrows have two honest close-range signals: the low amplitude soft songs (an acoustic signal) and wing waves (a visual signal) but whether the honesty of these signals is affected by urbanization has not been examined. If soft songs are less effective in urban noise, we predict that they should predict attacks less reliably in urban habitats compared to rural habitats. We confirmed earlier findings that urban birds were more aggressive than rural birds and found that acoustic noise was higher in urban habitats. Urban birds still sang more soft songs than rural birds. High rates of soft songs and low rates of loud songs predicted attacks in both habitats. Thus, while urbanization has a significant effect on aggressive behaviors, it might have a limited effect on the overall honesty of aggressive signals in song sparrows. We also found evidence for a multimodal shift: urban birds tended to give proportionally more wing waves than soft songs than rural birds, although whether that shift is due to noise-dependent plasticity is unclear. These findings encourage further experimental study of the specific variables that are responsible for behavioral change due to urbanization.
Phylogenetic signal and evolutionary correlates of urban tolerance in a widespread neotropical lizard clade
<p>Urbanization is intensifying worldwide, and while some species tolerate and even exploit urban environments, many others are excluded entirely from this new habitat. Understanding the factors that underlie tolerance of urbanization is thus of rapidly growing importance. Here we examine urban tolerance across a diverse group of lizards: Caribbean members of the neotropical genus Anolis. Our analyses reveal that urban tolerance has strong phylogenetic signal, suggesting that closely related species tend to respond similarly to urban environments. We propose that this characteristic of urban tolerance in anoles may be used to forecast the possible responses of species to increasing urbanization. In addition, we identified several key ecological and morphological traits that tend to be associated with tolerance in Anolis. Specifically, species experiencing hot and dry conditions in their natural environment and those that maintain higher body temperatures tend to have greater tolerance of urban habitats. We also found that tolerance of urbanization is positively associated with toepad lamella number, and negatively associated with ventral scale density and relative hindlimb length. The identification of factors that predispose a species to be more or less urban tolerant can provide a starting point for conservation and sustainable development in our increasingly urbanized world.</p>
Data from: Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from different surface types in a created urban wetland
<p><span>Many wetlands have been drained due to urbanization, agriculture, forestry or other purposes, which has resulted in losing their ecosystem services. To protect receiving waters and to achieve services such as flood control and stormwater quality mitigation, new wetlands are created in urbanized areas. However, our knowledge of greenhouse gas exchange in newly created wetlands in urban areas is currently limited. In this paper we present measurements carried out at a created urban wetland in boreal climate.</span></p> <p><span>We conducted measurements of ecosystem CO<sub>2 </sub>flux (NEE) and CH<sub>4</sub> flux (F<sub>CH4</sub>) at the constructed stormwater wetland Gateway in Nummela, Vihti, Southern Finland using eddy covariance (EC) technique. The measurements were commenced the fourth year after construction and lasted for one full year and two subsequent growing seasons. Besides ecosystem scale fluxes measured by EC tower, the diffusive CO<sub>2 </sub>and<sub> </sub>CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes from the open-water area (F<sub>w</sub>_CO<sub>2</sub> and F<sub>w</sub>_CH<sub>4, </sub>respectively) were modelled based on measurements of CO<sub>2 </sub>and<sub> </sub>CH<sub>4 </sub>concentration in the water. Fluxes from vegetated area were estimated by applying a simple mixing model using above-mentioned fluxes and footprint-weighted fractional area. The half-hourly footprint-weighted contribution of diffusive fluxes from open water ranged from 0 to 25.5 % in year 2013.</span></p> <p><span>The annual NEE of the studied wetland was 8.0 g C-CO<sub>2 </sub>m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1 </sup>with the 95 % confidence interval between<sup> </sup>-18.9 and 34.9 g C-CO<sub>2 </sub>m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1 </sup>and F<sub>CH4 </sub>was 3.9 g C-CH<sub>4</sub> m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup> with the 95 % confidence interval between 3.75 and 4.07 g C-CH<sub>4</sub> m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>. The ecosystem sequestered CO<sub>2 </sub>during summer months (June-August), while the rest of the year it was a CO<sub>2</sub> source. CH<sub>4</sub> displayed strong seasonal dynamics, higher in summer and lower in winter, with a sporadic emission episode in the end of May 2013. Both CH<sub>4 </sub>and CO<sub>2 </sub>fluxes<sub>, </sub>especially those obtained from vegetated area, exhibited strong diurnal<sub> </sub>cycle during summer with synchronized peaks around noon. The annual F<sub>w</sub>_CO<sub>2 </sub>was 297.5 g C-CO<sub>2 </sub>m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1 </sup>and F<sub>w</sub>_CH<sub>4 </sub>was 1.73 g C-CH<sub>4 </sub>m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>. The peak diffusive CH<sub>4</sub> flux was 137.6 nmol C-CH<sub>4</sub> m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>, which was<sup> </sup>synchronized with the F<sub>CH4</sub>.</span></p> <p><span>Overall, during the monitored time period, the established stormwater wetland had a climate warming effect with 0.263 kg CO<sub>2</sub>-eq m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1 </sup>of<sup> </sup>which 89 % was contributed by CH<sub>4</sub>. The radiative forcing of the open-water exceeded the vegetation area (1.194 kg CO<sub>2</sub>-eq m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup> and<sup> </sup>0.111 kg CO<sub>2</sub>-eq m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>, respectively), which implies that, when considering solely the climate impact of a created wetland over a 100-year horizon, it would be more beneficial to design and establish wetlands with large patches of emergent vegetation, and to limit the areas of open-water to the minimum necessitated by other desired ecosystem services.</span></p>
Heat Stress Exposure Maps - Urban Planning Scenario 2026 - 2045: Berlin, Germany
<p><strong>Berlin heat stress exposure map: average number of heatwave days per year versus socio economic data - urban planning scenario (2026-2045).</strong></p> <p>Heat stress exposure maps for Berlin representing the average number of heatwave days per year versus socio economic data per statistical unit. The average number of heatwave days per year has been modeled over the reference period 2026-2045 using the present land use / cover situation for the city but combined with urban planning projects information until 2030. Hence, the urban morphology has been updated accordingly.</p> <p><strong>Scenario: </strong>Urban planning scenario (situation LULC today + integrated urban planning projects 2030)</p> <p><strong>Exposure mapping variable: </strong><br /> Total population 2030<br /> Population density inhabitants per hectare 2030</p>
Heat Stress Maps - Urban Planning Scenarios 1986-2005 / 2026 - 2045: Berlin, Germany
<p>Heat stress maps for Berlin representing<br /> * the average number of heatwave days<br /> (1986 – 2005 | 2026 – 2045 | 2081 – 2100)<br /> per statistical unit or per grid</p> <p>The heat stress parameter considered has been modelled over the reference period 2026 - 2045 using the present land use / cover situation for the city but combined urban planning projects information until 2030. Hence, the urban morphology has been updated accordingly.</p> <p>Scenario: Urban Planning</p>
Heat Stress Maps - Urban Planning Scenarios 1986-2005 / 2026 - 2045: Antwerp, Belgium
<p>Heat stress maps for Antwerp representing<br /> * the average number of heatwave days<br /> (1986 – 2005 | 2026 – 2045 | 2081 – 2100)<br /> per statistical unit or per grid</p> <p>The heat stress parameter considered has been modelled over the reference period 2026 - 2045 using the present land use / cover situation for the city but combined urban planning projects information until 2030. Hence, the urban morphology has been updated accordingly.</p>
Heat Stress Maps - Urban Planning Scenarios 1986-2005 / 2026 - 2045: Almada, Portugal
<p>Heat stress maps for the city of Almada representing<br /> * the average number of heatwave days<br /> (1986 – 2005 | 2026 – 2045 | 2081 – 2100)<br /> per statistical unit or per grid</p> <p>The heat stress parameter considered has been modelled over the reference period 2026 - 2045 using the present land use / cover situation for the city but combined urban planning projects information until 2030. Hence, the urban morphology has been updated accordingly.</p>
Heat Stress Exposure Maps - Urban Planning Scenario 2026 - 2045: Antwerp, Belgium
<p><strong>Antwerp heat stress exposure map: average number of heatwave days per year versus socio economic data - urban planning scenario (2026-2045)</strong></p> <p>Heat stress exposure maps for Antwerp representing the average number of heatwave days per year versus socio economic data per statistical unit. The average number of heatwave days per year has been modeled over the reference period 2026-2045 using the present land use / cover situation for the city but combined with urban planning projects information until 2030. Hence, the urban morphology has been updated accordingly.</p> <p><strong>Exposure mapping variable include:</strong><br /> * Total population 2030<br /> * Population density inhabitants per hectare 2030</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.