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Fig. 29 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 29. The African genus Prosymna includes examples of extreme hemipenial diversity. A. Prosymna ambigua bocagii Boulenger, a snake with a slender, single (unforked) hemipenis longer than the tail when everted. Drawing of AMNH R-12145, reproduced from Schmidt (1923: 89). B. Same specimen as above, with tail opened, showing complex ''accordion'' folding of the uneverted contralateral hemipenis. The retractor muscles originate threadlike at the very tip of the tail, both with a small Z-shaped fold toward the hemipenis. Notice at the bottom side that the everted right hemipenis has the tip broken off. Inset at top: Greatly enlarged view of the folded part of the inverted hemipenis. Inset at lower right: Enlarged view of the tip of the broken right hemipenis, showing ridgelike structures at the terminus. C. Prosymna sundevallii (A. Smith) hemipenes showing peculiar anastomosing flouncing, from Broadley (1980: pl. IIA). Abbreviations: AG, presumed small anal gland; HP, hemipenis; Mus, termini of left and right retractor muscles; MusZ, large Z-shaped fold in left retractor muscle; SS, sulcus spermaticus.

Fig. 28 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 28. The deeply divided, exceedingly long-lobed hemipenis of Pseudaspis cana (Linnaeus) (AMNH R-49948, right hemipenis). The contralateral (left) organ of this snake originates near the end of the tail at subcaudal 44 (there are 55 subcaudals total); although the left organ was partially everted, its retractor muscle retained a series of sinuous folds that seemed to straighten somewhat after being freed from membranous tissue. The branches of the sulcus spermaticus orbit each lobe several times; the sulcus orientation is ''centrifugal-orbital'' following the classification proposed herein. (The orbiting nature of the sulcus is not clearly evident in a partially everted organ illustrated by Cope, 1895: pl. 24, figs 9, 9a.)

Fig. 21 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 21. Distinct hemipenial capitula (heads) with and without capitation. A. Rhadinaea taeniata (Peters). Retracted and everted views showing a capitate capitulum set off by a well-developed overhang that is interrupted only by entrance of the sulcus spermaticus (UMMZ 121522, left retracted and right everted organs; from Myers, 1974: 107, fig. 23A, B). B. Compsophis infralineatus (Günther). Sulcate and three-quarters views of a well-developed capitulum lacking capitation (MZC 181153, everted; from Cadle, 1996b: 75, fig. 17, as Geodipsas). The capitula are ornamented with calyces in A and with small spines in B. (See also fig. 3 for a distinct noncapitate capitulum that is distally nude and proximally spiculate.)

Fig. 13 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 13. Two unrelated small Brazilian snakes that are similar to Eutrachelophis spp. in nuchal markings and in having 15 dorsal scale rows, but they differ from each other and from Eutrachelophis spp. in fundamental hemipenial and maxillary characters. Color-pattern similarities in these and a few other small snakes include an anterior band or spots (first arrow), followed by paired spots or a fused pale crossbar (second arrow) that is medially constricted like the fused ocelli in some specimens of Eutrachelophis (compare with figs. 2 and 4). A, B. Amnesteophis melanauchen (Jan), a Brazilian

Fig. 33 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 33. Xenodon suspectus Cope. Dorsal and ventral views of the six additional American Museum specimens of X. suspectus, gathered in the 1920s by Harvey Bassler. A. AMNH R-52244, Contamana, Río Ucayali (Loreto); B–E. All from Río Itaya, near Iquitos (in Loreto); B. AMNH R-53636; C. AMNH R-

Fig. 32 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 32. Xenodon suspectus Cope in dorsal and ventral view. AMNH R-52175, an adult male from Chanchamayo, (Junín), Peru; hemipenis from this specimen shown in figure 20.

Figs. 417–419. Wadotes daxiensis Chamberlin, female. 417. Carapace, front view. 418. Chelicera, ventral view. 419 in A Generic-Level Revision Of The Spider Subfamily Coelotinae (Araneae, Amaurobiidae)

Figs. 417–419. Wadotes daxiensis Chamberlin, female. 417. Carapace, front view. 418. Chelicera, ventral view. 419. Trachea, dashed line refers to position of epigastric furrow.

Figs. 426–428 in A Generic-Level Revision Of The Spider Subfamily Coelotinae (Araneae, Amaurobiidae)

Figs. 426–428. Wadotes daxiensis Chamberlin, male spinnerets, ventral view. 426. ALS, left. 427. PMS. 428. PLS, right. Abbreviations are spelled out on p. 6.

Figs. 414–416. Wadotes daxiensis Chamberlin, male palp. 414. Ventral view. 415. Dorsal view, showing cymbial apophyses. 416 in A Generic-Level Revision Of The Spider Subfamily Coelotinae (Araneae, Amaurobiidae)

Figs. 414–416. Wadotes daxiensis Chamberlin, male palp. 414. Ventral view. 415. Dorsal view, showing cymbial apophyses. 416. Conductor dorsal apophysis, dorsal view, showing four apophyses.

Figs. 412, 413. Wadotes daxiensis Chamberlin, male palp. 412. Prolateral view. 413 in A Generic-Level Revision Of The Spider Subfamily Coelotinae (Araneae, Amaurobiidae)

Figs. 412, 413. Wadotes daxiensis Chamberlin, male palp. 412. Prolateral view. 413. Retrolateral view.

Figs. 407–409 in A Generic-Level Revision Of The Spider Subfamily Coelotinae (Araneae, Amaurobiidae)

Figs. 407–409. Urocoras longispinus (Kulczynski), female. 407. Tarsus, showing position of tarsal organ (double arrows) and the distalmost trichobothrium (single arrow). 408. Tarsal organ. 409. Trichobothrium.

Figs. 402, 403 in A Generic-Level Revision Of The Spider Subfamily Coelotinae (Araneae, Amaurobiidae)

Figs. 402, 403. Urocoras longispinus (Kulczynski), male palp. 402. Ventral view. 403. Retrolateral view.

Figs. 397–399 in A Generic-Level Revision Of The Spider Subfamily Coelotinae (Araneae, Amaurobiidae)

Figs. 397–399. Tonsilla truculenta Wang and Yin, male spinnerets, ventral view, right. 397. ALS. 398. PMS. 399. PLS. Abbreviations are spelled out on p. 6.

Figs. 388–390. Tonsilla truculenta Wang and Yin. 388. Male palp, prolateral view. 389. Carapace, front view. 390 in A Generic-Level Revision Of The Spider Subfamily Coelotinae (Araneae, Amaurobiidae)

Figs. 388–390. Tonsilla truculenta Wang and Yin. 388. Male palp, prolateral view. 389. Carapace, front view. 390. Chelicera, ventral view.

Figs. 386, 387 in A Generic-Level Revision Of The Spider Subfamily Coelotinae (Araneae, Amaurobiidae)

Figs. 386, 387. Tonsilla truculenta Wang and Yin, male palp. 386. Ventral view. 487. Retrolateral view.

Figs. 391–393 in A Generic-Level Revision Of The Spider Subfamily Coelotinae (Araneae, Amaurobiidae)

Figs. 391–393. Tonsilla truculenta Wang and Yin, female. 391. Tarsus, showing position of tarsal organ (double arrows) and the distalmost trichobothrium (single arrow). 392. Tarsal organ. 393. Trichobothrium.

Figs. 381–383 in A Generic-Level Revision Of The Spider Subfamily Coelotinae (Araneae, Amaurobiidae)

Figs. 381–383. Tegecoelotes bicaudatus (Paik), female spinnerets, ventral view. 381. ALS, left. 382. PMS, right. 383. PLS, right. Abbreviations are spelled out on p. 6.

Figs. 379, 380 in A Generic-Level Revision Of The Spider Subfamily Coelotinae (Araneae, Amaurobiidae)

Figs. 379, 380. Tegecoelotes bicaudatus (Paik), male palp. 379. Prolateral view. 380. Retrolateral view.

Figs. 369–371 in A Generic-Level Revision Of The Spider Subfamily Coelotinae (Araneae, Amaurobiidae)

Figs. 369–371. Spiricoelotes zonatus (Peng and Wang), female. 369. Tarsus, showing position of tarsal organ (double arrows) and distalmost trichobothrium (single arrow). 370. Trichobothrium. 371. Tarsal organ.

Figs. 420–422. Wadotes daxiensis Chamberlin, female. 420, 422 in A Generic-Level Revision Of The Spider Subfamily Coelotinae (Araneae, Amaurobiidae)

Figs. 420–422. Wadotes daxiensis Chamberlin, female. 420, 422. Tarsus, showing position of tarsal organ (double arrows) and the distalmost trichobothrium (single arrow). 421. Trichobothrium.