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3,538 results for “Lizard”
Macroclimatic and maternal effects on the evolution of reproductive traits in lizards
<p>Much of life-history theory rests on fundamental assumptions about constraints on the acquisition and allocation of energy to growth and reproduction. In general, the allocation of energy to reproduction depends on maternal size, which in turn depends on environmental factors experienced throughout the life of the mother. Here, we used phylogenetic path analyses to evaluate competing hypotheses about the environmental and maternal drivers of reproductive traits in lizards. In doing so, we discovered that precipitation, rather than temperature, has shaped the evolution of the life history. Specifically, environments with greater rainfall have enabled the evolution of larger maternal size. In turn, these larger mothers produce larger clutches of larger offspring. However, annual precipitation has a negative direct effect on offspring size, despite the positive indirect effect mediated by maternal size. Possibly, the evolution of offspring size was driven by the need to conserve water in dry environments, because small organisms are particularly sensitive to water loss. Since we found that body size variation among lizards is related to a combination of climatic factors, mainly precipitation and perhaps primary production, our study challenges previous generalizations (e.g., temperature-size rule and Bergmann's rule) and suggests alternative mechanisms underlying the evolution of body size.</p>
Data for: The correlated evolution of foraging mode and reproductive output in lizards
<p>Life-history theory suggests that the optimal reproductive output of an organism is affected by factors such as energy acquisition and predation risk. The observation that some organisms actively search for their prey and others ambush them creates the expectation of different energy needs and predation risk associated with each foraging behavior, the so-called "foraging-mode paradigm". Although this paradigm has been around for decades, the empirical evidence consists of conflicting results derived from competing models based on different mechanisms. For instance, models within the foraging-mode paradigm suggest that widely-foraging females have evolved low reproductive output, because a heavy reproductive load decreases their ability to escape from predators. By contrast, a long-standing prediction of evolutionary theory indicates that organisms subject to high extrinsic mortality, should invest more in reproduction. Here, we present the first partial evidence that widely-foraging species have evolved greater reproductive output than have sit-and-wait species, which we attribute to a larger body size and greater mortality among mobile foragers. According to our findings, we propose a theoretical model that could explain the observed pattern in lizards, suggesting ways for evolutionary ecologists to test mechanistic hypotheses at the intraspecific level.</p>
Use of road underpasses by mammals and a monitor lizard in eastern Australia and consideration of the prey-trap hypothesis
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Road networks continue to expand globally with predictable effects on ecological systems. Research into the effectiveness of road underpasses and overpasses for wildlife has been concentrated in North America and Europe. In Australia, most studies of underpasses have been of relatively short duration and without reference sites to give context to the measured rates of use. We studied 5–7 road underpasses at two locations in eastern Australia over 2–3 years, comparing camera trap detections of animals in underpasses with those at nearby forest sites. Three species of large macropod (wallabies and kangaroos) were frequently detected in the underpasses, with some underpasses traversed 1–4 times per week, and in many cases exceeded detections in the forest. The lace monitor (<em>Varanus various</em>) was detected in all underpasses, often once per week during spring and summer, and infrequently in the forest. At each location a different small macropod species, including one regionally threatened, showed a higher probability of detection in one underpass compared to several of the forest sites. The vulnerable koala (<em>Phascolartos cinereus</em>) was detected infrequently in underpasses and in the adjoining forest. The short-beaked echidna (<em>Tachyglossus aculeatus</em>) had a high probability of detection in a single underpass. The 'prey-trap hypothesis' postulates that predators will exhibit increased activity at underpasses as a consequence of prey being funnelled. We found the red fox (<em>Vulpes vulpes</em>) had high activity in some underpasses. However, its activity coincided less than expected with the activity of the mammals most at risk to it. Our results provide no consistent support for the 'prey-trap hypothesis'. Instead, our study confirms the generic value of underpasses for a range of medium-large mammals as well as one large reptile. Habitat adjoining underpasses exerts a strong influence on their use and requires greater consideration to maximise underpass use. </span></p>
Population expansion, divergence, and persistence in western fence lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis) at the northern extreme of their distributional range
<p>Population dynamics within species at the edge of their distributional range, including the formation of genetic structure during range expansion, are difficult to study when they have had limited time to evolve. Western Fence Lizards (<em>Sceloporus occidentalis</em>) have a patchy distribution at the northern edge of their range around the Puget Sound, Washington, where they almost exclusively occur on imperiled coastal habitats. The entire region was covered by Pleistocene glaciation as recently as 16,000 years ago, suggesting that populations must have colonized these habitats relatively recently. We tested for population differentiation across this landscape using genome-wide SNPs and morphological data. A time-calibrated species tree supports the hypothesis of a post-glacial establishment and subsequent population expansion into the region. Despite a strong signal for fine-scale population genetic structure across the Puget Sound with as many as 8–10 distinct subpopulations supported by the SNP data, there is minimal evidence for morphological differentiation at this same spatiotemporal scale. Historical demographic analyses suggest that populations expanded and diverged across the region as the Cordilleran Ice Sheet receded. Population isolation, lack of dispersal corridors, and strict habitat requirements are the key drivers of population divergence in this system. These same factors may prove detrimental to the future persistence of populations as they cope with increasing shoreline development associated with urbanization.</p>
Peck ranch collared lizard files
<p>Eastern collared lizards (<em>Crotophytus collaris collaris</em>) were a Missouri state endangered species when this study began in 1982 due to massive local extinction on glades in the Ozarks in central North America. Translocation coupled with glade restoration was initiated in the 1980's, including reintroductions starting in 1984 on Stegall Mountain in southern Missouri. The translocated populations underwent three distinct demographic phases: 1) an isolate phase with no net growth in population size, no colonization of nearby glades, and almost no dispersal among populations, 2) a colonizing phase of high dispersal, colonization of new glades, and population growth that started with the onset of prescribed woodland burning, and 3) a stable metapopulation phase established by 2000 on Stegall Mountain in which the number of occupied glades, total population size, and measures of genetic variation were roughly constant. The data in this dryad submission are association with an in press paper (2022) in <em>Animal Conservation </em>that used these data to infer the age of 1162 marked individuals on the basis of distinct color phases and to assign age-probabilities to 391 marked individuals first captured with adult coloration based on time-of-capture within the field season and snout-vent length, as calibrated from following 529 individuals first captured as hatchlings. Age structure differed significantly between phases. The isolate phase was characterized by an old age structure. The colonization phase had a younger age structure and much more recruitment. The stable metapopulation phase had an intermediate age structure. These dynamic age structure attributes show that species cannot be regarded as static units, and ignoring this dynamism can result in poor conservation practice. These results also validate age-structure as a monitoring device for a conservation program and a tool to identify significant shifts in the environment or management that have a conservation impact, in this case prescribed woodland burning.</p>
Individual growth of the Flathead Knobscaled Lizard, Xenosaurus platyceps, from tropical and temperate populations
<p><span>Growth rates of ectotherms are frequently affected by environmental conditions, such as temperature, precipitation, and prey availability. However, local adaptation to environmental conditions could influence geographic variation in growth rates. We studied growth rates of the Flathead Knob-scaled Lizard, <em>Xenosaurus platyceps</em>, from a tropical population and a temperate population in Tamaulipas, Mexico. We used a field study and a common garden experiment to examine the extent and potential causes of variation in individual growth rates between these two populations from contrasting environments. Field-determined growth rates in the tropical population were greater than those in the temperate population. In a laboratory common garden experiment that manipulated food availability and temperature for neonates from each population, neonates from the tropical population grew faster than those from the temperate population. Neonates kept at higher temperatures grew faster than those kept at lower temperature. In addition, growth rates of neonates from temperate and tropical populations did not differ at low temperature, but neonates from the tropical population grew faster at the higher temperature than did the neonates from the temperate population. Food treatment did not affect individual growth rates in these lizards, although there was a trend for neonates grown with higher food availability to grow faster. Our results suggest that not only does the warm environment of the tropical population contribute to the observed differences in field growth rates, but there is a genetic difference in the ability of the tropical population to take advantage of the warmer temperatures to increase growth rates.</span></p>
Data from: Conservation and convergence of genetic architecture in the adaptive radiation of anolis lizards
<p>The G matrix, which quantifies the genetic architecture of traits, is often viewed as an evolutionary constraint. However, G can evolve in response to selection and may also be viewed as a product of adaptive evolution. Convergent evolution of G in similar environments would suggest that G evolves adaptively, but it is difficult to disentangle such effects from phylogeny. Here, we use the adaptive radiation of Anolis lizards to ask whether convergence of G accompanies the repeated evolution of habitat specialists, or ecomorphs, across the Greater Antilles. We measured G in seven species representing three ecomorphs (trunk-crown, trunk-ground, and grass-bush). We found that the overall structure of G does not converge. Instead, the structure of G is well conserved and displays a phylogenetic signal consistent with Brownian motion. However, several elements of G showed signatures of convergence, indicating that some aspects of genetic architecture have been shaped by selection. Most notably, genetic correlations between limb traits and body traits were weaker in long-legged trunk-ground species, suggesting effects of recurrent selection on limb length. Our results demonstrate that common selection pressures may have subtle but consistent effects on the evolution of G, even as its overall structure remains conserved.</p>
From performance curves to performance surfaces: Interactive effects of temperature and oxygen availability on aerobic and anaerobic performance in the common wall lizard
<p>1. Accurately predicting the responses of organisms to novel or changing environments requires the development of ecologically-appropriate experimental methodology and process-based models.</p> <p>2. For ectotherms, thermal performance curves (TPCs) have provided a useful framework to describe how organismal performance is dependent on temperature. However, this approach often lacks a mechanistic underpinning, which limits our ability to use thermal performance curves predictively. Further, thermal dependence varies across traits, and performance is also limited by additional abiotic factors, such as oxygen availability.</p> <p>3. We test a central prediction of our recent Hierarchical Mechanisms of Thermal Limitation (HMTL) Hypothesis which proposes that natural hypoxia exposure will reduce maximal performance and cause the thermal performance curve for whole-organism performance to become more symmetrical.</p> <p>4. We quantified thermal performance curves for two traits often used as fitness proxies, sprint speed and aerobic scope, in lizards under conditions of normoxia and high-elevation hypoxia.</p> <p>5. In line with the predictions of HMTL, anaerobically-fueled sprint speed was unaffected by acute hypoxia while the TPC for aerobic scope became shorter and more symmetrical. This change in TPC shape resulted from both the maximum aerobic scope and the optimal temperature for aerobic scope being reduced in hypoxia as predicted.</p> <p>6. Following these results, we present a mathematical framework, which we call Temperature-Oxygen Performance Surfaces (TOPS), to quantify the interactive effects of temperature and oxygen on whole-organism performance in line with the HMTL hypothesis. This framework is transferrable across traits and levels of organization to allow predictions for how ectotherms will respond to novel combinations of temperature and other abiotic factors, providing a useful tool in a time of rapidly changing environmental conditions.</p>
Cutaneous Evaporative Water Loss in Lizards is Variable across Body Regions and Plastic in Response to Humidity
<p>Data and code associated with the 2022 publication in Herpetologica (doi:10.1655/Herpetologica-D-21-00030.1).</p>
Data from: Signal detection shapes ornament allometry in functionally convergent Caribbean Anolis and Southeast Asian Draco lizards
<p>Visual ornaments have long been assumed to evolve hyper-allometry as an outcome of sexual selection. Yet growing evidence suggests many sexually-selected morphologies can exhibit other scaling patterns with body size, including hypo-allometry. The large conspicuous throat fan, or dewlap, of arboreal Caribbean Anolis lizards was one ornament previously thought to conform to the classical expectation of hyper-allometry. We re-evaluated this classic example alongside a second arboreal group of lizards that has also independently evolved a functionally equivalent dewlap, the Southeast Asian Draco lizards. Across multiple closely-related species in both genera, the Anolis and Draco dewlaps were either isometric or had hypo-allometric scaling patterns. In the case of the Anolis dewlap, variation in dewlap allometry was predicted by the distance of conspecifics and the light environment in which the dewlap was typically viewed. Signal efficacy therefore appears to have driven the evolution of hypo-allometry in what was originally thought to be a sexually-selected ornament with hyper-allometry. Our findings suggest that other elaborate morphological structures used in social communication might similarly exhibit isometric or hypo-allometric scaling patterns because of environmental constraints on signal detection.</p>
Testing Drones as a Tool for Surveying Lizards
<p>These data relate to detectability of model lizards by a drone operator as compared with a human observer and the code used to analyse the data.</p>
Data for: Temperate and tropical lizards are vulnerable to climate warming due to increased water loss and heat stress
<p><span>Climate warming has imposed profound impacts on species globally. Understanding the vulnerabilities of species from different latitudinal regions to warming climates is critical for biological conservation. </span><span>Using five species of <em>Takydromus </em>lizards as a study system, we quantified physiological and life-history responses and geography range change across latitudes under climate warming. Using integrated biophysical models and hybrid species distribution models, w</span><span>e found: (1) thermal safety margin is larger at high latitudes, and is predicted to decrease under climate warming for lizards at all latitudes; (2) climate warming will speed up embryonic development and increase annual activity time of adult lizards, but will exacerbate water loss of adults across all latitudes; and (3) species across latitudes are predicted to experience habitat contraction under climate warming due to different limitations: tropical and subtropical species are vulnerable due to increased extremely high temperatures, whereas temperate species are vulnerable due to both extremely high temperatures and increased water loss. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the vulnerability of species from different latitudinal regions to climate warming in ectotherms and also highlights the importance of integrating environmental factors, behavior, physiology, and life-history responses in predicting the risk of species to climate warming.</span></p>
Hyperspectral X-ray CT Voxelized TV reconstruction of a single, iodine-stained lizard head sample
<p><strong>Dataset description</strong></p> <p>These datasets are voxel based reconstructions of hyperspectral CT data using the Core Imaging Library (CIL). They are stored as NeXus files (derived from hdf5) which can be read in, visualised and manipulated using CIL.</p> <p> - PDHG_TV_1000_Sp_alpha_0.004.nxs</p> <p>Is the solution after 1000 iterations of PDHG with TV applied in the spatial domain. </p> <p> - PDHG_TV_1000_SpCh_alpha_0.003_beta_0.5.nxs</p> <p>Is the solution after 1000 iterations of PDHG with TV applied both in the spatial domain, and in the energy (channel) domain. </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Dataset intended use</strong></p> <p>These datasets are used in the CIL training notebook:</p> <p>https://github.com/TomographicImaging/CIL-Demos/blob/main/examples/3_Multichannel/03_Hyperspectral_reconstruction.ipynb</p> <p>They can be imported using CIL, with the following code snippet:</p> <pre><code class="language-python">from cil.io import NEXUSDataReader reader = NEXUSDataReader(file_name='path/to/data/PDHG_TV_1000_Sp_alpha_0.004.nxs') data = reader.read()</code></pre> <p> </p>
Lizard thermoregulation revisited after two decades of global warming
<p>Global warming should have a deep impact on thermoregulation by ectothermic animals such as lizards, because they rely on behavior to select the microhabitats that allow them to keep their body temperature within their preferred -and physiologically optimal- range of temperatures. However, there is a paucity of studies that use the same methods, after a long enough period of environmental warming, to evaluate how much the body temperatures and regulatory behaviors of a given population of lizards have been affected by climate change.</p> <p>We chose a population of <em>Psammodromus algirus</em> lizards inhabiting a well-conserved temperate open forest, and we compared several thermoregulation parameters between the summers of 1997 and 2017:</p> <ol> <li>Body temperatures (T<sub>b</sub>s) of field-active lizards,</li> <li>Environmental operative temperatures, that are the temperatures ‘available’ to lizards and can be estimated using randomly distributed physical models that integrate environmental heat loads (air and substrate temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, etc.) in the same way as lizards do,</li> <li>The extent to which both T<sub>b</sub>s and operative temperatures deviate from the summer ‘target’ range, which for this species is 32.8-36.9 ºC (the ‘target’ range, or T<sub>sel</sub>, is measured in a laboratory thermal gradient where lizards can select their T<sub>b</sub>s with no physical or biotic restrictions); and</li> <li>The selection (use as opposed to availability) of sunlit and shaded patches along the day, that can be estimated by comparing the distributions of lizards (use) and randomly positioned physical models (availability).</li> </ol> <p>Both T<sub>b</sub>s and environmental operative temperatures increased over the 20-years period examined; in 2017, 52% of field T<sub>b</sub>s (N = 65) were above the target range, in sharp contrast with the T<sub>b</sub>s selected by lizards in a laboratory thermal gradient, where only 2% of 43 T<sub>b</sub>s were above the target range. Also, the selection of shaded patches in the field (87% of lizards in full shade<em>, </em>against less than 1% in full sun) was more intense than in 1997. In spite of this, both T<sub>b</sub>s and their average distance to the target range were larger in 2017 (when only 8% of all available operative temperatures were within or below T<sub>sel</sub>) than in 1997 (when most shaded patches offered favourable thermal opportunities, with plenty of operative temperatures within or below T<sub>sel</sub>).</p> <p>Thus, our data suggest that the low availability of operative temperatures within or below T<sub>sel</sub>, at least in mid-summer days, is forcing lizards to reach T<sub>b</sub>s above their preferred range. This implies that the effects of global warming are already hindering the ability of reptiles to buffer environmental change by behavioral means (although lizards could compensate these detrimental effects by being active earlier in the year and/or enlarging their daily activity time in early spring or late autumn).</p>
Fig. 1 in Parasitic Nematodes Of Reptiles (Lizards And Snakes) In The Monte Desert Of Argentina
Fig. 1. Province of San Juan, Argentina, showing the location of the present study
Figure 3 in Living in a cold tropical mountain: do the microhabitat use and activity pattern change with elevation in the high-Andean lizard Stenocercus trachycephalus (Squamata: Tropiduridae)?
Figure 3. Activity patterns density curve along the three localities. Guanentá in dark gray, Las Moyas in light gray and La Chacua in gray.
Figure 1 in Living in a cold tropical mountain: do the microhabitat use and activity pattern change with elevation in the high-Andean lizard Stenocercus trachycephalus (Squamata: Tropiduridae)?
Figure 1. Study locations in the Andes eastern mountain range. (A) Guanentá, 3,750-3,950 m; (B) Las Moyas Páramo, 3,200 m; (C) La Chacua, 2,670 m.
Dragon boat - Creality CR-Scan Lizard
Got the Lizard delivered today and it's really good! So far I can say that the tracking's much much better than Revopoint, and while the details aren't as nice, the all in one software is worth it. Photogrammetry model for comparison: https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/wooden-seadragon-boat-culturescanningchallenge-bb924e9c23894d59941b8a71099815c2 Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Navajo Horse Hair Pottery Lizard
A clay lizard from a Navajo trading post in Northern Arizona. Our model was made with scan data from the Artec Spider and cleaned up in Artec Studio 15. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Fig. 6. ANSP 8138 in Cryptic multicolored lizards in the Polychrus marmoratus Group (Squamata: Sauria: Polychrotidae) and the status of Leiolepis auduboni Hallowell
Fig. 6. ANSP 8138. The holotype for Leiolepis auduboni Hallowell. Photo credit: Ned Gilmore.
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