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FIGURE 2. Euphorbia rimireptans. A. Staminate cyathia. B in Euphorbia rimireptans (Euphorbiaceae, Articulofruticosae), a new species from the Skeleton Coast, Namibia
FIGURE 2. Euphorbia rimireptans. A. Staminate cyathia. B. Pistillate cyathia, in different stages of development. C. Capsule. D. Inflorescences, staminate plant. Photographs by W. Swanepoel.
FIGURE 4 in Euphorbia rimireptans (Euphorbiaceae, Articulofruticosae), a new species from the Skeleton Coast, Namibia
FIGURE 4. Euphorbia rimireptans plant (foreground, centre) in its natural habitat. Photograph by W. Swanepoel.
FIGURE 1 in Euphorbia rimireptans (Euphorbiaceae, Articulofruticosae), a new species from the Skeleton Coast, Namibia
FIGURE 1. Habit of Euphorbia rimireptans. A. Pendant. B. Procumbent, all branches orientated in one direction, showing grey base. C. Procumbent, branches intertwined. Photographs by W. Swanepoel.
FIGURE 12. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 in Postembryonal development in Caprellidae: SEM description and comparison of ready-to-hatch juveniles and adults of two Mediterranean skeleton shrimps (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
FIGURE 12. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 (Lagoon of Venice). SEM of first juvenile stage. A. Mxp, ventral view. Bar: 10µm. B. Mxp palp, detailed view of inner surface. Bar: 10µm. C. Mxp dactylus, detailed view. arrowheads bristle rows; arrow ventral setae. Bar: 2µm. D. Mxp inner plate = basal endite, ventrofrontal view. small arrowheads distal spines; large arrowhead distal, plumose setae; small arrow ventral, plumose setae. Bar: 10µm. E. Pr2, ventral view. Bar: 20µm. F. gills, lateral view. arrowheads setae at gill basis. Bar: 20µm. G. Gn1, lateral view of outer surface. small arrowhead bifid dactylus tip; large arrowheads distal setae; small arrow ventromarginal seta; big arrow grasping spine. Bar: 20µm. H. Gn1 propodus, detailed view. arrowheads pronged ridge. Bar: 10µm. I. Gn2, lateral view. small arrowheads setae on dactylus; small arrows setae on propodus; big arrow grasping spine. Bar: 20µm. J. P5, lateral view. arrowhead proximal seta; arrows ventrodistal setae. Bar: 20µm. K. propodus, ventral view. arrowhead 2 rows of fine teeth. Bar: 10µm. L. P7, lateral view. arrowhead proximal seta; arrows ventrodistal setae. Bar: 100µm. M. Abd, ventral view. Bar: 10µm. g gill; Lb labium; Plp 1,2 pleopod 1,2; Pls pleon setae; co coxa; ba basis; i ischium; m merus; crp carpus; prd propodus; dt dactylus.
FIGURE 8. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 in Postembryonal development in Caprellidae: SEM description and comparison of ready-to-hatch juveniles and adults of two Mediterranean skeleton shrimps (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
FIGURE 8. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 (Lagoon of Venice). SEM of ♀ adults. A. mouthparts, lateral view. Bar: 100µm. B. Mx1, lateral view. large arrowheads marginal setae fields; small arrowhead forked spines; arrow spinelike processes. Bar: 100µm. C. Mx2, ventral view. small, large arrowheads ventral setae fields; arrow marginal setae. Bar: 20µm. D. Mxp, ventral view. arrowheads spines on outer plate = ischial endite. Bar: 200µm. E. Mxp, inner plate = basal endite and outer plate = ischial endite, laterodorsal view. arrowheads spines. Bar: 20µm. F. Mxp, endopodit, detailed view. large arrowheads setae; small arrowheads bristle rows. Bar: 40µm. G. ♀ genital opening on Pr 5, posterioventral view. arrowhead setae. Bar: 100µm. H. Gn1, 2, lateral view. arrowhead proximal spine; arrow ventral spine on pereonite 2. Bar: 200µm. I. P5 propodus, ventral view. arrowheads grasping spines. Bar: 100µm. J. grasping spines. small arrowheads lamellae; large arrowhead median process. Bar: 20µm. iedt outer plate = ischial endite; End endopodit; bedt inner plate = basal endite; Lb labium; Lmob lacinia mobilis; MxP maxilla 1 palp; outpl outer plate; ba basis; i ischium; m merus; crp carpus; prd propodus; dt dactylus.
FIGURE 5 in Postembryonal development in Caprellidae: SEM description and comparison of ready-to-hatch juveniles and adults of two Mediterranean skeleton shrimps (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
FIGURE 5. Caprella cavediniae Krapp-Schickel & Vader, 1998 (Istria, Cape Savudrija). SEM of first juvenile stage. A. habitus, lateroventral view. Bar: 200µm. B. cephalon with mouthparts, frontal view. Bar: 20µm. C. Lbr, dorsal and detailed view. arrowheads fine teeth. Bar: 2µm. D. left Md, lateral view. Bar: 20µm. E. left Md with 3 accessory setae. Bar: 10µm. F. right Md with 2 accessory setae. Bar: 10µm. G. flagellum of A2. arrowheads apical spines. Bar: 20µm. H. L, frontal view. Bar: 10µm. I. Mx1, lateral view. arrowhead distal seta. Bar: 20µm. J. Mx1, frontal view. arrowheads Mx1 palp, spines with toothed ridge; arrow outer plate, forked spines. Bar: 10µm. K. Mx2, ventral view. large arrowheads distal, plumose setae; small arrowheads ventral setae; arrow marginal setae fringe. Bar: 10µm. acS accessory setae; A gl antennal gland; g gills; inpl inner plate; Lb labium; Lmob lacinia mobilis; MP mouthparts; Mdr/l right/left mandible; MxP maxilla 1 palp; outpl outer plate; Pinc processus incisivus; Pmol processus molaris.
FIGURE 4 in Postembryonal development in Caprellidae: SEM description and comparison of ready-to-hatch juveniles and adults of two Mediterranean skeleton shrimps (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
FIGURE 4. Caprella cavediniae Krapp-Schickel & Vader, 1998 (Istria, Cape Savudrija). LM of first juvenile stage. A. habitus, lateral view. Bar: 200µm. B. left Md with 3 accessory setae. Bar: 20µm. C. Mx1,2, dorsal view. Bar: 50µm. D. Gn1, lateral view of inner surface. arrowhead setae at dactylus tip. Bar: 50µm. E. Gn2, lateral view of outer surface. arrowhead spine; arrow dactylus tip with distal seta. Bar: 50µm. F. P5, lateral view. arrowheads spines. Bar: 50µm. g gills; inpl inner plate; Lmob lacinia mobilis; MP mouthparts; Mx1r/l right/left maxilla 1; MxP maxilla 1 palp; outpl outer plate; Pinc processus incisivus; Pmol processus molaris; ba basis; i ischium; m merus; crp carpus; prd propodus; dt dactylus.
FIGURE 3 in Postembryonal development in Caprellidae: SEM description and comparison of ready-to-hatch juveniles and adults of two Mediterranean skeleton shrimps (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
FIGURE 3. Caprella cavediniae Krapp-Schickel & Vader, 1998 (Istria, Cape Savudrija (A–F, I, J) and Italy, Island of Giglio (G, H)). SEM of ♀ adults. A. left Md, lateral view. arrowheads fields of fine setae. Bar: 20µm. B. accessory spines, detailed view. arrowheads axillary setae. Bar: 10µm. C. Mx1. large arrowhead ventromarginal setae; small arrowheads fields of fine setae on outer plate; arrow seta on 1. article of palp. Bar: 20µm. D. spines on Mx1 palp. arrowheads serrated ridge. Bar: 2µm. E. Mx2, ventral view. arrowheads fine setae on inner plate. Bar: 20µm. F. distal setae on Mx2, outer plate. arrowheads, arrow 3 different types of setae. Bar: 10µm. G. Pr 5, lateral view. arrowheads dorsal tubercle; arrow ventrodistal genital openings. Bar: 100µm. H. tubercle, enlarged view. arrowheads 3 setae. Bar: 2µm. I. gill on Pr 3, lateral view. Bar: 100µm. J. gill basis, detailed view. arrowheads 2 plumose setae. Bar: 10µm. acS accessory setae; inpl inner plate; Lmob lacinia mobilis; g gill; MxP Maxilla 1 palp; Oost oostegit; outpl outer plate; Pinc processus incisivus.
FIGURE 1 in Postembryonal development in Caprellidae: SEM description and comparison of ready-to-hatch juveniles and adults of two Mediterranean skeleton shrimps (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
FIGURE 1. Caprella cavediniae Krapp-Schickel & Vader, 1998 (Italy, Island of Giglio). SEM of the habitus of ♀ adults and first juvenile stage. A. lateral habitus, ♀ adult. arrowheads dorsal tubercle. Bar: 1mm. B. lateral habitus, first juvenile stage. Bar: 200µm. g gill; MP mouthparts; Oost oostegit.
FIGURE 11. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 in Postembryonal development in Caprellidae: SEM description and comparison of ready-to-hatch juveniles and adults of two Mediterranean skeleton shrimps (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
FIGURE 11. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 (Lagoon of Venice). SEM of first juvenile stage. A. habitus, ventral view. Bar: 200µm. B. mouthparts, frontal view. Bar: 20µm. C. mouthparts, lateral view. arrowhead antennal gland. Bar: 20µm. D. right Md, lateral view. arrowheads accessory setae. Bar: 20µm. E. left Md. Bar: 2µm. F. processus molaris. arrowheads roundish concavities. Bar: 2µm. G. Mx1, laterofrontal view. arrowheads spinelike processes; small arrows marginal fine setae; big arrow ventral field of fine setae. Bar: 10µm. H. Mx1 palp, lateral view. arrowheads laterodistal setae. Bar: 20µm. I. outer plate of Mx1, frontal view. arrowheads forked spines. Bar: 10µm. J. Mx2, ventral view. small arrowhead distal setae; big arrowheads short, ventral setae; arrow longer ventral setae. Bar: 10µm. acs accessory setae; Agl antennal gland; g gill; inpl inner plate; Lb labium; lmob lacinia mobilis; mdr/l right/left mandible; mp mouthparts; MxP maxilla 1 palp; outpl outer plate; pinc processus incisivus; pmol processus molaris.
FIGURE 7. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 in Postembryonal development in Caprellidae: SEM description and comparison of ready-to-hatch juveniles and adults of two Mediterranean skeleton shrimps (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
FIGURE 7. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 (Lagoon of Venice). SEM of the habitus of ♀ adults and first juvenile stage. A. Habitus of ♀ adults, lateral view. Bar: 1mm. B. Habitus of first juvenile stage, lateral view. Bar: 100µm. g gill; ma marsupium; MP mouthparts.
FIGURE 10. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 in Postembryonal development in Caprellidae: SEM description and comparison of ready-to-hatch juveniles and adults of two Mediterranean skeleton shrimps (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
FIGURE 10. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 (Lagoon of Venice). LM of first juvenile stage. A. habitus, lateral view. Bar: 200µm. B. A1 and A2. arrowhead second flagellum art; arrow ventrodistal seta. Bar: 100µm. C. left Md. Bar: 20µm. D. Mx1, 2, ventrolateral view. Bar: 20µm. E. Mxp, dorsal view. Bar: 50µm. F. Gn1, detailed view. small arrowheads submarginal setae; large arrowheads subdorsal setae; small arrow plumose seta; large arrow grasping spine. Bar: 20µm. G. P5–7, ventral view. Bar: 200µm. acS accessory setae; e eye; End endopodit; g gill; inpl inner plate; Lmob lacinia mobilis; MxP maxilla 1 palp; outpl outer plate; Pinc processus incisivus; crp carpus; prd propodus; dt dactylus.
FIGURE 9. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 in Postembryonal development in Caprellidae: SEM description and comparison of ready-to-hatch juveniles and adults of two Mediterranean skeleton shrimps (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
FIGURE 9. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 (Lagoon of Venice). SEM of ♂ adults. A. Head region, lateral view. Bar: 1mm. B. mouthparts, lateral view. Bar: 200µm. C. Mxp. arrowheads setae on inner surface of carpus. Bar: 100µm. D. inner surface of dactylus. arrowheads bristle rows. Bar: 2µm. E. Gn1, lateral view. arrowheads submarginal setae. Bar: 200µm. F. Gn1 propodus and dactylus, lateral view of inner surface. arrowhead bristle rows. Bar: 200µm. G. Gn2 propodus and dactylus, detailed view. small arrowheads marginal bristles; large arrowhead poison tooth; arrow proximal process. Bar: 200µm. H. P7 propodus and dactylus, detailed view. small arrowhead fine furrows on dactylus; large arrowhead grasping spines; large arrow spinelike process between grasping spines; small arrows marginal spines with fine teeth. Bar: 200µm. I. pleopod 1. arrowheads fine setae fields; arrows setae. Bar: 10µm. ca carina; iedt outer plate = ischial endite; MP mouth parts; ba basis; i ischium; m merus; crp carpus; prd propodus; dt dactylus.
FIGURE 6 in Postembryonal development in Caprellidae: SEM description and comparison of ready-to-hatch juveniles and adults of two Mediterranean skeleton shrimps (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
FIGURE 6. Caprella cavediniae Krapp-Schickel & Vader, 1998 (Istria, Cape Savudrija). SEM of first juvenile stage. A. Mxp, lateral view. large arrowhead setae on propodus; small arrowheads bristle rows; arrow bristle rows on inner surface of dactylus. Bar: 20µm. B. outer plate (ischial endite) and inner plate (basal endite), ventral and detailed view. small arrowheads spines; large arrowhead, arrows plumose setae. Bar: 10µm. C. Gn1, inner surface. arrowheads setae; arrow ventral seta on propodus. Bar: 20µm. D. Gn1 dactylus, ventral and detailed view. arrowheads 2 subapical setae. Bar: 10µm. E. Gn2, lateral view. arrowhead proximal spine; arrow subapical seta. Bar: 20µm. F. propodus, detailed view. arrowheads distal setae; arrow median setae. Bar: 10µm. G. gills on Pr3, ventrolateral view. arrowheads setae on gill basis. Bar: 20µm. H. P5–7, lateral view. Bar: 100µm. I. P7 propodus, ventral view. arrowheads spines; arrow distal seta. Bar: 20µm. J. pleon, lateral view. large arrowheads median setae on pleon lobe; small arrowheads plumose dorsal seta; arrow insertion of dorsal seta. Bar: 10µm. iedt outer plate = ischial endite; g gill; Pl pleon; bedt inner plate = basal endite; co coxa; ba basis; i ischium; m merus; crp carpus; prd propodus; dt dactylus.
Data from: Incomplete convergence of gliding-mammal skeletons
<p>Ecology and biomechanics play central roles in the generation of phenotypic diversity. When unrelated taxa invade a similar ecological niche, biomechanical demands can drive convergent morphological transformations. Thus, identifying and examining convergence helps to elucidate the key catalysts of phenotypic change. Gliding mammals are often presented as a classic case of convergent evolution because they independently evolved in numerous clades, each possessing patagia ('wing' membranes) that generate lift during gliding. We use phylogenetic comparative methods to test whether the skeletal morphologies of the six clades of extant gliding mammals demonstrate convergence. Our results indicate that glider skeletons are convergent, with glider groups consistently evolving proportionally longer, more gracile limbs than arborealists, likely to increase patagial surface area. Nonetheless, we interpret gliders to represent incomplete convergence because (i) evolutionary model-fitting analyses do not indicate strong selective pressures for glider trait optima, (ii) the three marsupial glider groups diverge rather than converge, and (iii) the gliding groups remain separated in morphospace (rather than converging on a single morphotype), which is reflected by an unexpectedly high level of morphological disparity. That glider skeletons are morphologically diverse is further demonstrated by fossil gliders from the Mesozoic Era, which possess unique skeletal characteristics that are absent in extant gliders. Glider morphologies may be strongly influenced by factors such as body size and attachment location of patagia on the forelimb, which can vary among clades. <span>Thus, convergence in gliders appears to be driven by a simple lengthening of the limbs, whereas additional skeletal traits reflect nuances of the gliding apparatus that are distinct among different evolutionary lineages.</span> Our unexpected results add to growing evidence that incomplete convergence is prevalent in vertebrate clades, even among classic cases of convergence, and they highlight the importance of examining form-function relationships in light of phylogeny, biomechanics, and the fossil record.</p>
FIGURE 2 in External morphology, chondrocranium, hyobranchial skeleton, and external and internal oral features of Rhinoderma rufum (Anura, Rhinodermatidae)
FIGURE 2. Morphology of the external and internal oral structures of Rhinoderma rufum: Oral disc (A), upper jaw sheath (B), labial teeth (D); Oral roof: prenarial papillae (E), median ridge and postulations of the oral roof arena (F), right narina (G), row of the lateral papillae of oral roof arena (H), papillae of the posterior border of the oral roof arena (I); Oral floor: right papillae of the oral floor arena (J), lingual bud and lingual papillae (K), oral floor arena and posterior papillae (L), ventral velum (M). Upper jaw sheath of Rhinodermadarwinii (C).The specimens of both species are in Stage 32.
FIGURE 1 in External morphology, chondrocranium, hyobranchial skeleton, and external and internal oral features of Rhinoderma rufum (Anura, Rhinodermatidae)
FIGURE 1. Tadpole of Rhinoderma rufum (Stage 32): Lateral view (A), vent tube (C), dorsal view chondrocranium (D), ventral view of chondrocranium (E), ventral view of hyobranchial apparatus (F). Foot of Rhinoderma rufum (Stage 36), arrows indicate the webbing (B).
FIGURE 45. Skeletons with parallel endosternites and narrow sella turcica. A in Significance of the sexual openings and supplementary structures on the phylogeny of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura), with new nomina for higher-ranked podotreme taxa
FIGURE 45. Skeletons with parallel endosternites and narrow sella turcica. A, Pseudopalicus declivis Castro, 2000 (Palicidae), male, New Caledonia (MNHN-B30492): medially attenuated endosternites, remaining lateral portions covered by pleurites; marked median plate; B, Bathypluma spinifer Saint Laurent, 1980 (Retroplumidae), male, Philippines (MNHN-B37017): cx5, P5 coxa; m, median plate; p, pleurite; P5, pereopod 5; s, sella turcica; s.c., convexity of sterno-abdominal cavity; t, endosternite.
Figure 4 in Cryptic complexity in felid vertebral evolution: shape differentiation and allometry of the axial skeleton
Figure 4. Vertebral profile plots of locomotory groups (i.e. arboreal, terrestrial and scansorial species) showing variation in vertebral measurements along the vertebral column number. A, centrum length (CL); B, centrum height (CH); C, centrum width (CW); D, centrum shape (CS); E, lamina width (LW); F, neural spine lever arm (NSLA); J, transverse process dorsoventral angle (TPDV); K, transverse process anteroposterior angle (TPAP); L, interzygapophyseal length (IZL); M, accessory process distance (APD). Regular vertical bars mark the boundaries between vertebral regions (i.e. cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions) and the corresponding analytical bins, while dotted vertical lines mark boundaries only related to vertebral bins.
Figure 3 in Cryptic complexity in felid vertebral evolution: shape differentiation and allometry of the axial skeleton
Figure 3. PCA plots of PC1 X PC2 (A) and PC1 X PC3 (B) showing species distribution in vertebral morphospace. Species are grouped according to their locomotory mode (i.e. cross: arboreal species; triangle: scansorial species; squares: terrestrial species).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.