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FIGURE 13 in Pleistocene to Holocene benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the Peruvian continental margin

FIGURE 13. SEM images; scale bar equals 200 μm. 1. Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi spiral view 52-2; 500 cm, 2. Cibicides mckannai umbilical view 52-2; 230 cm, 3. Epistominella smithi umbilical view 50-4; 210 cm, 4. Epistominella smithi spiral view 50-4; 210 cm, 5. Planulina limbata umbilical view 416; 100 cm, 6. Epistominella pacifica umbilical view 416; 200 cm, 7. Epistominella pacifica spiral view 416; 200 cm, 8. Epistominella pacifica peripheral view 416; 200 cm, 9. Gyroidina rothwelli spiral view 416; 100 cm, 10. Oridorsalis umbonatus umbilical view 52-2; 230 cm, 11. Gyroidina subtenera umbilical view 52-2; 230 cm, 12. Gyroidina subtenera spiral view 52-2; 270 cm, 13. Epistominella pacifica umbilical view 47-2; 128 cm, 14. Gyroidina rothwelli umbilical view 416; 100 cm, 15. Cassidulina carinata 50-4; 210 cm.

FIGURE 2 in Pleistocene to Holocene benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the Peruvian continental margin

FIGURE 2. Schematic description of the focused time intervals and samples considered regarding to the benthic foraminifera study at each core.

FIGURE 1. A in Pleistocene to Holocene benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the Peruvian continental margin

FIGURE 1. A) Map of the research area showing the core locations. The dashed line shows the approximate position of the section in B) depth vs latitude section showing the dissolved oxygen concentrations and the core locations. Oxygen data were taken from a CTD compilation after Schönfeld et al. (2015). Contour lines indicate the dissolved oxygen concentration interval. Prepared by ODV Software (Schlitzer, 2010)

FIGURE 8 in Pleistocene to Holocene benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the Peruvian continental margin

FIGURE 8. SEM images; scale bar equals 100 μm. 1. Bolivina seminuda 416; 200 cm, 2. Bolivina cf. seminuda var. humilis 416; 200 cm, 3. Bolivina seminuda var. humilis 47-2; 113 cm, 4. Bolivina pacifica 52-2; 270 cm, 5. Bolivina interjuncta var. bicostata 52-2; 520 cm, 6. Bolivinita minuta 52-2; 270 cm, 7. Bolivina aff. tortuosa 59-1; 523 cm, 8. Bolivina costata 52-2; 270 cm, 9. Bolivina ordinaria 47-2; 128 cm, 10. Bulimina pagoda 52-2; 520 cm, 11. Fursenkoina fusiformis 50-4; 230 cm, 12. Virgulina spinosa 59-1; 963 cm, 13. Fursenkoina glabra 50-4; 230 cm, 14. Anomalinoides minimus spiral view 59-1; 523 cm, 15. cf. Buccella peruviana umbilical view 47-2; 113 cm, 16. cf. Buccella peruviana peripheral view 47-2; 113 cm, 17. cf. Buccella peruviana spiral view 50-4; 230 cm, 18. Epistominella exigua spiral view 52-2; 450 cm, 19. Epistominella exigua umbilical view 52-2; 450 cm, 20. Anomalinoides minimus umbilical view 59-1; 523 cm, 21. Epistominella afueraensis umbilical view 416; 200 cm, 22. Epistominella afueraensis peripheral view 416; 200 cm, 23. Epistominella afueraensis spiral view 416; 200 cm, 24. Alabaminella weddellensis spiral view 52-2; 270 cm.

FIGURE 12 in Pleistocene to Holocene benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the Peruvian continental margin

FIGURE 12. Optical microscope images; scale bar equals 100 μm. 1. Bolivina costata 52-2; 270 cm 2. Bolivina ordinaria 47-2; 128 cm, 3. Bolivina cf. seminuda var. humilis 416; 200 cm, 4. Bolivina seminuda 416; 200 cm, 5-6. Bolivina interjuncta var. bicostata 52-2; 520 cm and 450 cm, 7. Bolivinita minuta 52-2; 270 cm, 8. Bolivina aff. tortuosa 59-1; 523 cm, 9. Bolivina seminuda var. humilis 47-2; 113 cm, 10. Bolivina pacifica 52-2; 270 cm, 11. Bolivina tongi var. filacostata 59-1; 523 cm, 12. Buliminella cf. curta 50-4; 100 cm, 13. Suggrunda eckisi 50-4; 110 cm, 14. Suggrunda porosa 47-2; 128 cm, 15. Fursenkoina fusiformis 50-4; 230 cm, 16. Fursenkoina glabra 50-4; 230 cm, 17. Buliminella elegantissima 416; 180 cm, 18. Bulimina mexicana 52-2; 520 cm, Bulimina pagoda 52-2; 520 cm.

FIGURE 9 in Pleistocene to Holocene benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the Peruvian continental margin

FIGURE 9. Optical microscope images; scale bar equals 200 μm. 1. Planulina limbata umbilical view 416; 100 cm, 2. Epistominella pacifica 416; 200 cm, 3. Epistominella pacifica umbilical view 416; 200 cm, 4. Angulogerina angulosa 50-4; 100 cm, 5. Epistominella smithi spiral view 50-4; 210 cm, 6. Uvigerina striata 416; 200 cm, 7. Uvigerina hispida 52-2; 120 cm, 8. Epistominella afueraensis spiral view 416; 200 cm, 9. Epistominella afueraensis umbilical view 416; 200 cm, 10. Gyroidina rothwelli umbilical view 416; 100 cm, 11. Gyroidina rothwelli spiral view 416; 100 cm.

FIGURE 11 in Pleistocene to Holocene benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the Peruvian continental margin

FIGURE 11. SEM images; scale bar equals 200 μm. 1. Bolivina interjuncta 47-2; 168 cm, 2. Bolivina plicata microspheric form 416; 200 cm, 3. Bolivina plicata macrospheric form 416; 100 cm, 4. Bolivina spissa 52-2; 520 cm, 5. Uvigerina peregrina 416; 200 cm (different specimen depicted in optical microscope and SEM image), 6. Praeglobobulimina spinescens 47-2; 168 cm, 7. Stainforthia complanata 50-4; 210 cm, 8. Uvigerina auberiana 50-4; 350 cm, 9. Uvigerina semiornata 52-2; 230 cm, 10. Bolivina alata 50-4; 110 cm, 11. Buliminella cf. curta 50-4; 100 cm, 12.-13 Bulimina exilis 50-4; 100 cm & 350 cm, 14. Uvigerina striata 416; 200 cm, 15. Hoeglundina elegans 52-2; 500 cm, 16. Globobulimina pacifica 52-2; 230 cm, 17. Cassidulina delicata 47-2; 128 cm, 18. Cassidulina crassa 52-2; 520 cm, 19. Cassidulina auka 416; 100 cm.

FIGURE 5 in Pleistocene to Holocene benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the Peruvian continental margin

FIGURE 5. Downcore distributions of A. minimum, A. weddellensis, B. minuta, C. delicata, E. exigua and U. auberiana observed in core M77/1-59-1. Note that the scale bars are different.

FIGURE 7 in Pleistocene to Holocene benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the Peruvian continental margin

FIGURE 7. Optical microscope images; scale bar equals 100 μm. 1. Epistominella pacifica umbilical view 47-2; 128 cm, 2. Epistominella exigua spiral view 52-2; 450 cm, 3. Epistominella exigua umbilical view 52-2; 450 cm, 4. Anomalinoides minimus spiral view 59-1; 523 cm, 5. Anomalinoides minimus umbilical view 59-1; 523 cm, 6. Epistominella obesa spiral view 50-4; 100 cm, 7. Epistominella obesa spiral view 50-4; 100 cm, 8. Epistominella obesa umbilical view 50-4; 100 cm, 9. cf. Buccella peruviana spiral view 50-4; 230 cm, 10. cf. Buccella peruviana umbilical view 47-2; 113 cm, 11. Cassidulina auka 416; 100 cm, 12. Alabaminella weddellensis spiral view 52-2; 270 cm, 13. Gyroidina subtenera spiral view 52-2; 270 cm, 14. Gyroidina subtenera umbilical view 52-2; 230 cm, 15. Cassidulina minuta 52- 2; 120 cm, 16. Cassidulina carinata 50-4; 210 cm, 17. Cassidulina delicata 47-2; 128 cm.

FIGURE 4 in Pleistocene to Holocene benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the Peruvian continental margin

FIGURE 4. Downcore distributions of the most abundant species (>5% relative abundance) observed in the sediment cores. N.A.: in case of absence of the species. Note that the scale bars are different.

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FIGURE 2 in First early Eocene lizards from Spain and a study of the compositional changes between late Mesozoic and early Cenozoic Iberian lizard assemblages

FIGURE 2. Paleogeographic map of Western Europe during the early Eocene (modified from Marandat et al., 2012) and situation of the Catalan localities yielding material described in the text and other contemporaneous European fossil sites. Note that the localities of the Southern Pyrenean Basin (Escarlà, La Roca, Masia de l'Hereuet, Barranc del Fusteró and Font del Torricó) are geographically very close, although situated in different sub-basins (see text).

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FIGURE 1. Selected lizard and amphisbaenian material from studied localities. 1-2 in First early Eocene lizards from Spain and a study of the compositional changes between late Mesozoic and early Cenozoic Iberian lizard assemblages

FIGURE 1. Selected lizard and amphisbaenian material from studied localities. 1-2, Geiseltaliellus sp.: 1, left dentary (IPS 49740); 2, maxilla (IPS 83552); 3-4, Iguanidae indet.: 3, fragment of dentary (IPS 83535) with one preserved tooth, 4, fragment of?maxilla with four preserved teeth (IPS 49756); 5-6, Agamidae indet.: 5, Fragment of toothbearing bone preserving one tooth (IPS 83546), 6, fragment of dentary preserving two teeth (IPS 83543). 7-8, Gekkota indet.: 7, posterior portion of left dentary (IPS 59559), 8, anterior portion of left dentary (IPS 83520); 9, Scincoidea (?Scincidae) indet., fragment of right dentary (IPS 49752); 10,?Lacertidae indet., fragment of tooth-bearing bone perserving two teeth (IPS 49762); 11, Amphisbaenia indet., vertebra (IPS 59529); 12, cf. Placosaurus sp., partial parietal with fused osteoderms (IPS 59567); 13, Glyptosaurini indet., skull osteoderm (IPS 83532); 14, Glyptosaurinae indet., body osteoderm (IPS 83533); 15-18, Anguinae indet.: 15, keeled body osteoderm (IPS 83540), 16, unkeeled body osteoderm (IPS 83533), 17, partial parietal (IPS 83557), 18, vertebra (IPS 59538); 19-20, "Necrosauridae" indet.: 19, partial left dentary (IPS 83545), 20, osteoderm (IPS 49741). 1, 2, 5, 6, 11, 15 and 17-20 from Masia de l'Hereuet (MP8+9); 3, 4, 7, 8, 10 and 14 from La Morera (MP10); 12 from Escarlà (MP10); 13 and 16 from Font del Torricó. 1-10 and 19 in labial view; 11-12, 17 in dorsal view; 13-16 and 20 in external view; 18 in ventral view.

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FIGURE 3 in First early Eocene lizards from Spain and a study of the compositional changes between late Mesozoic and early Cenozoic Iberian lizard assemblages

FIGURE 3. Distribution of lizard and amphisbaenian taxa from the latest Cretaceous to the late Eocene in the Iberian Peninsula. Records from Font del Torricó are omitted because its exact age inside the early Eocene is unknown. Black squares indicate unambiguous records, whereas grey squares indicate uncertainty. LaMa: Late Maastrichtian; eLaMa: earliest Late Maastrichtian; E/LaMa: Early or Late Maastrichtian; Late Campanian.

FIGURE 16 in Eocene/Oligocene deep-water agglutinated foraminifers (DWAF) assemblages from the Madonie Mountains (Sicily, Southern Italy)

FIGURE 16. Scanning electron micrographs of Reophacidae (1-3), Hormosinidae (4-13), and Lituotubidae (14-20) from the Caltavuturo Formation cropping out at Portella Colla. 1, Reophax duplex Grzybowski, 1896, PC060624. 2, Reophax pilulifer Brady, 1884, PC13. 3, Reophax sp. 1, PC060615. 4-5, Hormosina velascoensis (Cushman, 1926), PC060617 (4) and PC11 (5). 6, Hormosina trinitatensis Cushman and Renz, 1946, PC11. 7, Hormosina sp. 1, PC060624. 8, Hormosina sp. 2, PC060615. 9-11, Pseudonodosinella elongata Grzybowski, 1898, PC11 (9), PC060601 (10) and PCs0 (11). 12-13, Pseudonodosinella nodulosa Brady, 1879, PC11 (12) and PC060617 (13). 14, Paratrochamminoides acervulatus (Grzybowski, 1896), PC13. 15, Paratrochamminoides deflexiformis (Noth, 1912), PC060615. 16, Lituotuba lituiformis (Brady, 1879), PC060615. 17, Paratrochamminoides sp. 1, PC060601. 18, Paratrochamminoides draco (Grzybowski, 1901), PC11. 19, Paratrochamminoides mitratus (Grzybowski, 1901), PCs0. 20, Conglophragmium deforme (Grzybowski, 1898), PC060623. Scale bar equals 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 18 in Eocene/Oligocene deep-water agglutinated foraminifers (DWAF) assemblages from the Madonie Mountains (Sicily, Southern Italy)

FIGURE 18. Scanning electron micrographs of Trochamminoidae (1-10) and Haplophragmoididae (11-27) from the Caltavuturo Formation cropping out at Portella Colla. 1, Trochamminoides septatus (Grzybowski, 1898), PC060604. 2, Trochamminoides proteus (Karrer, 1866), PC060621. 3, Trochamminoides cf. proteus (Karrer, 1866), PC060624. 4, Trochamminoides velascoensis Cushman, 1926, PC11. 5, Trochamminoides intermedius (Grzybowski, 1896), PC060621. 6, Trochamminoides variolarius (Grzybowski, 1898), MM14. 7, Trochamminoides sp. 1, PC060603. 8, Trochamminoides sp. 2, PC060604. 9, Trochamminoides sp. 3, PC060618. 10, Trochamminoides sp. 4, PC18. 11-13, Haplophragmoides carinatus Cushman and Renz, 1941, PC060621 (11), PC060621 (12) and PC060624 (13). 14-16, Haplophragmoides walteri (Grzybowski, 1898), PC18 (14), PC11 (15), PC5 (16). 17, Haplophragmoides eggeri Cushman, 1926, PC060611. 18, Haplophragmoides excavatus Cushman and Waters, 1927, PC060601. 19, Haplophragmoides cf. kirki Wickenden, 1932, PC060602. 20, Haplophragmoides porrectus Maslakova, 1955, PCs0. 21, Haplophragmoides cf. walteri (Grzybowski, 1898), PC060621. 22, Haplophragmoides horridus (Grzybowski, 1901), PC060601. 23, Haplophragmoides cf. horridus (Grzybowski, 1901), PC060604. 24, Haplophragmoides cf. porrectus Maslakova, 1955, PC060615. 25-26, Haplophragmoides sp. 1, PC060602 (25) and PC060602 (26). 27, Haplophragmoides sp. 2, PC060603. Scale bar equals 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 20 in Eocene/Oligocene deep-water agglutinated foraminifers (DWAF) assemblages from the Madonie Mountains (Sicily, Southern Italy)

FIGURE 20. Scanning electron micrographs of Trochamminoidea (1-11, 13), Ataxophragmiidae (12, 17, 20-21), and Textulariina (14-16, 18-19, 22-23) from the Caltavuturo Formation cropping out at Portella Colla. 1, Trochammina sp. 1, PC060601. 2, Trochammina sp. 2, PC060601. 3, Trochammina sp. 3, PC060601. 4, Trochammina sp. 4, PC060604. 5, Trochammina sp. 5, PC060605. 6-10, Karrerulina conversa (Grzybowski, 1901), PC060615 (6), PC018 (7), PC11 (8), PC060615 (9) and PCs0 (10). 11, Karrerulina horrida (Mjatliuk, 1970), PC060617. 12, Remesella varians (Glaessner, 1937), PC060601. 13, Gaudryina sp., PC1. 14, Eggerella compressa (Andreae, 1884), PC13. 15, Eggerella sp. 1, PC3. 16, Eggerella sp. 2, PC3. 17, Arenobulimina sp., PC060602. 18, Siphotextularia sp. 1, PC060621. 19, Siphotextularia sp. 2, PC060621. 20, Tetraxiella subtilissima PCs0. 21, Gravellina sp., PC060618. 22, Valvulina flexilis Cushman and Renz, 1941, PC060604. 23, Valvulina sp., PC060621. Scale bars equal 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 13 in Eocene/Oligocene deep-water agglutinated foraminifers (DWAF) assemblages from the Madonie Mountains (Sicily, Southern Italy)

FIGURE 13. Scanning electron micrographs of Psammosphaeridae (1-4) and Ammodiscidae (5-27) from the Caltavuturo Formation cropping out at Portella Colla. 1, Psammosphaera cf. laevigata White, 1928, PCs0. 2, Psammosphaera sp. 1, PC13. 3, Psammosphaera sp. 2, PC060615. 4, Psammosphaera sp. 3, PC060625. 5, Ammodiscus cretaceus (Reuss, 1845), PC22. 6, Hyperammina sp., PC060625. 7-8, Ammodiscus incertus (d'Orbigny, 1839), PC060603 (7) and PC13 (8). 9-11, Ammodiscus tenuisimus (Gümbel, 1862), PC22 (9), PC060615 (10) and PC060615 (11). 12-13, Ammodiscus latus Grzybowski, 1898, PC11 (12) and PC11 (13). 14, Ammodiscus peruvianus Berry, 1928, PC060617. 15-16, Ammodiscus cf. latus Grzybowski, 1898, PC11. 17, Ammodiscus sp. 1, PC11. 18, Ammodiscus sp. 2, PC15. 19, Ammodiscus sp. 3, PC060603. 20, Annectina biedai Gradstein and Kaminski, 1997, PC060618. 21, Annectina cf. grzybowski (Jurkiewicz, 1960), PC060617. 22, Glomospira sp. 2, PC15. 23, Glomospira sp. 1, PC11. 24, Glomospira sp. 3, PC13. 25-26. Glomospira serpens (Grzybowski, 1898), PC060617 (25) and PC060618 (26). 27, Glomospira irregularis (Grzybowski, 1898), PC060618. Scale bar equals 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 14 in Eocene/Oligocene deep-water agglutinated foraminifers (DWAF) assemblages from the Madonie Mountains (Sicily, Southern Italy)

FIGURE 14. Scanning electron micrographs of Hormosinelloidea from the Caltavuturo Formation cropping out at Portella Colla. 1, Ammolagena clavata (Jones and Parker, 1860) on a specimen of Psammosiphonella cylindrica (Glaessner, 1937), PCs0. 2, Ammolagena clavata (Jones and Parker, 1860), PC060607. 3-7, Caudammina gutta Benedetti and Pignatti, 2009, PC18. 8, Subreophax cf. guttifer (Brady, 1881), PC15. 9, Subreophax cf. pseudoscalaris (Samuel, 1977), PCs0. 10, Subreophax scalaris (Grzybowski, 1896), PC11. 11-12, Subreophax splendidus (Grzybowski, 1898), PC060624 (11) and PC11 (12). 13, Arthrodendron subnodosiformis (Grzybowski, 1898), PC060615. 14, Arthrodendron grandis (Grzybowski, 1898), PC050515. 15-19, Kalamopsis grzybowskii (Dylążanka, 1923), PC18 (15), PC11 (16), PC18 (17), PC060621 (18) and PC060621 (19). Scale bar equals 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 15 in Eocene/Oligocene deep-water agglutinated foraminifers (DWAF) assemblages from the Madonie Mountains (Sicily, Southern Italy)

FIGURE 15. Scanning electron micrographs of Usbekistaniinae from the Caltavuturo Formation cropping out at Portella Colla. 1, Glomospira extendens Emiliani, 1954, PC11. 2, Glomospira gordialis (Jones and Parker, 1860), PC060604. 3-16, Repmanina charoides (Jones and Parker, 1860), PC060604 (3), PC060601 (4), PC060604 (5), PC060603 (6), PC060611 (7), PC060601 (8), PC060603 (9), PC060621 (10), PC060621 (11), PC060617 (12), PCs0 (13), PCs0 (14), PC060604 (15) and PCs0 (16). Scale bar equals 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 12 in Eocene/Oligocene deep-water agglutinated foraminifers (DWAF) assemblages from the Madonie Mountains (Sicily, Southern Italy)

FIGURE 12. Scanning electron micrographs of Astrorhizida (1-13) and Saccamminidae (14-15) foraminifers from the Caltavuturo Formation cropping out at Portella Colla. 1-2, Rhabdammina discreta Brady, 1884, PCs0 (1) and PC060618 (2). 3, Rhabdammina eocenica Cushman and Hanna, 1927, PC060601. 4-5, Psammosiphonella cylindrica (Glaessner, 1937), PC11 (4) and PCs0 (5). 6-7, Psammosiphonella linearis (Brady, 1879), PC060618 (6) and PC11 (7). 8, Bathysiphon sp., MM12. 9, Nothia excelsa (Grzybowski, 1898), PC060603. 10, Nothia robusta (Grzybowski, 1898) with Ammolagena clavata (Jones and Parker, 1860), PC060621. 11, Nothia cf. latissima (Grzybowski, 1898), PC060624. 12-13, Rhizammina indivisa Brady, 1884, PC060621. 14-15, Psammosphaera irregularis (Grzybowski, 1896), PC13 (14) and PC22 (15). 16, Placentammna placenta (Grzybowski, 1898), PCs0. 17, Saccammina grzybowskii (Schubert, 1902), PC060621. Scale bar equals 0.5 mm.