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Fig. 3 in Simulation modelling as a decision support in developing a sterile insect-inherited sterility release strategy for Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Fig. 3. The Eldana saccharina module developed in this study. The module describes the dynamics of all E. saccharina life stages under the influence of the SIT/IS technique. Other control measures may also be included, and are currently under investigation.

Fig. 6 in Simulation modelling as a decision support in developing a sterile insect-inherited sterility release strategy for Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Fig. 6. The graphical user interface designed for the SIT/IS simulation tool for the field application of a SIT/IS strategy against Eldana saccharina in sugarcane. The initial infestation, e/100s, is the number of borers per 100 stalks of sugarcane.

Fig. 2 in Simulation modelling as a decision support in developing a sterile insect-inherited sterility release strategy for Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Fig. 2. The pest species subsystem which may include all the important pest species in South African sugarcane.The total damage caused by the various pest species may be estimated by such a system. Currently, only the Eldana saccharina module has been developed.

Fig. 9. A in Simulation modelling as a decision support in developing a sterile insect-inherited sterility release strategy for Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Fig. 9. A spatial overview of the Eldana saccharina larval infestation at the end of a 24 mo simulation of a SIT/IS program at the pilot site near the Eston area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The colors indicate infestation levels measured in e/100 stalks, i.e., number of borers per 100 stalks of sugarcane. The fields colored in dark blue in the top right corner are aged 0, 1 and 2 mo, and they were harvested just before the end of the simulation; therefore the infestation levels are still low and this is before the commencement of releases of irradiated adult moths.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2016View details →

Fig. 2 in Feeding and development of Nephaspis oculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on rugose spiraling whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Fig. 2. Eggs of rugose spiraling whitefly (larger) and Bemisia tabaci (smaller) showing the difference in their size. The egg of B. tabaci was manually transferred from a collard leaf to a giant white bird of paradise leaf for taking this photo. Photo by Siavash Taravati.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2016View details →

Fig. 1 in Feeding and development of Nephaspis oculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on rugose spiraling whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Fig. 1. Life stages of Nephaspis oculata. a) A single beetle's egg (arrow) laid adjacent to a row of rugose spiraling whitefly eggs. Rugose spiraling whitefly eggs become darker as they age as can be seen here. The wax on the eggs was removed in order to take this photo. b) Larva feeding on a rugose spiraling whitefly egg. c) An adult male feeding on a 4th instar of rugose spiraling whitefly. d) A hole (arrow) created by the feeding activity of a beetle. The hole looks similar to an exit-hole created by parasitoids but this one was created by Nephaspis oculata in the laboratory. Photo by Siavash Taravati.

Fig. 2 in Development, reproduction and sexual competitiveness of Conopomorpha sinensis (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) gamma-irradiated as pupae and adults

Fig. 2. Mean (± SE) mortality of eggs oviposited by Conopomorpha sinensis females involved in 3 different crosses. The upper curve shows the percentage hatch of eggs from the cross, UF × TM in which males were γ-irradiated as mature pupae with doses ranging egg from 50 and 300 Gy. The middle curve shows the corresponding results from the cross, TF × UM, however females irradiated with 200–300 Gy did not oviposit any eggs. The lower curve shows the corresponding results when both parents were irradiated.

Fig. 1 in Development, reproduction and sexual competitiveness of Conopomorpha sinensis (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) gamma-irradiated as pupae and adults

Fig. 1. Fecundity of P generation Conopomorpha sinensis adults that emerged from pupae irradiated at various γ-radiation doses ranging from 50 to 300 Gy. UF = non-irradiated females, TF = treated females, UM = non-irradiated males, TM = treated males. Different letters above bars indicate statistically significant differences within each combination (DMRT, P = 0.05).

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2017View details →

Fig. 1 in Development of Rhagoletis pomonella and Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera: Tephritidae) in mango and other tropical and temperate fruit in the laboratory

Fig. 1. Mean numbers of apple-origin female and male adults of Rhagoletis pomonella that landed on apple and tropical fruit in the laboratory in 2014. (A) Test using 1 female and 1 male per replicate; (B) test using 3 females and 3 males per replicate; n = number of replicates. Error bars represent SE. Ranks inside parentheses above bars with the same letter within sexes are not significantly different (P> 0.05; LSD test afer Kruskal–Wallis test). Females in (A): χ2 = 20.46; df = 1; P <0.0001; males in (A): χ2 = 20.37; df = 1; P <0.0001; females in (B): χ2 = 22.18; df = 4; P = 0.0002; males in (B): χ2 = 35.54; df = 4; P <0.0001.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

Fig. 1 in Effect of pH on the Early Development of the Biofouling Ascidian .

Fig. 1. Average number of individual Ciona robusta found in 2 mL subsample within each replicate flask (a) varied across pH and time (3–58 hpf). To enable comparison between treatments that had different initial concentration, larval count was normalized against the average of the triplicate flask of the given pH at 3 hpf. In other words, the average between the three replicates at 3 hpf for a given pH = 1. This survivorship estimate (b), indicated by the relative density across four pHs (pH 8.0, pH 7.6, pH 7.2, and pH 6.8) from fertilization to meta-metamorphosis (adhesion period at 21 hpf), did not vary with time or pH (ANCOVA, Table 2). Each dot represents a single replicate flask. The dotted regression lines were not significant but illustrate the general trends (Table 3).

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

Fig. 3 in Effect of pH on the Early Development of the Biofouling Ascidian .

Fig. 3. The breakpoint pH, represented by the dotted line, varied throughout ontogeny. The breakpoint was identified by piecewise regression. Only five representative time points were presented (see Table 4 for the full regression statistics for all stages). The scale bars of the insets were 100 µm.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

Fig. 2 in Effect of pH on the Early Development of the Biofouling Ascidian .

Fig. 2. Ocean acidification led to developmental delay in Ciona robusta. The mean and standard error for the proportion of embryo/larvae at a given stage relative to the total larval count at a particular time point were plotted. Note that 100% represents a different relative larval density for each bar (see Figure 1 for larval density).

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2020View details →

Fig. 1 in Fig. 2. Gonadal development during Yntema stages 15, 17, 19 in Bruggmanniella sanlianensis Lin, Yang & Tokuda, 2020, sp. nov.

Fig. 1. Prof. Dr. Brian Timms in his natural habitat: Sue's Clay Pan, Bloodwood Station, New South Wales, Australia, 24 July 2014 (photo by D.C. Rogers).

Fig. 14. A in Fig. 2. Gonadal development during Yntema stages 15, 17, 19 in Bruggmanniella sanlianensis Lin, Yang & Tokuda, 2020, sp. nov.

Fig. 14. A Bayesian inference (BI) tree for Austruca citrus n. sp. and A. perplexa (H. Milne Edwards, 1852), with outgroups of other congeneric species, based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Probability values at nodes represent support values for BI, maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP). For haplotype identities, see table 1.

Fig. 12 in Fig. 2. Gonadal development during Yntema stages 15, 17, 19 in Bruggmanniella sanlianensis Lin, Yang & Tokuda, 2020, sp. nov.

Fig. 12. Color in life of Austruca citrus n. sp. (male, CW 14.6 mm, ZRC 2019.1317) from Fiji (A, B) and its habitat in Denarau mangroves, Nadi, Fiji (C). A, dorsal view; B, frontal view. Courtesy of Bee Yan Lee.

Fig. 10 in Fig. 2. Gonadal development during Yntema stages 15, 17, 19 in Bruggmanniella sanlianensis Lin, Yang & Tokuda, 2020, sp. nov.

Fig. 10. Austruca perplexa (H. Milne Edwards, 1852). A–F, male; G–H, female. A, E, CW 14.9 mm (NCHUZOOL 15057), Singapore; B, CW 12.0 mm (NCHUZOOL 15042), Bohol, Philippines; C, specimen not collected, Penghu, Taiwan; D, H, specimens not collected, Dongsha, Taiwan; F, CW 12.0 mm (NCHUZOOL 15060), Bali, Indonesia; G, CW 9.7 mm (NCHUZOOL 15050), Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Fig. 11. Austruca citrus n in Fig. 2. Gonadal development during Yntema stages 15, 17, 19 in Bruggmanniella sanlianensis Lin, Yang & Tokuda, 2020, sp. nov.

Fig. 11. Austruca citrus n. sp. A–E, male; F, female. A, CW 11.1 mm (MNHN-IU-2017-9122), Wallis & Futuna; B–F, specimens not collected, Fiji. G– H, a population with high density. B, G, courtesy of Mark Rosenstein; C–F, H, courtesy of Rocio Gajon Bunker.

Fig. 9 in Fig. 2. Gonadal development during Yntema stages 15, 17, 19 in Bruggmanniella sanlianensis Lin, Yang & Tokuda, 2020, sp. nov.

Fig. 9. Urocardiac ossicles of Austruca perplexa (H. Milne Edwards, 1852) (A–C) and A. citrus n. sp. (D). A, male, CW 13.6 mm (NCHUZOOL 15056), Mersing, Malaysia; B, male, CW 14.2 mm (NTOU), Taitung, Taiwan; C, male, CW 12.5 mm (QM W19270), Queensland, Australia; D, male, CW 11.1 mm (MNHN-IU-2017-9122), Wallis & Futuna. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 5 in Fig. 2. Gonadal development during Yntema stages 15, 17, 19 in Bruggmanniella sanlianensis Lin, Yang & Tokuda, 2020, sp. nov.

Fig. 5. Austruca perplexa (H. Milne Edwards, 1852) (A, C) and A. citrus n. sp. (B, D, E). A, B, carapace; C–E, major chela. A, C, male (NCHUZOOL 15053; CW 15.6 mm, PL 25.6 mm; Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia); B, D, holotype of A. citrus (MNHN-IU-2017-9121; CW 10.9 mm, CL 6.7 mm, PL 17.6 mm; Wallis & Futuna); E, male (UF 3843; CW 12.9 mm, PL 25.6 mm; Fiji).

Fig. 7 in Fig. 2. Gonadal development during Yntema stages 15, 17, 19 in Bruggmanniella sanlianensis Lin, Yang & Tokuda, 2020, sp. nov.

Fig. 7. Carapaces of male Austruca perplexa (H. Milne Edwards, 1852) (A–C, F, G) and A. citrus n. sp. (D, E, H). A, male, CW 17.3 mm (NCHUZOOL 15046), Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia; B, male, CW 12.5 mm (QM W19270), Queensland, Australia; C, male, CW 12.0 mm (ZRC 1995.966), Queensland, Australia; D, male, CW 12.7 mm (MNHN-IU-2017-9123), Wallis & Futuna; E, male, CW 11.0 mm (UF 1488), Fiji; F, female, CW 13.7 mm (NCHUZOOL 14643), Tainan, Taiwan; G, female, CW 11.3 mm (NCHUZOOL 15052), Selangor, Malaysia; H, female, CW 11.7 mm (MNHN-IU-2017-9122), Wallis & Futuna.