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2,960 results for “elements”
Data from: The evolution of heat shock protein sequences, cis-regulatory elements, and expression profiles in the eusocial Hymenoptera
Background: The eusocial Hymenoptera have radiated across a wide range of thermal environments, exposing them to significant physiological stressors. We reconstructed the evolutionary history of three families of Heat Shock Proteins (Hsp90, Hsp70, Hsp40), the primary molecular chaperones protecting against thermal damage, across 12 Hymenopteran species and four other insect orders. We also predicted and tested for thermal inducibility of eight Hsps from the presence of cis-regulatory heat shock elements (HSEs). We tested whether Hsp induction patterns in ants were associated with different thermal environments. Results: We found evidence for duplications, losses, and cis-regulatory changes in two of the three gene families. One member of the Hsp90 gene family, hsp83, duplicated basally in the Hymenoptera, with shifts in HSE motifs in the novel copy. Both copies were retained in bees, but ants retained only the novel HSE copy. For Hsp70, Hymenoptera lack the primary heat-inducible orthologue from Drosophila melanogaster and instead induce the cognate form, hsc70-4, which also underwent an early duplication. Episodic diversifying selection was detected along the branch predating the duplication of hsc70-4 and continued along one of the paralogue branches after duplication. Four out of eight Hsp genes were heat-inducible and matched the predictions based on presence of conserved HSEs. For the inducible homologues, the more thermally tolerant species, Pogonomyrmex barbatus, had greater Hsp basal expression and induction in response to heat stress than did the less thermally tolerant species, Aphaenogaster picea. Furthermore, there was no trade-off between basal expression and induction. Conclusions: Our results highlight the unique evolutionary history of Hsps in eusocial Hymenoptera, which has been shaped by gains, losses, and changes in cis-regulation. Ants, and most likely other Hymenoptera, utilize lineage-specific heat inducible Hsps, whose expression patterns are associated with adaptive variation in thermal tolerance between two ant species. Collectively, our analyses suggest that Hsp sequence and expression patterns may reflect the forces of selection acting on thermal tolerance in ants and other social Hymenoptera.
Data from: Horizontal gene acquisitions, mobile element proliferation, and genome decay in the host - restricted plant pathogen Erwinia tracheiphila
Modern industrial agriculture depends on high density cultivation of genetically similar crop plants, creating favorable conditions for the emergence of novel pathogens with increased fitness in managed compared to ecologically intact settings. Here, we present the genome sequence of six strains of the cucurbit bacterial wilt pathogen Erwinia tracheiphila (Enterobacteriaceae) isolated from infected squash plants in New York, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Michigan. These genomes exhibit a high proportion of recent horizontal gene acquisitions, invasion and remarkable amplification of mobile genetic elements, and pseudogenization of ~20% of the coding sequences. These genome attributes indicate that E. tracheiphila recently emerged as a host-restricted pathogen. Furthermore, chromosomal rearrangements associated with phage and transposable element proliferation contributes to substantial differences in gene content and genetic architecture between the six E. tracheiphila strains and other Erwinia species. Together, these data lead us to hypothesize that E. tracheiphila has undergone recent evolution via both genome decay (pseudogenization) and genome expansion (horizontal gene transfer and mobile element amplification). Despite evidence of dramatic genomic changes, the six strains are genetically monomorphic, suggesting a recent population bottleneck and emergence into E. tracheiphila's current ecological niche.
Data from: Small RNAs from a big genome: the piRNA pathway and transposable elements in the salamander species Desmognathus fuscus
Most of the largest vertebrate genomes are found in salamanders, a clade of amphibians that includes 686 species. Salamander genomes range in size from 14 to 120 Gb, reflecting the accumulation of large numbers of transposable element (TE) sequences from all three TE classes. Although DNA loss rates are slow in salamanders relative to other vertebrates, high levels of TE insertion are also likely required to explain such high TE loads. Across the Tree of Life, novel TE insertions are suppressed by several pathways involving small RNA molecules. In most known animals, TE activity in the germline is primarily regulated by the Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway. In this study, we test the hypothesis that salamanders' unusually high TE loads reflect the loss of the ancestral piRNA-mediated TE-silencing machinery. We characterized the small RNA pool in the female and male adult gonads, testing for the presence of small RNA molecules that bear the characteristics of TE-targeting piRNAs. We also analyzed the amino acid sequences of piRNA pathway proteins from salamanders and other vertebrates, testing whether the overall patterns of sequence divergence are consistent with conserved pathway function across the vertebrate clade. Our results do not support the hypothesis of piRNA pathway loss; instead, they suggest that the piRNA pathway is expressed in salamanders. Given these results, we propose hypotheses to explain how the extraordinary TE loads in salamander genomes could have accumulated, despite the expression of TE-silencing machinery.
Data from: Parasite and host elemental content and parasite effects on host nutrient excretion and metabolic rate
Ecological stoichiometry uses the mass balance of elements to predict energy and elemental fluxes across different levels of ecological organization. A specific prediction of ecological stoichiometry is the growth rate hypothesis (GRH), which states that organisms with faster growth or reproductive rates will require higher phosphorus content for nucleic acid and protein synthesis. Although parasites are found ubiquitously throughout ecosystems, little is understood about how they affect nutrient imbalances in ecosystems. We (1) tested the GRH by determining the carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) content of parasitic trematodes and their intermediate host, the freshwater snail Elimia livescens, and (2) used this framework to determine the trematode effects on host nutrient excretion and metabolism. Snail and parasite tissues were analyzed for elemental content using a CHN analyzer and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) methods. Ammonium and SRP assays were used to estimate N and P excretion rates. A respirometer was used to calculate individual snail metabolism. Trematode tissues contained lower C:P and N:P (more P per unit C and N) than the snail tissues. Snail gonadal tissues more closely resembled the elemental content of parasite tissues, although P content was 13% higher in the gonad than the trematode tissues. Despite differences in elemental content, N and P excretion rates of snails were not affected by the presence of parasites. Parasitized snails maintained faster metabolic rates than nonparasitized snails. However, the species of parasite did not affect metabolic rate. Together, this elemental imbalance between parasite and host, and the altered metabolic rate of infected snails may lead to broader parasite effects in stream ecosystems.
Data from: Flickers of speciation? Sympatric color morphs of the arc-eye hawkfish, Paracirrhites arcatus, reveal key elements of divergence-with-gene-flow
One of the primary challenges of evolutionary research is to identify ecological factors that favor reproductive isolation. Therefore, studying partially isolated taxa has the potential to provide novel insight into the mechanisms of evolutionary divergence. Our study utilizes an adaptive color polymorphism in the arc-eye hawkfish (Paracirrhites arcatus) to explore the evolution of reproductive barriers in the absence of geographic isolation. Dark and light morphs are ecologically partitioned into basaltic and coral microhabitats a few meters apart. To test whether ecological barriers have reduced gene flow among dark and light phenotypes, we evaluated genetic variation at 30 microsatellite loci and a nuclear exon (Mc1r) associated with melanistic coloration. We report low, but significant microsatellite differentiation among color morphs and stronger divergence in the coding region of Mc1r indicating signatures of selection. Critically, we observed greater genetic divergence between color morphs on the same reefs than between the same morphs in different geographic locations. We hypothesize that adaptation to the contrasting microhabitats is overriding gene flow and is responsible for the partial reproductive isolation observed between sympatric color morphs. Combined with complementary studies of hawkfish ecology and behavior, these genetic results indicate an ecological barrier to gene flow initiated by habitat selection and enhanced by assortative mating. Hence the arc-eye hawkfish fulfill theoretical expectations for the earliest phase of speciation-with-gene-flow.
Paternally inherited P-element copy number affects the magnitude of hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila simulans and D. melanogaster
<p class="CxSpFirst">Transposable elements (TEs) are repetitive regions of DNA that are able to self-replicate and reinsert themselves throughout host genomes. Since the discovery of TEs, a prevalent question has been whether increasing TE copy number has an effect on the fitness of their hosts. <i>P</i>-elements (PEs) in <i>Drosophila</i> are a well-studied TE that has strong phenotypic effects. When a female without PEs (M) is crossed to a male with them (P), the resulting females are often sterile, a phenomenon called hybrid dysgenesis (HD). Here, we used short and long-read sequenced to infer the number of PEs in the genomes of dozens of isofemale lines from two <i>Drosophila</i> species and measured whether the magnitude of HD was correlated with the number of PEs in the paternal genome. Consistent with previous reports, we find evidence for a positive correlation between the paternal PE copy number and the magnitude of HD in progeny from ♀M ´ ♂ P crosses for both species. Other crosses are not affected by the number of PE copies. We also find that the correlation between the strength of HD and PE copy number differs between species which suggest there are genetic differences that might make some genomes more resilient to the potentially deleterious effects of TEs. Our results suggest that PE copy number interacts with other factors in the genome and the environment to cause HD and that the importance of these interactions is species-specific.</p>
Data from: Analysis of transposable elements in the genome of Asparagus officinalis from high coverage sequence data
Asparagus officinalis is an economically and nutritionally important vegetable crop that is widely cultivated and is used as a model dioecious species to study plant sex determination and sex chromosome evolution. To improve our understanding of its genome composition, especially with respect to transposable elements (TEs), which make up the majority of the genome, we performed Illumina HiSeq2000 sequencing of both male and female asparagus genomes followed by bioinformatics analysis. We generated 17 Gb of sequence (12×coverage) and assembled them into 163,406 scaffolds with a total cumulated length of 400 Mbp, which represent about 30% of asparagus genome. Overall, TEs masked about 53% of the A. officinalis assembly. Majority of the identified TEs belonged to LTR retrotransposons, which constitute about 28% of genomic DNA, with Ty1/copia elements being more diverse and accumulated to higher copy numbers than Ty3/gypsy. Compared with LTR retrotransposons, non-LTR retrotransposons and DNA transposons were relatively rare. In addition, comparison of the abundance of the TE groups between male and female genomes showed that the overall TE composition was highly similar, with only slight differences in the abundance of several TE groups, which is consistent with the relatively recent origin of asparagus sex chromosomes. This study greatly improves our knowledge of the repetitive sequence construction of asparagus, which facilitates the identification of TEs responsible for the early evolution of plant sex chromosomes and is helpful for further studies on this dioecious plant.
Processed data from "Human and rat skeletal muscle single-nuclei multi-omic integrative analyses nominate causal cell types, regulatory elements, and SNPs for complex traits"
<p>This is the processed data from our manscript "Human and rat skeletal muscle single-nuclei multi-omic integrative analyses nominate causal cell types, regulatory elements, and SNPs for complex traits"</p>
Processed data from "Human and rat skeletal muscle single-nuclei multi-omic integrative analyses nominate causal cell types, regulatory elements, and SNPs for complex traits"
<p>This is the processed data from our manscript "Human and rat skeletal muscle single-nuclei multi-omic integrative analyses nominate causal cell types, regulatory elements, and SNPs for complex traits"</p>
Processed data from "Human and rat skeletal muscle single-nuclei multi-omic integrative analyses nominate causal cell types, regulatory elements, and SNPs for complex traits"
<p>This is the processed data from our manscript "Human and rat skeletal muscle single-nuclei multi-omic integrative analyses nominate causal cell types, regulatory elements, and SNPs for complex traits"</p>
Processed data from "Human and rat skeletal muscle single-nuclei multi-omic integrative analyses nominate causal cell types, regulatory elements, and SNPs for complex traits"
<p>This is the processed data from our manscript "Human and rat skeletal muscle single-nuclei multi-omic integrative analyses nominate causal cell types, regulatory elements, and SNPs for complex traits"</p>
Processed data from "Human and rat skeletal muscle single-nuclei multi-omic integrative analyses nominate causal cell types, regulatory elements, and SNPs for complex traits"
<p>This is the processed data from our manscript "Human and rat skeletal muscle single-nuclei multi-omic integrative analyses nominate causal cell types, regulatory elements, and SNPs for complex traits"</p>
Processed data from "Human and rat skeletal muscle single-nuclei multi-omic integrative analyses nominate causal cell types, regulatory elements, and SNPs for complex traits"
<p>This is the processed data from our manscript "Human and rat skeletal muscle single-nuclei multi-omic integrative analyses nominate causal cell types, regulatory elements, and SNPs for complex traits"</p>
Etruscan bronze tubular element with bird
Etruscan bronze tubular element with bird from the Necropoli del Poggione, Asciano, Tuscany. Bronze tubular element, probably used to pull a chariot carrying perfumes with a bird-shaped end. Orientalizing period, late 7th-early 6th century BCE. Tomb A, Necropolis of Poggione, Castelnuovo Berardenga. Displayed at the Civic Museum of Archaeology and Sacred Art at Palazzo Corboli, Asciano. Mangani 1988-1989. Processed in Reality Capture from 290 images. GDH ID No. C30_108882_b This project was done under the authority of the Soprintendenza Archeologia, belle arti e paesaggio per le province di Siena Grosseto e Arezzo in collaboration with Global Digital Heritage and the Municipality of Asciano. We thank all the staff from Palazzo Corboli for making the collection accessible and for providing an excellent work environment. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
FIGURE 3. A. Basidiospores. B. Basidia. C. Cheilocystidia. D. Pleurocystidia. E. Pileipellis elements. F in Pluteus aurantioruber, a new species of Pluteus section Celluloderma (Pluteaceae) from China
FIGURE 3. A. Basidiospores. B. Basidia. C. Cheilocystidia. D. Pleurocystidia. E. Pileipellis elements. F. Caulocystidia.; Scale bar: A‒F = 10 μm. Drawings by: Jiang Xu
Gas phase acid, ammonia and aerosol ionic and trace element concentrations at Cape Verde during the Reactive Halogens in the Marine Boundary Layer (RHaMBLe) 2007 intensive sampling period
<p>The data files are in NASA Ames Format.</p> <p>A full description of the data set has been published in the journal<br> Earth System Science Data at http://www.earth-syst-sci-data.net/5/385.</p> <p> </p>
Data for Automatic recognition of element classes and boundaries in the birdsong with variable sequences
<p>Data for Automatic recognition of element classes and boundaries in the birdsong with variable sequences</p>
Hybrid Multilevel Solvers for Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Discrete Ordinate (DG-FEM-SN) Diffusion Synthetic Acceleration (DSA) of Radiation Transport Algorithms
<p>In accordance with EPSRC funding requirements this folder contains all raw data relevant to the named paper: </p> <p>Hybrid Multilevel Solvers for Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Discrete Ordinate (DG-FEM-SN) Diffusion Synthetic Acceleration (DSA) of Radiation Transport Algorithms</p> <p><br> Journal: Annals of Nuclear Energy</p>
FIGURES 1–6. Rharodesmus tabarkensis n in Rharodesmus Schubart, 1960 — a tropical element in the North African fauna: a new species from Tunisia and notes on the family Pyrgodesmidae (Diplopoda: Polydesmida)
FIGURES 1–6. Rharodesmus tabarkensis n. sp., adult, morphological details: Fig. 1 Head and first two body rings, adult male, anterior view; Fig. 2 Collum and three subsequent tergites, adult female; Fig. 3 Prozona detail: cellular scaly structure (left), transverse ridge of tooth-shaped cuticular 'cells' and knobby area next to metazona (right), adult female; Fig. 4 Body rings 3 and 4, showing microsculpture of prozona and tubercles of metazona, adult female; Fig.5 Tubercles on metazona 7 and 8, adult female; Fig 6 Limbus, adult male. Abbreviations: lb: posterior lobe; o: ozopore; p: porostele; t: caudolateral tubercle.
FIGURES 13–16. Rharodesmus tabarkensis n in Rharodesmus Schubart, 1960 — a tropical element in the North African fauna: a new species from Tunisia and notes on the family Pyrgodesmidae (Diplopoda: Polydesmida)
FIGURES 13–16. Rharodesmus tabarkensis n. sp., gonopodal structures: Fig. 13 Gonopods in situ, profile; Fig. 14 Right gonopod, mesal view; Fig. 15 Close up of coxal distal process and hemispherical hump; Fig. 16 Left gonopod, antero-mesal view. Abbreviations: A: process A; B: process B; c: coxa, ca: cannula; cp: conical process, h: setose coxal hump; r: rounded process; so: solenomere; p: prefemoral part; sp: smooth distal process.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.