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FIGURE 3 in Patagonia's diverse but homogeneous early Paleocene forests: Angiosperm leaves from the Danian Salamanca and Peñas Coloradas formations, San Jorge Basin, Chubut, Argentina

FIGURE 3. Strata exposed at Ormachea Petrified Forest Park. A, General view of the Danian Salamanca (SA) and Peñas Coloradas (PC) formations; white arrow marking OR2 quarry (Chron C29n), black arrow showing the white tuff horizon dated in Iglesias et al. (2007) and Clyde et al (2014). The prominent dark bed is the Banco Negro Inferior (BNI) at the top of the Salamanca Formation. Strata above the tuff include the Eocene Las Flores and Koluel Kaike formations. B, OR1 quarry (arrow, Chron C28n, 64.67-63.49 Ma) in heterolithic cross-bedded sandstones of the Salamanca Formation. C, Dromedary Hill, exposing part of the upper section of the Salamanca Formation (Chron C28n), arrow marking the DR fossil quarry. Scale ca. 7 m.

FIGURE 17 in Patagonia's diverse but homogeneous early Paleocene forests: Angiosperm leaves from the Danian Salamanca and Peñas Coloradas formations, San Jorge Basin, Chubut, Argentina

FIGURE 17. Morphotype SA019 (continued from Figure 15E-I). A, MPEF-Pb-2029 (exemplar, see also Figure 17D-E); B, MPEF-Pb-9149, with Cochlichnus trace fossils; C, venation detail of MPEF-Pb-4070 (arrow, sinus-bracing vein); D, minor venation detail from leaf in Figure 17A (exemplar); E, base detail of leaf in Figure 17A (exemplar; arrow, intramarginal vein); F, MPEF-Pb-9073 (arrow, secondary lobe; G, MPEF-Pb-9072; H, MPEF-Pb-4072, with several fungal pycnidia or stromata leaf-damage rings (DT334, arrow; see also Donovan et al., 2018, figure 10.13); I, "Sterculia" acuminataloba Berry, 1937a syntype USNM-208528 (illustrated in Berry 1937a, plate VIII, figure 5; see also Table 2); J, MPEF-Pb-4071; K, MPEF-Pb-9075; L, MPEF-Pb-9076 (arrow, cordate base). Single-color scale bars equal 10 mm; grid scales equal one millimeter (per rectangle).

FIGURE 8 in Geometric morphometric analysis of Protoconites minor from the Cambrian (Terreneuvian) Yanjiahe Formation in Three Gorges, South China

FIGURE 8. The ordinary least-squares linear regression of the shape of mirrored Protoconites minor with log10- transformed centroid size. Characteristic specimens are shown in thin-plate splines corresponding to the shapes of specimens in RW 1–2 plane.

FIGURE 9 in Patagonia's diverse but homogeneous early Paleocene forests: Angiosperm leaves from the Danian Salamanca and Peñas Coloradas formations, San Jorge Basin, Chubut, Argentina

FIGURE 9. Morphotype SA008 (Rosaceae). A, MPEF-Pb-2024 (exemplar); B, MPEF-Pb-4028 (white arrow, concave base; black arrow, large polylobate hole feeding DT5, see also Donovan et al., 2018 figure 5.3); C, MPEF-Pb-4027 (white arrow, basal secondary veins), with Cochlichnus trace fossil (black arrow); D, MP¬¬EF-Pb-4030; E, MPEF-Pb-4031 (arrow, compound agrophic veins), with Cochlichnus; F, MPEF-Pb-9018; G, MPEF-Pb-4033; H, camera lucida drawing (CLD) of leaf venation of MPEF-Pb-9019; I, CLD of leaf base of MPEF-Pb-9020; J, CLD of leaf venation of MPEF-Pb-9021 (arrow, compound agrophic veins); K, CLD of leaf venation of MPEF-PB-9022; L, CLD of tooth venation of MPEF-Pb-9023; M, CLD of leaf venation MPEF-Pb-9024; N, CLD of apical venation of MPEF-Pb-9025. Scale bars equal 10 mm except for 2 millimeter scale in Figure 9L.

FIGURE 9 in Geometric morphometric analysis of Protoconites minor from the Cambrian (Terreneuvian) Yanjiahe Formation in Three Gorges, South China

FIGURE 9. The ordinary least-squares linear regression of the shape of straight-shelled Protoconites minor with log10- transformed centroid size. Characteristic specimens are shown in thin-plate splines corresponding to the shapes of specimens in RW 1–2 plane.

FIGURE 21 in Patagonia's diverse but homogeneous early Paleocene forests: Angiosperm leaves from the Danian Salamanca and Peñas Coloradas formations, San Jorge Basin, Chubut, Argentina

FIGURE 21. Morphotypes SA038 (see also Figure 22I), SA039 "Paranymphaea" aristolochiaformis Berry 1937a (see also Figure 22A-H), SA040 (see also Figure 22J-M), and SA055 (see also Figure 30K-L). A-B, drawings of morphotype SA039. A, redrawing of "Paranymphaea" aristolochiaformis syntype USNM-201964 (illustrated in Berry, 1937a, plate V, figure 5; see also Figure 22A and Table 2; arrow, primary vein distally forking); B, digital overlay drawing (DOD) of MPEF-PB-2032 (exemplar, see also Figure 22B, 22D; arrow, festooned brochidodromous agrophic veins). C, DOD of morphotype SA038, MPEF-Pb-3033 (exemplar, see also Figure 22I). D, DOD of morphotype SA040, MPEF-Pb-2033 (exemplar; see also Figure 22J; arrow, forked lateral primary vein). E-F, DOD of morphotype SA055, MPEF-PB-2047 (exemplar, part and counterpart; see also Figure 30K-L), counterpart reconstructed areas dotted (arrow, sinus-bracing and intramarginal veins). Scale bars equal 10 mm.

FIGURE 15 in Patagonia's diverse but homogeneous early Paleocene forests: Angiosperm leaves from the Danian Salamanca and Peñas Coloradas formations, San Jorge Basin, Chubut, Argentina

FIGURE 15. Morphotype SA014 "Sterculia" acuminataloba Berry 1937a (continued from Figure 14) and morphotype SA019 (see also Figure 17). A-D, camera lucida drawings (CLD) of morphotype SA014 "Sterculia" acuminataloba. A, MPEF-Pb-9059 (arrow, interior secondary vein); B, MPEF-Pb-9060 (arrow, sinus-bracing vein); C, MPEF-Pb-9061; D, MPEF-Pb-9062. E-I, CLD of morphotype SA019. E, MPEF-Pb-9063 (arrow, minor secondary vein); F, minor venation detail of specimen in Figure 15E; G, MPEF-Pb-9064 (arrow, sinus-bracing vein); H, MPEF-Pb-9065 (arrow, secondary lobe); I, MPEF-Pb-9066. Scale bars equal 10 mm, except 2 millimeter scale in Figure 15F.

FIGURE 10 in Geometric morphometric analysis of Protoconites minor from the Cambrian (Terreneuvian) Yanjiahe Formation in Three Gorges, South China

FIGURE 10. Protoconites minor from the Cambrian (Terreneuvian) Yanjiahe Formation showing morphological variance during the ontogeny. Size of these specimens increases from right to left and from top to bottom. 1. No. Y-596 (2)- 2; 2. No. Y-735A (20)-2; 3. No. Y-800A (19)-2; 4. No. Y-469B (5); 5. No. Y-581 (2); 6. No. Y-134 (10); 7. No. Y-523; 8. No. Y-1236 (2); 9. No. Y-29; 10. No. Y-617A (4)-3; 11. No. Y-558A (17); 12. No. Y-141A (19)-1; 13. No. Y-558A (33); 14. No. Y-617A (2); 15. No. Y-546A (2); 16. No. Y-732A (20); 17. No. Y-142A (8)-1; 18. No. Y-816A (4); 19. No. Y-1230A (45); 20. No. Y-425A (2); 21. No. Y-561A (5); 22. No. Y-567 (2); 23. No. Y-732A (32)-1; 24. No. Y-173A (4); 25. No. Y-1227A (10); 26. No. Y-51A (2); 27. No. Y-24B (2). "Y" means the locality of the fossils from Yangjiachong section.

FIGURE 16 in Patagonia's diverse but homogeneous early Paleocene forests: Angiosperm leaves from the Danian Salamanca and Peñas Coloradas formations, San Jorge Basin, Chubut, Argentina

FIGURE 16. Morphotype SA016 (see also Figure 19F-I) and morphotype SA042 "Fagophyllum duseni" Berry 1937a (Cunoniaceae; see also Figure 25A-D). A-E, morphotype SA016. A, MPEF-Pb-2028 (exemplar). B, venation and skeletonization insect damage (DT19; see also Donovan et al., 2016) in apex detail of specimen in Figure 16A (arrow, intramarginal vein); C, MPEF-Pb-4062; D, MPEF-Pb-9067 (arrow, intramarginal vein); E, MPEF-Pb-9068. F-M, morphotype SA042, "F. duseni" (Cunoniaceae). F, MPEF-Pb-2035 (exemplar); G, articulated compound leaf MPEF-Pb-9156; H, tooth venation detail in MPEF-Pb-4093 (arrow, apically deflected vein from a secondary); I, MPEF-Pb-9070 (arrow, untoothed leaf base); J, MPEF-Pb-4098; K, MPEF-Pb-9069. L-M, "F. duseni" syntypes. L, USNM-201960 (illustrated in Berry 1937a, plate V, figure 1; see also Table 2) (arrow, swollen petiole base); M, USNM-201961 (illustrated in Berry 1937a, plate V, figure 2; see also Table 2). Single-color scale bars equal 10 mm; grid scales equal one millimeter (per rectangle).

FIGURE 13 in Patagonia's diverse but homogeneous early Paleocene forests: Angiosperm leaves from the Danian Salamanca and Peñas Coloradas formations, San Jorge Basin, Chubut, Argentina

FIGURE 13. Morphotype SA010, Lauraceae (continue from Figure 12), camera lucida drawings. A, MPEF-Pb-9042; B, MPEF-Pb-9044; C, MPEF-PB-9049; D, MPEF-Pb-9051 (arrow, simple intersecondary vein); E, MPEF-Pb-9052; F, MPEF-Pb-9045 (arrow, compound agrophic veins); G, MPEF-Pb-9046; H, MPEF-Pb-9047 (arrow, simple intersecondary vein); I, MPEF-Pb-9048. Scale bars equal 10 mm.

FIGURE 26 in Patagonia's diverse but homogeneous early Paleocene forests: Angiosperm leaves from the Danian Salamanca and Peñas Coloradas formations, San Jorge Basin, Chubut, Argentina

FIGURE 26. Morphotype SA046 Laurophyllum chubutensis Berry (Lauraceae; continued, see also Figure 25I) and morphotype SA047 (see also Figure 27A). A-F, morphotype SA046 (Lauraceae). A, MPEF-Pb-2039 (exemplar, see also Figure 25I), note patches of skeletonization (arrow, DT16; see also Donovan et a., 2018 figure 6.1); B, venation detail of specimen in Figure 26A (exemplar; arrow, fimbrial vein); C, MPEF-Pb-9114 (arrow, intersecondary vein); D, MPEF-Pb-4115; E, MPEF-Pb-3025 (accessory exemplar); F, Laurophyllum chubutensis Berry, 1937a syntype, USNM-208530 (illustrated in Berry, 1937a, plate IX, figure 3-4; see also Tables 1, 2). G-L, morphotype SA047. G, MPEF-Pb-2040 (exemplar, see also Figure 27A); H, MPEF-Pb-9116, with hole feeding damage (DT03, arrow; see also Donovan et al., 2016); I, MPEF-Pb-4124 (arrow, second order teeth); J, detail of compound teeth, MPEF-Pb-9117 (arrow indicating glandular tooth apex); K, tooth and venation detail of specimen in Figure 26G (exemplar), note the fimbrial vein (arrow); L, MPEF-Pb-4121. Single-color scale bars equal 10 mm; grid scales equal one millimeter (per rectangle).

FIGURE 12 in Patagonia's diverse but homogeneous early Paleocene forests: Angiosperm leaves from the Danian Salamanca and Peñas Coloradas formations, San Jorge Basin, Chubut, Argentina

FIGURE 12. Morphotype SA010 (Lauraceae, see also Figure 13). A, Laurophyllum piatnitzkyi Berry, 1937a syntype specimen USNM-201966 (illustrated in Berry, 1937a, plate IX, figure 2; see also Tables 1, 2); B, Cryptocaryoides maria-santisimensis Berry, 1937a syntype specimen USNM-208521 (illustrated in Berry, 1937a, plate VI, figure 3; see also Tables 1,2) (arrow, agrophic veins); C, MPEF-PB-9033; D, MPEF-PB-9034; E, MPEF-Pb-4048; F, MPEF-Pb-9035 (black arrow, agrophic veins), with skeletonization (DT79, white arrow; see also Donovan et al., 2018, figure 9.23); G, MPEF-Pb-3036; H-I, MPEF-Pb-2055 (accessory exemplar), note idioblasts (dark dots, arrow) preservation; J, detail of areoles and FEVs associated with idioblasts (arrow) from Figure 12F; K, counterpart of specimen in Figure 12E (arrow, agrophic veins); L, MPEF-Pb-9039; M, MPEF-Pb-2026 (exemplar; arrow, basal portion of fimbrial vein); N, MPEF-Pb-4049 (arrow, drip tip). Single-color scale bars equal 10 mm; grid scales equal one millimeter (per rectangle).

FIGURE 24 in Patagonia's diverse but homogeneous early Paleocene forests: Angiosperm leaves from the Danian Salamanca and Peñas Coloradas formations, San Jorge Basin, Chubut, Argentina

FIGURE 24. Morphotype SA043 (Cunoniaceae?/Sapindaceae? see also Figure 25E-F) and morphotype SA045 (Fabaceae; see also Figure 25J). A-G, morphotype SA043 (Cunoniaceae?/Sapindaceae?). A, MPEF-Pb-2036 (exemplar); B, MPEF-Pb-3023 (accessory exemplar 1; arrow, asymmetric base); C, articulated compound leaf, MPEF-Pb-9110 (accessory exemplar 2; arrow, petiolule subtending terminal leaflet); D, MPEF-Pb-4102; E, MPEF-Pb-6561, with hole-feeding damage (DT113; see also Labandeira et al., 2007 p.7, figure DT113; and Donovan et al., 2016, figure 1i); F, tooth venation detail from Figure 24E; G, MPEF-Pb-9159 with three attached leaflets. H-L, morphotype SA045 (Fabaceae). H, MPEF-Pb-4110; I-L, MPEF-Pb-2038 (exemplar, see also Brea et al., 2008 figure 6, and Figure 25J); I, counterpart preserving apical portion; J, detail of retuse apex; (arrow); K, base detail with a pulvinulate, horizontally striated petiolule (arrow); L, complete exemplar. Single-color scale bars equal 10 mm; grid scales equal one millimeter (per rectangle).

FIGURE 19 in Patagonia's diverse but homogeneous early Paleocene forests: Angiosperm leaves from the Danian Salamanca and Peñas Coloradas formations, San Jorge Basin, Chubut, Argentina

FIGURE 19. Morphotypes SA016 (continued, see also Figure 16A-E), SA035 (Bixaceae? see also Figure 20), SA020 (continued, see also Figure 18; Cunoniaceae), and SA041 (Rhamnaceae, see also Figure 23A-I). A-E, camera lucida drawings (CLD) of morphotype SA020 (Cunoniaceae). A, MPEF-Pb-9087 (arrow, bifurcation of a secondary vein); B, MPEF-Pb-9088 (arrow, intersecondary vein); C, MPEF-Pb-9089; D, MPEF-Pb-9090 (arrow, bifurcation of a secondary vein); E, MPEF-Pb-3020 (accessory exemplar, see also Figure 18K; arrow, intersecondary vein). F-I, CLD of morphotype SA016. F, MPEF-Pb-9091 (arrow, basal secondary vein); G, MPEF-Pb-9092 (arrow, intramarginal vein); H, MPEF-Pb-9093; I, MPEF-Pb-9094. J-K, digital overlay drawing (DOD) of morphotype SA035 (Bixaceae?). J, tooth venation of MPEF-Pb-2031 (exemplar, see also Figure 20A, 20C); K, MPEF-Pb-4078. L-M, morphotype SA041 (Rhamnaceae). L, hand drawing of MPEF-Pb-2034 (exemplar, see also Figure 23A); M, DOD of venation in MPEF-Pb-9095 (arrow, two small, scattered teeth). Scale bars equal 10 mm, except 4 millimeter scale in Figure 19F, 19J, and 19M.

FIGURE 29 in Patagonia's diverse but homogeneous early Paleocene forests: Angiosperm leaves from the Danian Salamanca and Peñas Coloradas formations, San Jorge Basin, Chubut, Argentina

FIGURE 29. Morphotype SA049 "Myrica" premira Berry (continued, see also Figure 27E-F), morphotype SA050 (Anacardiaceae? see also Figure 31A-D), and related material. A-K, morphotype SA049 "Myrica" premira (except Figure 29C). A, "M." premira syntype USNM-201963 (illustrated in Berry, 1937a, plate V, figure 4; see also Table 2); B, tooth detail (arrow) from specimen in Figure 29A; C, "M. premira" syntype USNM-201962 (illustrated in Berry, 1937a, plate V, figure 3; here referred to morphotype SA020 Cunoniaceae; see also Tables 1, 2), note the thick fimbrial vein (arrow); D, MPEF-Pb-2042 (exemplar, see also Figure 27E), note swollen petiole base (arrow); E, MPEF-Pb-3027 (accessory exemplar 1) (arrow, a crenation); F, MPEF-Pb-3026 (accessory exemplar 2), with piercing and sucking leaf damage (DT 46, arrows; see also Donovan et al., 2016), often found on this leaf morphotype; G, venation detail from specimen in Figure 29F (arrow, a crene); H, higher order venation of specimen in Figure 29F, note dendritic branching of freely ending veinlets (arrow); I, MPEF-Pb-4135; J, MPEF-Pb-4134, with piercing and sucking leaf damage (DT 46; see also Donovan et al., 2016); K, MPEF-Pb-4136, with Cochlichnus trace fossils. L-O, morphotype SA050 (Anacardiaceae?). L, higher-order venation from Figure 29M, note admedially ramified tertiary venation (arrow); M, MPEF-Pb-2043 (exemplar, see also Figure 31A); N, MPEF-Pb-4143; O, leaf venation detail of MPEF-Pb-9150, showing admedially ramified venation (arrow). Single-color scale bars equal 10 mm; grid scales equal one millimeter (per rectangle).

FIGURE 28 in Patagonia's diverse but homogeneous early Paleocene forests: Angiosperm leaves from the Danian Salamanca and Peñas Coloradas formations, San Jorge Basin, Chubut, Argentina

FIGURE 28. Morphotype SA048 (Rhamnaceae; continued, see also Figure 27B-D) and morphotype SA052 (Sapindaceae? continued, see also Figure 27J). A-G, morphotype SA048 (Rhamnaceae). A, "Banaraphyllum" ovatum Berry, 1937a holotype, USNM-201953 (illustrated in Berry, 1937a, plate IX, figure 1; see also Figure 27D and Tables 1, 2); B, Ziziphus chubutensis Berry, 1937a holotype, USNM-208529 (illustrated in Berry, 1937a, plate IX, figure 2; see also Figure 27C and Tables 1, 2); note the Cochlichnus trace fossils; C, MPEF-Pb-4129 (arrow, decurrent secondary veins); D, MPEF-Pb-2041 (exemplar, see also Figure 27B), note the naked basal vein (black arrow) and the margin feeding leaf damage (DT14, white arrow; see also Donovan et al., 2016); E, tooth detail from specimen in Figure 28D (arrow, an independent sinus vein); F, leaf base of MPEF-Pb-9119, note the naked basal vein (black arrow); G, MPEF-Pb-9120, with hole feeding leaf damage (DT05, arrow; see also Donovan et al., 2016). H-I, morphotype SA052 (Sapindaceae?), MPEF-Pb-2045 (exemplar, see also figure 27J). H, detail of the teeth and higher order venation (arrow, tooth venation forking at the sinus); I, complete (probable) leaflet. Single-color scale bars equal 10 mm; grid scales equal one millimeter (per rectangle).

FIGURE 20 in Patagonia's diverse but homogeneous early Paleocene forests: Angiosperm leaves from the Danian Salamanca and Peñas Coloradas formations, San Jorge Basin, Chubut, Argentina

FIGURE 20. Morphotype SA035 (Bixaceae? continued, see also Figure 19J-K). A, MPEF-Pb-2031 (exemplar, see also Figures 19J, 20C); B, MPEF-Pb-4078 (arrow, sinus-bracing vein); C, tooth detail of specimen in Figure 20A (exemplar); D, venation detail at leaf base, MPEF-Pb-9096; E, venation detail of MPEF-Pb-9097 (arrow, compound agrophic veins); F, basal venation of MPEF-Pb-9098; G, MPEF-Pb-4083 (arrow, sinus-bracing vein); H, MPEF-Pb-4082; I, MPEF-Pb-4079. Scale bars equal 10 mm, except 5 millimeter scale in Figure 20C.

FIGURE 7 in Geometric morphometric analysis of Protoconites minor from the Cambrian (Terreneuvian) Yanjiahe Formation in Three Gorges, South China

FIGURE 7. Morphospace of straight shell Protoconites minor generated by the Relative Warp (RW) analysis. 1. plot for RW 1–2; 2. plot for RW 1–3. All thin-plate splines correspond to the shapes of specimens in RW 1–2 and RW 1–3 planes, respectively.

FIGURE 6 in Geometric morphometric analysis of Protoconites minor from the Cambrian (Terreneuvian) Yanjiahe Formation in Three Gorges, South China

FIGURE 6. Protoconites minor morphospace generated by the Relative Warp (RW) analysis using mirrored specimens. 1. plot for RW 1–2; 2. plot for RW 1–3. All thin-plate splines correspond to points (indicated as a line) within the morphospace in RW 1–2 and RW 1–3 planes, respectively.

FIGURE 5 in Geometric morphometric analysis of Protoconites minor from the Cambrian (Terreneuvian) Yanjiahe Formation in Three Gorges, South China

FIGURE 5. Protoconites minor morphospace generated by the Relative Warp (RW) analysis using un-mirrored specimens with indication of characteristic thin-plate splines. 1. plot for RW 1–2; 2. plot for RW 1–3. Thin-plate splines show the shapes of specimens in RW 1–2 and RW 1–3 planes, respectively.